Download 7-2 ch9

 Warm-up: (12-6-16)
*Ch.11-2 video lec/rubric out for stamp!
 1. What do you think is the underlying cause for poaching?
 2. What is the #1 cause for the loss of biodiversity?
 3. What is the international treaty against illegal wildlife trafficking?
 4. List 3 ways to protect biodiversity of plants and animals.
 Q/A
 What are the 3 aspects of biodiversity?
 Give an example of an economic value of biodiversity? ecological service?
 Contrast local, ecological, and biological extinction.
 Contrast threatened and endangered species.
 What are characteristics of an organism that make it vulnerable to extinction?
 List some activities that are prohibited by the ESA.
 Ch. 9-2
 Sustaining Biodiversity
 Goals for today:
 List causes for the loss of biodiversity using HIPPCO
 Identify ways to sustain and monitor biodiversity
 In HIPPCO, the H stands for…
 Habitat Destruction and Fragmentation “H”
 The splitting and isolating
portions of populations
by habitat degradation.
 Loss of old growth forest habitat as a result of logging and forest fragmentation
What is a habitat island?
Habitat corridor?
 In HIPPO, the I stands for…
 INVASIVE SPECIES
 Biotic pollution: introduced species have no predators, competition, parasites or pathogens to control their
populations
 Ex. weeds, brown tree snake, mongoose, pythons
 After habitat loss, birds are most threatened by invasive species.
 What are some characteristics of a successful invader?
 Generalist
 High reproductive rate,
 short generation time
 r-strategist
 In HIPPO, the 2 P’s stand for…
 POPULATION GROWTH
 Population growth, affluenza, and pollution have promoted the premature extinction of some species.
 Pollution
 Each year pesticides:
 67 million birds.
 6 -14 million fish.
 Threaten 1/5th of the U.S.’s endangered and threatened species.
 Climate Change
 What are the effects of a changing climate on biodiversity?
 OVEREXPLOITATION
 Poaching: Illegal hunting for profit
 Rhinoceros are often killed for their horns and sold illegally on the black market for decorative and medicinal
purposes.
 Bushmeat hunting
 Photos from Groundbreaking Camera Trap Study
A View of Declining Mammal Populations
 Camera Traps
 A map of the area is used to randomly select locations for camera traps.
 Cameras use batteries that need to be charged, batteries changed every 30 days
 20 cameras evenly spaced per elevation
 1 camera/2 km
 1. look for animal trail, check GPS location
 2. pick a tree (not palm)
 3. remove obstructions
 4. test walk (crawl)
 Cameras can see 40 degrees, 5m distance, infrared (heat), motion detected
 Each camera is $500
 Set up in the dry season
 Poachers remove cameras, 6 stolen in 8 years
 Poaching the agouti paca for bush meat delicacy
• Local technicians are hired at La Selva.
• Other TEAM sites use students
• Wouldn’t locals know more about the area than university students?
• No formal education needed. They are given training.
• Giving people jobs gives them incentive to protect their resources
 Results from the Study
 All together 105 mammal species were identified from 51,949 camera trap images from the seven sites.
 Sites within highly fragmented forests contained fewer species than sites in partially fragmented or continuous
forests.
 The size of the protected area impacts the number of species found.
 The goal was to find a baseline of mammal community composition in seven tropical forests.
 Future studies can examine trends and patterns over time.
 Check for Understanding:
 1. What is a habitat island?
 2. What is biomagnification?
 3. How can scientists monitor biodiversity?
 So how do we measure biodiversity?
 Species Richness
 Species Evenness
 Shannon-Wiener Index
 Species Richness (R)
 In a community of 100 organisms,
 Species A 10
 Species B 40
 Species C 50
 R = # of species =
 Shannon-Wiener Index (H)
 It indicates the chance of correctly predicting the species picked at random from the community.
 If diversity is high, you have a (good, poor) chance of correctly predicting the species of the next individual
picked at random.
 The formula is:
 H = - sum (Pi ln[Pi])
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H = - sum (Pi ln[Pi])
Where:
Pi (relative abundance) = ni/N
Where:
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ni = number of individuals in species i
N = total number of individuals in all species
H = - sum (Pi ln[Pi])
In a community of 100 organisms,
Species A 10
Species B 40
Species C 50
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H = - sum (Pi ln[Pi])
In a community of 100 organisms,
Species A 10 = 10/100 =
Species B 40 = 40/100 =
Species C 50 = 50/100 =
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H = - sum (Pi ln[Pi])
In a community of 100 organisms,
Species A 10 = 10/100 = 0.1
Species B 40 = 40/100 = 0.4
Species C 50 = 50/100 = 0.5
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H = - sum (Pi ln[Pi])
In a community of 100 organisms,
Species A 10 = 10/100 = 0.1
Species B 40 = 40/100 = 0.4
Species C 50 = 50/100 = 0.5
H = - [0.1 ln (0.1) + 0.4 ln (0.4) + 0.5 ln (0.5)]
H=
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H = - sum (Pi ln[Pi])
In a community of 100 organisms,
Species A 10 = 10/100 = 0.1
Species B 40 = 40/100 = 0.4
Species C 50 = 50/100 = 0.5
H = - [0.1 ln (0.1) + 0.4 ln (0.4) + 0.5 ln (0.5)]
H = - [-0.23 – 0.37 – 0.35] = 0.95
 Species Evenness (E)
 In a community of 100 organisms,
 Species A 10
 Species B 40
 Species C 50
 Richness (R) = 3
 Shannon-Wiener Index (H) = 0.95
Evenness
E = H/ln(R)
 Species Evenness (E)
 In a community of 100 organisms,
 Species A 10
 Species B 40
 Species C 50
 Richness (R) = 3
 Shannon-Wiener Index (H) = 0.95
Evenness
E = H/ln(R) = 0.95/ln(3) =
 So what does this # mean?
 H (the uncertainty of predicting the species) will range from
 0 for a community with a single species
 about 4.6 for a very diverse community
 Species Evenness (E)
 In a community of 100 organisms,
 Species A 10
 Species B 40
 Species C 50
 Richness (R) = 3
 Shannon-Wiener Index (H) = 0.95
Evenness
E = H/ln(R) = 0.95/ln(3) = 0.86
 So what does this # mean?
 Evenness (E) is a measure of how similar the abundance of different species are.
 When there are similar proportions of all species then evenness is one
 When the abundance are very dissimilar (some rare and some common species) then the value is closer
to zero