Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Kaan Yücel M.D.,Ph.D. 1. Telencephalon is composed of… Cerebral hemispheres Sulci, fissures, gyri, lobes partially separated by a deep longitudinal fissure, and which fill the area of the skull above the tentorium cerebelli and are subdivided into lobes based on their position. Basal ganglia Insula Ventricular system Two lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle White matter tracts Commissural, association, and projection fibres 2. Sulci & Gyri & Lobes Precentral gyrus 3. Temporal lobe & sulci & gyri 4. Occipital lobe & sulci & gyri 5. Occipital lobe & sulci & gyri 6. Insula Island of Reil 7. Medial and inferior aspects of the hemispheres 7. Medial and inferior aspects of the hemispheres 8. Brodmann areas Cytoarchitecture 47 functional areas 8. Brodmann areas 4 8 3 6 9 5 7 1 10 46 39 46 19 10 45 44 43 47 21 41, 42 22 18 17 11 38 37 somesthetic association area 8. Brodmann areas 8. Brodmann areas 9. Lateral ventricles 10. Third ventricle 11. Fourth ventricle 1. Frontal Lobe. 2. Parietal Lobe. 3. Occipital Lobe. 4. Septum Pellucidum. a. Rostrum of Corpus Callosum. b. Body of Corpus Callosum. c. Splenium of Corpus Callosum. 10. Pons. 11.Medulla Oblongata. 12. Cerebellum. 13. Spinal Cord. 14. Fourth ventricle. 15. Sinus Confluence. « Cisternae Correction: Lenticular nucleus or lentiform nucleus 12. Basal ganglia Distributed set of brain structures in the telencephalon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon. The forebrain structures include : Caudate nucleus Putamen Nucleus accumbens (or ventral striatum) Globus pallidus Corpus striatum 12. Basal ganglia Caudate nucleus C-shaped structure closely associated with the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle. largest at its anterior pole (the head), and its size diminishes posteriorly as it follows the course of the lateral ventricle (the body) all the way to the temporal lobe (the tail), where it terminates at the amygdaloid nuclei. 12. Basal ganglia Putamen- Caudate separated by anterior limb of the internal capsule Connected by bridges of cells across the internal capsule A striated look striatum or neostriatum Caudate+ Putamen=Striatum= Main recepient of afferent input. Globus pallidus= Major efferent output leaves from. 12. Basal ganglia Third ventricle MRI of the brain, T1-weighted axial cut. 1, Putamen. 2, Pallidum. 3, Caudate nucleus. 4, Insula. 5, Lateral ventricle. 6, Thalamus. Traditionally, the basal ganglia have been viewed as motor structures. It is only in the past 20 years that it has been recognized that these structures also may have a role in cognition and emotion. Alexander and his colleagues that the motor circuit is involved in ‘‘the control of movement direction and in the scaling of movement amplitude or velocity’’ and ‘‘in the programming and initiation of internally generated movements.’’ o GABA, dopamine, acetylcholine, and glutamine o Multiple pathways in the basal ganglia both with both excitatory and inhibitory functions. o Input to the basal ganglia is received from both the cerebral cortex and the thalamus. o Lesions in the basal ganglia result in uncoordinated and disorganized movement. 1. motor - between additional motor area of the cerebral cortex and the lateral part of dorsal striatum – putamen automatic motor activity control of muscular tension initiating and fluent performing of motor actions executed by skeletal muscles especially during will dependent movements 2. oculomotor - between the frontal visual eye field of the cerebral cortex and the corpus of the caudate (nucleus caudatus) belonging to the medial part of dorsal striatum 12. Basal ganglia 12. Basal ganglia MRI of the brain, T1-weighted coronal cut. 1, Lateral ventricle. 2, Caudate nucleus. 3, Putamen. 4, Temporal lobe (left side). 5, Sylvian fissure (lateral sulcus). 13. Commissural fibers Freitag CM, Luders E, Hulst HE, Narr KL, Thompson PM, Toga AW, Krick C, Konrad C. Total brain volume and corpus callosum size in medication-naïve adolescents and young adults with autism spectrum disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;66(4):316-319. Kitayama N, Brummer M, Hertz L, Quinn S, Kim Y, Bremner JD. Morphologic alterations in the corpus callosum in abuse-related posttraumatic stress disorder: a preliminary study. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2007;195(12):1027-1209. Ballmaier M, Kumar A, Elderkin-Thompson V, Narr KL, Luders E, Thompson PM, Hojatkashani C, Pham D, Heinz A, Toga AW. Mapping callosal morphology in early- and late-onset elderly depression: an index of distinct changes in cortical connectivity. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008;33(7):15281536. Black SE, Moffat SD, Yu DC, Parker J, Stanchev P, Bronskill M. Callosal atrophy correlates with temporal lobe volume and mental status in Alzheimer's disease. Can J Neurol Sci. 2000;27(3):204-209. Venkatasubramanian G, Jayakumar PN, Reddy VV, Reddy US, Gangadhar BN, Keshavan MS Corpus callosum deficits in antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenia: evidence for neurodevelopmental pathogenesis. Psychiatry Res. 2010;182(2):141-145. 1. Genu of corpus callosum 2. Forceps minor 3. Anterior limb of internal capsule 4. Septum pellucidum 5. Caudate nucleus 6. Putamen 7. Globus pallidus 8. Posterior limb of internal capsule 9. Thalamus 10. Splenium of corpus callosum 11. Forceps major 13. Commissural fibers 14. Association fibers 15. Projection fibers 1st neuron 2nd neuron 3rd neuron Internal capsule Anterior limb [3] Posterior limb [8] Genu The cerebral arterial circle (of Willis) is formed at the base of the brain by the interconnecting vertebrobasilar and internal carotid systems of vessels. 1anterior communicating artery connecting the left and right anterior cerebral arteries to each other; 2 posterior communicating arteries, one on each side, connecting the internal carotid artery with the posterior cerebral artery.