Download 1 - Moodle Ecolint

1.
2.
A student measures the current in a resistor as 677 mA for a potential difference of 3.6 V. A
calculator shows the resistance of the resistor to be 5.3175775 Ω. Which one of the following
gives the resistance to an appropriate number of significant figures?
A.
5.3 Ω
B.
5.32 Ω
C.
5.318 Ω
D.
5.31765775 Ω
Which one of the following is a vector quantity?
A.
Electric power
B.
Electrical resistance
C.
Electric field strength
D.
Electric potential difference
(1)
3.
Two forces of magnitudes 7 N and 5 N act at a point. Which one of the following is not a
possible value for the magnitude of the resultant force?
A.
1N
B.
3N
C.
5N
D.
7N
(1)
1
4.
An athlete runs round a circular track at constant speed. Which one of the following graphs best
represents the variation with time t of the magnitude d of the displacement of the athlete from
the starting position during one lap of the track?
A. d
0
B. d
0
t
C. d
0
0
0
t
0
t
D. d
0
t
0
(1)
2
5.
A ball is dropped from rest at time t = 0 on to a horizontal surface from which it rebounds.
Which one of the following graphs best shows the variation of speed v of the ball with time t
from the time t = 0 to the time that the ball leaves the surface?
A.
B.
v
0
C.
v
0
D.
v
0
0
t
0
t
0
t
0
t
v
0
(1)
6.
Which one of the following is a true statement concerning the vertical component of the
velocity and the acceleration of a projectile when it is at its maximum height? (The acceleration
of free fall is g.)
Vertical component of velocity
Acceleration
A.
maximum
zero
B.
maximum
g
C.
zero
zero
D.
zero
g
(1)
3
7.
The acceleration of free fall of a small sphere of mass 5.0 × 10–3 kg when close to the surface of
Jupiter is 25 ms–2. The gravitational field strength at the surface of Jupiter is
A.
2.0 × 10–4 N kg–1.
B.
1.3 × 10–1 N kg–1.
C.
25 N kg–1.
D.
5.0 × 103 N kg–1.
(1)
8.
A ball is released from rest near the surface of the Moon. Which one of the following quantities
increases at a constant rate?
A.
Only distance fallen
B.
Only speed
C.
Only speed and distance fallen
D.
Only speed and acceleration
(1)
4
9.
A particle P is moving in a circle with uniform speed. Which one of the following diagrams
correctly shows the direction of the acceleration a and velocity v of the particle at one instant of
time?
a
A.
a
B.
v
v
P
P
v
C.
D.
a
P
a
v
P
(1)
5
10.
Which one of the following graphs best shows the variation of the total energy E of a satellite
orbiting the Earth with distance r from the centre of the Earth? (The radius of the Earth is R.)
A.
B.
E
0
E
0
0
r
0
r=R
C.
r=R
D.
E
0
E
0
0
r
r=R
r
0
r
r=R
(1)
6
11.
A sphere of mass m strikes a vertical wall and bounces off it, as shown below.
wall
momentum pB
momentum pA
The magnitude of the momentum of the sphere just before impact is pB and just after impact is
pA. The sphere is in contact with the wall for time t. The magnitude of the average force exerted
by the wall on the sphere is
A.
 pB – p A 
B.
 pB  p A 
C.
 pB – p A 
D.
 pB  p A 
t
t
mt
mt
.
.
.
.
(1)
12.
The weight of a mass is measured on Earth using a spring balance and a lever balance, as shown
below.
spring balance
lever balance
7
What change, if any, would occur in the measurements if they were repeated on the Moon’s
surface?
Spring balance
Lever balance
A.
same
same
B.
same
decrease
C.
decrease
same
D.
decrease
decrease
(1)
13.
Which of the following quantities are conserved in an inelastic collision between two bodies?
Total linear momentum of the bodies
Total kinetic energy of the bodies
A.
yes
yes
B.
yes
no
C.
no
yes
D.
no
no
(1)
8
14.
An engine takes in an amount E of thermal energy and, as a result, does an amount W of useful
work. An amount H of thermal energy is ejected. The law of conservation of energy and the
efficiency of the engine are given by which of the following?
Law of conservation of energy
Efficiency
A.
E=W+H
W
B.
E=W+H
W
E
C.
E+H=W
W
H
D.
E+H=W
W
E–H
(1)
15.
The kelvin temperature of an object is a measure of
A.
the total energy of the molecules of the object.
B.
the total kinetic energy of the molecules of the object.
C.
the maximum energy of the molecules of the object.
D.
the average kinetic energy of the molecules of the object.
(1)
16.
Two different objects are in thermal contact with one another. The objects are at different
temperatures. The temperatures of the two objects determine
A.
the process by which thermal energy is transferred.
B.
the heat capacity of each object.
C.
the direction of transfer of thermal energy between the objects.
D.
the amount of internal energy in each object.
(1)
9
The kelvin temperature of an object is a measure of
A.
the total energy of the molecules of the object.
B.
the total kinetic energy of the molecules of the object.
C.
the maximum energy of the molecules of the object.
D.
the average kinetic energy of the molecules of the object.
(1)
17.
Two identical boxes X and Y each contain an ideal gas.
Box X
Box Y
n moles
2n moles
temperature T
temperature
pressure PX
pressure PY
T
3
In box X there are n moles of the gas at temperature T and pressure PX. In box Y there are 2n
T
moles of the gas at temperature
and pressure PY.
3
The ratio
A.
2
.
3
B.
3
.
2
C.
2.
D.
3.
PX
PY
is
(1)
10
18.
A fixed mass of an ideal gas is heated at constant volume. Which one of the following graphs
best shows the variation with Celsius temperature t with pressure p of the gas?
A.
B.
p
0
p
0
0
t /°C
C.
0
t /°C
0
t /°C
D.
p
0
p
0
t /°C
0
(1)
19.
The specific latent heat of fusion of a substance is defined as the amount of thermal energy
required to change the phase of
A.
the substance at constant temperature.
B.
unit mass of the substance to liquid at constant temperature.
C.
unit mass of the substance at constant temperature.
D.
the substance to gas at constant temperature.
(1)
11
20.
A
thermometer
V
heater
metal block
The specific heat capacity of a metal block of mass m is determined by placing a heating coil in
its centre, as shown in the diagram above.
The block is heated for time t and the maximum temperature change recorded is Δθ. The
ammeter and voltmeter readings during the heating are I and V respectively.
The specific heat capacity is best calculated using which one of the following expressions?
VIt
m
A.
c=
B.
c=
C.
c=
m
VI
D.
c=
m
VIt
VI
m
(1)
12
21.
The displacement d of a particle in a wave varies with distance x along a wave and with time t
as shown below.
d
d
0
0
l
2
l
3l
2
2l
x
0
0
2
3
4
t
Which expression gives the speed of the wave?
A.
l
4
B.
l
2
C.
D.
l

2l

(1)
22.
The diagram shows the variation with distance x along a wave with its displacement d.
The wave is travelling in the direction shown.
d
direction of travel
x
13
The period of the wave is T. Which one of the following diagrams shows the displacement of
T
the wave at
later?
4
A.
B.
d
d
x
C.
x
D.
d
d
x
x
(1)
23.
Two lamps producing light of the same colour are placed close to one another. A two source
interference pattern is not observed because
A.
the lamps do not emit light of a single frequency.
B.
the phase difference between the light from the lamps is continually changing.
C.
the intensity of the light emitted by the lamps is not the same.
D.
the two lamps are not exact point sources.
(1)
14
24.
1
 apart on a stationary wave of wavelength λ.
2
The variation with time t of the displacement dx of X is shown below.
Two particles X and Y are situated a distance
dX
0
0
t
Which one of the following correctly shows the variation with time t of the displacement dY of
particle Y?
A.
0
0
C.
B.
dY
0
0
0
0
t
D.
dY
t
dY
t
dY
0
0
t
(1)
15
25.
Jeremy is walking alongside a building and is approaching a road junction. A fire engine is
sounding its siren and approaching the road along which Jeremy is walking.
Jeremy
Building
Fire engine
Jeremy cannot see the fire engine but he can hear the siren. This is due mainly to
A.
reflection.
B.
refraction.
C.
the Doppler effect.
D.
diffraction.
(1)
16
26.
A plane wave approaches and passes through the boundary between two media. The speed of
the wave in medium 1 is greater than that in medium 2. Which one of the following diagrams
correctly shows the wavefronts?
A.
B.
Medium 1
Medium 1
Medium 2
Medium 2
C.
D.
Medium 1
Medium 2
Medium 1
Medium 2
(1)
27.
Electric field strength is defined as
A.
the force exerted on a test charge.
B.
the force per unit positive charge.
C.
the force per unit charge.
D.
the force per unit charge exerted on a positive test charge.
(1)
17
28.
The diagram below shows two lines of equipotential in a region of a uniform electric field. Line
X has a potential of +50 V and line Y has a potential of +100V. The distance between X and Y
is 2.0 cm.
X
Y
+50 V
+100 V
2.0 cm
Which one of the following correctly gives the direction of the electric field and its strength?
Direction
Strength / V cm–1
A.
XY
25
B.
XY
100
C.
YX
25
D.
YX
100
(1)
29.
Two charges of –e and +4e are fixed at the positions shown below. At which position along the
line XY is the electric field due to these charges equal to zero?
–e
X
A.
B.
+4e
C.
D.
Y
(1)
18
30.
Which one of the following is a correct definition of electric potential difference between two
points?
A.
The power to move a small positive charge between the two points.
B.
The work done to move a small positive charge between the two points.
C.
The power per unit charge to move a small positive charge between the two points.
D.
The work done per unit charge to move a small positive charge between the two points.
(1)
31.
A cell of emf E and internal resistance r is connected to a variable resistor. A voltmeter is
connected so as to measure the potential difference across the terminals of the cell. Which one
of the following is the correct circuit diagram of the arrangement?
A.
B.
E
r
E
r
V
V
C.
r
E
V
D.
r
E
V
(1)
19
32.
This question is about earthquake waves.
(a)
(i)
Light is emitted from a candle flame. Explain why, in this situation, it is correct to
refer to the “speed of the emitted light”, rather than its velocity.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
By reference to displacement, describe the difference between a longitudinal wave
and a transverse wave.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
The centre of an earthquake produces both longitudinal waves (P waves) and transverse waves
(S waves). The graph below shows the variation with time t of the distance d moved by the two
types of wave.
d / km
S wave
P wave
1200
800
400
0
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
t/s
20
(b)
Use the graph to determine the speed of
(i)
the P waves.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
the S waves.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
The waves from an earthquake close to the Earth’s surface are detected at three laboratories L1,
L2 and L3. The laboratories are at the corners of a triangle so that each is separated from the
others by a distance of 900 km, as shown in the diagram below.
900 km
L1
L2
L3
21
The records of the variation with time of the vibrations produced by the earthquake as detected
at the three laboratories are shown below. All three records were started at the same time.
L1
L2
start of trace
L3
time
On each record, one pulse is made by the S wave and the other by the P wave. The separation of
the two pulses is referred to as the S-P interval.
(c)
(i)
On the trace produced by laboratory L2, identify, by reference to your answers in
(b), the pulse due to the P wave (label the pulse P).
(1)
(ii)
Using evidence from the records of the earthquake, state which laboratory was
closest to the site of the earthquake.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
State three separate pieces of evidence for your statement in (c)(ii).
1
.................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
2
.................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
3
.................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
(3)
22
(iv)
The S-P intervals are 68 s, 42 s and 27 s for laboratories L1, L2 and L3 respectively.
Use the graph, or otherwise, to determine the distance of the earthquake from each
laboratory. Explain your working.
Distance from L1 = ......................km
...........................................................................................................................
Distance from L2 = ......................km
...........................................................................................................................
Distance from L3 = ......................km
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(v)
Mark on the diagram a possible site of the earthquake.
(1)
There is a tall building near to the site of the earthquake, as illustrated below.
building
ground
direction of vibrations
The base of the building vibrates horizontally due to the earthquake.
(d)
(i)
On the diagram, draw the fundamental mode of vibration of the building caused by
these vibrations.
(1)
23
The building is of height 280 m and the mean speed of waves in the structure of the building is
3.4 × 103 ms–1.
(ii)
Explain quantitatively why earthquake waves of frequency about 6 Hz are likely to
be very destructive.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 21 marks)
33.
This question is about the Doppler effect.
The diagram below shows wavefronts produced by a stationary wave source S. The spacing of
the wavefronts is equal to the wavelength of the waves. The wavefronts travel with speed V.
S
24
(a)
1
V. In the space below, draw four
2
successive wavefronts to show the pattern of waves produced by the moving source.
The source S now moves to the right with speed
(3)
(b)
Derive the Doppler formula for the observed frequency f0 of a sound source, as heard by a
stationary observer, when the source approaches the stationary observer with speed v. The
speed of sound is V and the frequency of the sound emitted by the source is f.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
25
The Sun rotates about its centre. The light from one edge of the Sun, as seen by a stationary
observer, shows a Doppler shift of 0.004 nm for light of wavelength 600.000 nm.
(c)
Assuming that the Doppler formula for sound may be used for light, estimate the linear
speed of a point on the surface of the Sun due to its rotation.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
34.
This question is about gases and specific heat capacity.
(a)
State what is meant by an ideal gas.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
An ideal gas occupies a volume of 1.2 m3 at a temperature of 27°C and a pressure of
1.0 × 105 Pa. The density of the gas is 1.6 kg m–3. It is found that 1.5 × 104 J of energy is
required to raise the temperature of the gas to 52°C when the gas is held at constant
volume.
(b)
Determine the specific heat capacity at constant volume of the gas.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
26
(c)
A second sample of the same gas as above is heated from 27°C to 52°C at constant
pressure.
(i)
Show that the volume of the gas at 52°C is 1.3 m3.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Calculate the work done by the gas during the heating process.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
The specific heat capacity for the gas kept at constant volume is different to that when the
gas is kept at constant pressure. State and explain whether the specific heat capacity for
an ideal gas at constant pressure is greater or less than the specific heat capacity of the
gas at constant volume.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 12 marks)
27
35.
This question is about gravitation.
A space probe is launched from the equator in the direction of the north pole of the Earth.
During the launch, the energy E given to the space probe of mass m is
E=
3GMm
4Re
where G is the Gravitational constant and M and Re are, respectively, the mass and radius of the
Earth. Work done in overcoming frictional forces is not to be considered.
(a)
(i)
Explain what is meant by escape speed.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Deduce that the space probe will not be able to travel into deep space.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
The space probe is launched into a circular polar orbit of radius R.
(b)
Derive expressions, in terms of G, M, Re, m and R, for
(i)
the change in gravitational potential energy of the space probe as a result of
travelling from the Earth’s surface to its orbit.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
28
(ii)
the kinetic energy of the space probe when in its orbit.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Using your answers in (b) and the total energy supplied to the space probe as given in (a),
determine the height of the orbit above the Earth’s surface.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
A space probe in a low orbit round the Earth will experience friction due to the Earth’s
atmosphere.
(d)
(i)
Describe how friction with the air reduces the energy of the space probe.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Suggest why the rate of loss of energy of the space probe depends on the density of
the air and also the speed of the space probe.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
29
(iii)
State what will happen to the height of the space probe above the Earth’s surface
and to its speed as air resistance gradually reduces the total energy of the space
probe.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 18 marks)
36.
This question is about wind power.
(a)
A wind turbine produces 15 kW of electric power at a wind speed v.
(i)
Assuming a constant efficiency for the wind turbine, determine the power output of
the turbine for a wind speed of 2v.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Suggest two reasons why all the kinetic energy of the incident wind cannot be
converted into mechanical energy in the turbine.
1.
.................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
2.
.................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
State and explain one advantage of using wind power to generate electrical energy as
compared to using fossil fuels.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
30