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4/2/15! Subphylum Madibulata, Class Insecta! Subphylum Mandibulata! 3 tagmata:! Class Insecta! has 1 pair of antennae, 3 pairs of mouth appendages! may have wings! thorax! abdomen! has 3 pairs of legs! may have 2 pairs of wings! head! !1 4/2/15! Class Insecta: Flight! Some insects have both direct and indirect flight muscles (e.g. Orthoptera, Odonata):! ! indirect muscles pull body wall down and lift wings! ! direct muscles pull the wings down! direct! indirect! 2! 4/2/15! Class Insecta: Flight! Other insects have only indirect flight muscles (e.g. Diptera, Hymenoptera). ! ! In these insects, the wings are moved by altering the shape of the thorax.! Class Insecta: Subclasses! Insects are separated into 2 subclasses based on whether they undergo metamorphosis/develop wings. ! Subclass Apterygota! ! - primitive insects that ! do not have wings! ! ! ! ! !silverfish! Subclass Pterygota! ! - insects that develop wings via 2 types of metamorphosis! 3! 4/2/15! Class Insecta" Subclass Pterygota! Hemimetabola! Division ! Exopterygota! 2egg types of Metamorphosis:! ! ! Hemimetabolous! nymphmetamorphosis)! (incomplete ! (mini adult) !! !! adult Holometabola! Holometabolous egg ! Division ! Endopterygota! (complete metamorphosis)! larva adult pupa Class Insecta, Subclass Pterygota" Division Exopterygota! Hemimetabolous! (incomplete metamorphosis)! ! 5 ORDERS:! !Order Orthoptera! !Order Isoptera! !Order Odonata! !Order Hemiptera! !Order Homoptera! 4! 4/2/15! Class Insecta, Subclass Pterygota" Division Exopterygota! Order Orthoptera ! crickets, grasshoppers, roaches, mantids! Class Insecta, Subclass Pterygota" Division Exopterygota! Order Isoptera ! Termites! 5! 4/2/15! Class Insecta, Subclass Pterygota" Division Exopterygota! Order Odonata ! dragonflies, damselflies! Class Insecta, Subclass Pterygota" Division Exopterygota! Order Hemiptera ! True bugs: assassin bugs, bedbugs! 6! 4/2/15! Class Insecta, Subclass Pterygota" Division Exopterygota! Order Homoptera ! cicadas, aphids, leaf hoppers! Class Insecta, Subclass Pterygota" Division Endopterygota! Holometabolous ! (complete metamorphosis)! ! 4 ORDERS:! !Order Coleoptera! !Order Lepidoptera! !Order Hymenoptera! !Order Diptera! 7! 4/2/15! Class Insecta, Subclass Pterygota" Division Exopterygota! Order Coleoptera ! beetles! Class Insecta, Subclass Pterygota" Division Exopterygota! Order Diptera ! Flies, mosquitoes! 8! 4/2/15! Class Insecta, Subclass Pterygota" Division Exopterygota! Order Hymenoptera ! ! bees, wasps, ants! Class Insecta, Subclass Pterygota" Division Exopterygota! Order Lepidoptera ! butterflies, moths! 9! 4/2/15! Class Insecta, Subclass Pterygota" Division Exopterygota! Order Lepidoptera ! butterflies, moths! Ecology! Insects are important pollinators! Many flowering plants have evolved to exploit insects as pollinators! Extrafloral ! nectaries! Sexually deceptive orchids! Many flowering plants have evolved rewards to attract pollinators (nectar)…! Nectar guides! … and displays to advertise these rewards.! 10! 4/2/15! Ecology! Eusocial insects (Hymenoptera and Isoptera) live in societies! Symbioses! Parasitism! Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of their lives (e.g. mosquitoes). ! Anopheles mosquitos transmit malaria ! Lice are ectoparasites of most birds and mammals ! 11! 4/2/15! Symbioses! Parasitoids! Parasitoid larvae are parasites that eventually kill their hosts, while the adults are free-living.! Symbioses! Mutualisms! Some insects are involved in obligate mutualisms (both partners require one another). ! Figs and fig wasps! Yucca and Yucca Moths! 12! 4/2/15! Behavior! ! Fungus gardening (leaf-cutter) ants! Collect leaves and bring them back to nest! The ants chew up the leaves, and inoculate the mash with enzymes from the hind gut.! Behavior! Honey bees are capable of communicating the location of foraging sites to the rest of the colony by dancing .! The waggle dance communicates the location and quality of distant food sources.! The round dance communicates the location and quality of nearby food sources.! 13!
