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removal of wastes of metabolism/life processes
Excretion - __________________________________
Wastes – animals - ___________________________
some are toxic and must be excreted
can store toxic & recycle nontoxic
plants – __________________________
Nitrogenous wastes (from protein metabolism)
Uric Acid - _______________________
Nontoxic, not soluble in water
Urea - ______________
Moderately toxic
Highly toxic
Ammonia – ___________
Processes that produce
wastes
Process
Waste(s) Produced
Respiration
Carbon dioxide & water
Dehydration Synthesis
Water
Protein Metabolism
Nitrogenous wastes
Excretory means/systems of
organisms
1. Protists:
 Diagram
 Passive transport – Water and their nitrogenous waste
ammonia
___________,
diffuse through the cell membrane. Ammonia
is very soluble in water, so it is easily excreted.
 Active transport – for those organisms that live in fresh
water, they have a __________
contractile _______to
vacuole pump out water
that comes in the cell.
alga
In photosynthetic protests (________)
they can use
their wastes from respiration
CO2
H2O
photosynthesis
(__________
and __________)
for ____________
2. Hydra
 All cells are in contact with the water environment.
diffusion
Wastes leave the cells by the process of _________.
ammonia
Their main nitrogenous waste is _________.
3. Earthworm
 Carbon dioxide leaves the earthworm by diffusion through
its ________,
________
thin
moist skin.
 Water, mineral salts, ammonia, and its main nitrogenous
urea
waste _________.
Are filtered through specialized
execratory organs called _________
naphridia (singular, ___________)
nephridium
 They are found in most body segments. Wastes are filtered
and excreted through pores in the skin. The waste excreted
is called __________.
Urine
4. Grasshopper
 A grasshopper has an open circulatory system.
Carbon dioxide diffuses into the body fluids from the
cells, into the ________
tracheal ______
tubes and out the
spiracles
__________.
Water, mineral salts, and uric acid
accumulate in special excretory organs called
Malpighion _______.
tubules The blood bathes these so the
__________
wastes simply diffuse out of the blood and into the
tubules. Uric acid is essentially harmless because it
is insoluble in water. The uric acid leaves, along with
the feces, through the anus.
5. Human
 The ____________
kidneys
are the organs of excretion of
nitrogenous waste in the human. They really serve
two functions for us:
Remove urea from the blood
1. Filtration - __________________________________
water
2. Regulation of substances in the body - __________
_______________________________
Salts, sugar ect.
 The functional unit of the kidney is the ___________.
nephron
Each kidney contains about 1 million nephrons.
**Renal**
 Structure of the Nephron:
 Functions:
 a. Filtration – as
blood flows through
the capillaries of the
nephron water,
_________,
salts urea, amino
acids and glucose
diffuse out of the
blood into the
Bowman’s capsule.
__________
This Stage Is
Filtration.
b. Reabsorption – as the
materials in the
Bowman’s
__________capsule
flow
through the tubule,
some of the water, salts
urea, amino acids and
glucose diffuse are
reabsorbed by active
transport into capillaries
surrounding the tubule.
c. Urine – The fluid that
reaches the the end of
the tubule consists of
mostly water, urea and
Urine
salt is called ________.
Malfunctions
 Kidney Diseases:
 Kidneys unable to excrete nitrogenous wastes
 High protein diets can cause problems – exceed
capacity of nephrons to dispose of protein.
 Gout –
 form of arthritis – accumulation of uric acid in the
joints.
Other Excretory Organs
The lungs are also
considered excretory in
nature because they get
rid of the body of _______
Carbon
_________
Dioxide and _________
Water
from the process of
Respiration
_______________
The liver also has an
excretory function. It
detoxifies the body.
Deamination – removal of
(NH2)
an amino group _______
from amino acids. It
Urea and then
makes _____
sends it to the kidneys
to be excreted.
**cirrhosis** - _________________________________
The liver becomes overgrown w/ excess
______
tissue
The Skin
 Still, the skin is excretory because it rids the body of
Heat
a little urea, but mostly it rids the body of ________
Evaporation of sweat + Cooling
HOW? ___________________________