Download Culture - marilena beltramini

What is the difference between culture and civilization ?
One of the differences between culture and civilization is culture represents what we are and
civilization represents what we have. Another difference is civilization includes the things by which
we attain other objects, such as technology. Culture is that which brings us pleasure and satisfaction.
Culture cannot be measured and civilization has a standard of measurement.
Civilisation
The word civilization comes from the Latin civilis ( = civil ), related to the Latin civis ( = citizen ),
and civitas ( = city or city-state ).
Civilisation ( in British English ) generally refers to state polities which combine these basic
institutions, having one or more of each : a ceremonial centre ( a formal gathering place for social
and cultural activities ), a system of writing, and a city.
Culture :
The modern term “culture” is based on a term used in classical antiquity by the Ancient Roman
orator Cicero in his Tusculan Dispotations, where he wrote of a cultivation of the soul or “cultura
animi”. Cicero "refers to all the ways in which human beings overcome their original barbarism,
and through artifice, become fully human".
This non-agricultural use of the term "culture" re-appeared in modern Europe in the 17th century
referring to the betterment or refinement of individuals, especially through education. During the
18th and 19th century it came to refer more frequently to the common reference points of whole
peoples. Some scientists such as Edward Tylor used the term "culture" to refer to a universal human
capacity.
In the 20th century, "culture" emerged as a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the
range of human phenomena that cannot be directly attributed to genetic inheritance. Culture can be
defined as an integrated system of learned behaviours and interactions patterns, cognitive
constructs, and affective understanding that are learned through a process of socialization.