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Warm-up: (12-6-16) *Ch.11-2 video lec/rubric out for stamp! 1. What do you think is the underlying cause for poaching? 2. What is the #1 cause for the loss of biodiversity? 3. What is the international treaty against illegal wildlife trafficking? 4. List 3 ways to protect biodiversity of plants and animals. Q/A What are the 3 aspects of biodiversity? Give an example of an economic value of biodiversity? ecological service? Contrast local, ecological, and biological extinction. Contrast threatened and endangered species. What are characteristics of an organism that make it vulnerable to extinction? List some activities that are prohibited by the ESA. Ch. 9-2 Sustaining Biodiversity Goals for today: List causes for the loss of biodiversity using HIPPCO Identify ways to sustain and monitor biodiversity In HIPPCO, the H stands for… Habitat Destruction and Fragmentation “H” The splitting and isolating portions of populations by habitat degradation. Loss of old growth forest habitat as a result of logging and forest fragmentation What is a habitat island? Habitat corridor? In HIPPO, the I stands for… INVASIVE SPECIES Biotic pollution: introduced species have no predators, competition, parasites or pathogens to control their populations Ex. weeds, brown tree snake, mongoose, pythons After habitat loss, birds are most threatened by invasive species. What are some characteristics of a successful invader? Generalist High reproductive rate, short generation time r-strategist In HIPPO, the 2 P’s stand for… POPULATION GROWTH Population growth, affluenza, and pollution have promoted the premature extinction of some species. Pollution Each year pesticides: 67 million birds. 6 -14 million fish. Threaten 1/5th of the U.S.’s endangered and threatened species. Climate Change What are the effects of a changing climate on biodiversity? OVEREXPLOITATION Poaching: Illegal hunting for profit Rhinoceros are often killed for their horns and sold illegally on the black market for decorative and medicinal purposes. Bushmeat hunting Photos from Groundbreaking Camera Trap Study A View of Declining Mammal Populations Camera Traps A map of the area is used to randomly select locations for camera traps. Cameras use batteries that need to be charged, batteries changed every 30 days 20 cameras evenly spaced per elevation 1 camera/2 km 1. look for animal trail, check GPS location 2. pick a tree (not palm) 3. remove obstructions 4. test walk (crawl) Cameras can see 40 degrees, 5m distance, infrared (heat), motion detected Each camera is $500 Set up in the dry season Poachers remove cameras, 6 stolen in 8 years Poaching the agouti paca for bush meat delicacy • Local technicians are hired at La Selva. • Other TEAM sites use students • Wouldn’t locals know more about the area than university students? • No formal education needed. They are given training. • Giving people jobs gives them incentive to protect their resources Results from the Study All together 105 mammal species were identified from 51,949 camera trap images from the seven sites. Sites within highly fragmented forests contained fewer species than sites in partially fragmented or continuous forests. The size of the protected area impacts the number of species found. The goal was to find a baseline of mammal community composition in seven tropical forests. Future studies can examine trends and patterns over time. Check for Understanding: 1. What is a habitat island? 2. What is biomagnification? 3. How can scientists monitor biodiversity? So how do we measure biodiversity? Species Richness Species Evenness Shannon-Wiener Index Species Richness (R) In a community of 100 organisms, Species A 10 Species B 40 Species C 50 R = # of species = Shannon-Wiener Index (H) It indicates the chance of correctly predicting the species picked at random from the community. If diversity is high, you have a (good, poor) chance of correctly predicting the species of the next individual picked at random. The formula is: H = - sum (Pi ln[Pi]) H = - sum (Pi ln[Pi]) Where: Pi (relative abundance) = ni/N Where: ni = number of individuals in species i N = total number of individuals in all species H = - sum (Pi ln[Pi]) In a community of 100 organisms, Species A 10 Species B 40 Species C 50 H = - sum (Pi ln[Pi]) In a community of 100 organisms, Species A 10 = 10/100 = Species B 40 = 40/100 = Species C 50 = 50/100 = H = - sum (Pi ln[Pi]) In a community of 100 organisms, Species A 10 = 10/100 = 0.1 Species B 40 = 40/100 = 0.4 Species C 50 = 50/100 = 0.5 H = - sum (Pi ln[Pi]) In a community of 100 organisms, Species A 10 = 10/100 = 0.1 Species B 40 = 40/100 = 0.4 Species C 50 = 50/100 = 0.5 H = - [0.1 ln (0.1) + 0.4 ln (0.4) + 0.5 ln (0.5)] H= H = - sum (Pi ln[Pi]) In a community of 100 organisms, Species A 10 = 10/100 = 0.1 Species B 40 = 40/100 = 0.4 Species C 50 = 50/100 = 0.5 H = - [0.1 ln (0.1) + 0.4 ln (0.4) + 0.5 ln (0.5)] H = - [-0.23 – 0.37 – 0.35] = 0.95 Species Evenness (E) In a community of 100 organisms, Species A 10 Species B 40 Species C 50 Richness (R) = 3 Shannon-Wiener Index (H) = 0.95 Evenness E = H/ln(R) Species Evenness (E) In a community of 100 organisms, Species A 10 Species B 40 Species C 50 Richness (R) = 3 Shannon-Wiener Index (H) = 0.95 Evenness E = H/ln(R) = 0.95/ln(3) = So what does this # mean? H (the uncertainty of predicting the species) will range from 0 for a community with a single species about 4.6 for a very diverse community Species Evenness (E) In a community of 100 organisms, Species A 10 Species B 40 Species C 50 Richness (R) = 3 Shannon-Wiener Index (H) = 0.95 Evenness E = H/ln(R) = 0.95/ln(3) = 0.86 So what does this # mean? Evenness (E) is a measure of how similar the abundance of different species are. When there are similar proportions of all species then evenness is one When the abundance are very dissimilar (some rare and some common species) then the value is closer to zero