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GLOSSARY
Contents
Composition Terms
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Literary Terms
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AUDIENCE
the reader or readers for whom a composition is written In this business
letter the audience is Dr. Patel.
CLARITY the preciseness with which the ideas and the intent of a composition are expressed
See how precise the words in these directions are.
COHERENCE
the orderly arrangement of ideas in a composition Notice how the
changes in these sentences make the passage more logical.
DRAFTING the actual writing of a composition, beginning with a first draft This girl is
drafting a descriptive paragraph about the painting.
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EDITOR’S MARK standard symbols for making changes when revising or proofreading
Notice that each mark in these examples indicates a specific type of change.
Use these marks when you revise.
Use these marks when you proofread.
FINAL DRAFT the finished version of a composition that is ready to be published This is
the final draft of the first draft example below.
FIRST DRAFT the rough version of a composition, in which a writer's thoughts are first
put on paper Notice the unfinished quality of this writing.
PREWRITING the first stage of the writing process, in which the writer gathers ideas
and information and begins to organize them This example shows a cluster as one way
of organizing ideas on a topic.
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PREWRITING STRATIGIES the activities that help a writer choose and organize ideas
and information The following are examples of prewriting strategies.

Brainstorming an activity that encourages the contribution of ideas from an individual
or a group Making a list is one way of brainstorming. This list shows possible topics for a
descriptive paragraph.
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Charting a way of classifying and organizing ideas and information

Clustering a brainstorming technique that helps a writer generate and organize facts
or ideas around a main idea or topic

diagramming a way of showing how ideas are related in time or space ~
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• using an inverted triangle a way of organizing ideas to narrow a topic
• listing writing, on paper or on the chalkboard, ideas brainstormed by a group or an
individual
• mapping a way of organizing ideas to show relationships between them
. slotting a brainstorming technique used by an individual or a group to find words or word
groups to complete a sentence
PROOFREADING reviewing a draft to correct errors in capitalization, punctuation,
usage, grammar, and spelling Editor's marks in this example indicate corrections made
by the writer while proofreading.
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PUBLISHING
making public a final draft of a composition for example, by reading it
aloud, putting it in a class journal, or displaying it on the bulletin board This picture
shows a bulletin board that displays several students' published work.
PURPOSE the reason a composition is written-for example, to describe, to inform, or to
persuade The purpose of this editorial is to persuade.
RESPONDING
a revising activity in which the writer, a partner, or a group asks and
answers questions about a composition Here, a writer questions herself as she reviews her
work.
Have I left out any necessary information? Do the detail sentences support the topic sentence?
RESPONSE GROUP
a group of writers who help each other revise their work by
asking and answering questions about it These students are responding to a question about
unity.
Boy: This detail doesn't
Girl: Maybe you could make :
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REVISING the process of rethinking ideas and correcting errors in organization and
language Notice these changes in a revised draft.
STYLE a writer's use of language and sentence structure to create a particular tone Notice
the poetic quality of these lines.
TASK a writing assignment or job It was Gloria's task to write a thank-you note to her aunt.
TONE the feeling or attitude a writer expresses toward the subject of c composition through
his or her particular style of writing for example, a writer's tone may be formal, informal,
humorous, or critical The tone of this example is formal and solemn.
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UNITY
the presentation of details that support the main idea of a paragraph or a
composition, producing an effect of completeness Here the writer has deleted a sentence
that detracts from the unity of a paragraph.
WRITING PROCESS
the ongoing process of prewriting, drafting, responding and
revising proofreading, and publishing a composition Before writing the final draft, a writer
can go back and forth from one stage to another.
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Literary Terms
ALLITERATION the repetition o f a beginning consonant sound in two or more nearby
words Alliteration is used in this line from the poem "How We Dance" by Lillian
Morrison.
Bonnie like a beach ball floating on the sea
CHARACTERIZATION a writer's creation and development of realistic characters by
describing them physically; by recording their actions, speech, and thoughts; or by
commenting on them directly or through other characters
In these lines from a story,
the author uses four of these techniques to develop a character.
A short, fat man wearing a black suit hopped out, waddled over, and got in line behind us.
"I hear you're nearly done with your new book;" he boomed. "What's this one going to
be about?"
"I have reason to believe that he is dishonest."
CHARACTERS the people (or animals) in a story, novel, play, or poem For some authors,
creating believable characters by describing their feelings, thoughts, and behavior is more
important than writing a complex story; for others, plot comes first and character
development second.
FICTION a story invented by a writer Works of fiction range in length from one-page fables,
tales, and short stories to long novels that have more complex plots and characters.
Historical fiction is based on true events but includes made-up characters and incidents.
Fantasy may be set in the real or a make-believe world, but its characters do impossible
things and the plots are highly imaginative. In science fiction, the action is usually set in a
future world, which characters often reach through time travel or space travel.
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE Words used in unusual, rather than in exact or expected, ways
Similes and metaphors are the most common forms of figurative language. In a simile, the
word like or as is used to compare two very different things-for example, Charles dances
like an itchy sea serpent. A metaphor suggests a comparison by saying that one thing is
another-for example, Charles is an itchy sea serpent.
FORESHOWDING a technique used by an author to drop hints about future developments in
a story in The Mystery of the Missing Coin, author Ashley Simons uses foreshadowing in
the opening paragraph.
As Jenny pulled into the driveway, she wondered why the wealthy widower Mr. Van der
Home had called her. When he greeted her at the door and escorted her into the
elegant living room, Jenny knew at once that something was wrong.
IMAGERY the use of images in writing Authors often create word pictures by using
descriptive language to convey experiences of the senses or the emotions. In the passage at
the top of page 10, William Least Heat Moon uses imagery to recount a journey.
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Indiana 66, a road so crooked it could run for the legislature, took me into the hilly fields
of CHEW MAIL POUCH barns, past Christ-of-the-Ohio Catholic Church, through
the Swiss town of Tell City with its statue of William and his crossbow and nervous
son.
NONFICTION
any writing that accurately describes something that actually happened,
that presents information, or that gives an opinion Among the forms of nonfiction are
biography, the story of someone's life, and autobiography, the story of the author's own
life. Exposition is writing that presents or explains information. In a synopsis, a writer gives
a summary of a longer work.
ONOMATOPOEIA the formation of words in imitation of actual sounds Onomatopoeia is
used in these lines from a poem.
The percussionist taps On the cymbals of brass, And clashes them together With a big
resounding crash!
Ting Ting Ting-Ting CLANG!
PERSONIFICATION
giving human qualities to nonhuman things or using a character to
symbolize a particular quality The devil, for example, is the personification of evil.
PLOT
the action in a story Conflict, or a character's struggle against opposing forces, is
the most important part of a plot. A writer plans a sequence of events around the conflict to
hold the reader's attention. In the introduction, the setting, characters, and conflict are
presented. In the next stage, the complication, or rising action, the conflict intensifies and
the story progresses to a climax, in which the conflict must be faced and worked out. The
ending of the story is told in the falling action and the resolution.
POINT OF VIEW the choice of narrator through whom an author tells a story If the story is
narrated by a character using the pronoun I and seeing events only from his or her
perspective, the author has chosen the first-person point of view. If the third-person
objective point of view is used, the narrator is not part of the story, and all characters are
referred to as he, she, it, or they. This narrator only records events and does not offer
opinions or reveal the private thoughts of characters. When the narrator is an outsider but is
able to tell the reader what the characters are thinking or feeling, the writer is using the third
person omniscient, or all-knowing, point of view.
REPETITION the use o f the same sound, word, phrase, or line of poetry two or more times
Repetition can help a writer emphasize an idea or achieve a particular rhythm. Notice how
the poet Langston Hughes uses repetition in these lines.
And the tom-toms beat, And the tom-toms beat, And the low beating of the tom-toms Stirs your blood.
RHYME the repetition of syllable sounds, especially a t the ends o f lines o f poetry The
rhyming sounds at the ends of lines of poetry may be labeled with
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letters to describe a poem's rhyme scheme. Notice that Lillian Morrison used an abab rhyme
scheme in these lines from her poem "Two to Nothing."
Catcher, the ball caller a
knees bent, squatting; b
Pitcher, a slider guider a
peering, plotting
b
RHYTHEM the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables, especially in poetry A poem may
have a regular rhythm, or meter, from beginning to end, or the rhythm may change
within the poem. In this verse, the regular meter of the first four lines is changed to
emphasize the last line.
The percussionist plays On the copper timpani. Being extra careful When he tunes the key. Boom-Bim Boom-Bim
SETTING when and where a story takes place A writer can choose any time or place in
which to set a story. Sometimes the setting is necessary to the plot, as in most science
fiction tales, but in stories having plots and characters that could develop anywhere the
setting is less important.
STANZA a group of lines in a poem that are read as a unit and are comparable to a paragraph
in a work of prose in poems of more than one stanza, the rhyme scheme and meter are
usually, but not always, the same in each stanza. Stanzas within a poem may have the
same number of lines, or they may be of different lengths. In "African Dance" by
Langston Hughes, notice how they differ.
The low beating of the tom-toms, The slow beating of the tom-toms, Low ... slow Slow ... low Stirs your blood.
Dance! A night-veiled girl Whirls softly into a Circle of light. Whirls softly ... slowly, Like a wisp of smoke
around the fire And the tom-toms beat, And the tom-toms beat, And the low beating of the tom-toms Stirs
your blood.
THEME
the main idea or meaning of a story While plot tells what happens in a story, the
theme should answer the question "What does it all mean?" The narrator or a character in
a work of fiction may actually state the theme at some point, or the author may leave it
up to the reader to guess the theme's meaning. Not all authors write with a theme in
mind; some stories are written just to entertain.
TONE the language and sentence structure chosen by a writer to express a particular attitude
toward the subject The tone of a story or poem may be formal or informal, humorous or
solemn, critical or enthusiastic. The author must employ a tone that is appropriate to
what he or she is writing. In his poem "The Latest Latin Dance Craze;" Victor Hernandez
Cruz has achieved a joyous, comic tone, as demonstrated in these lines.
Walking in a double cha cha cha Open the door and glide down The stairs like a swan Hit the street Run at least
ten blocks Come back in through the same Door.
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