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Module 12: Bacteria and Virus
Study Guide
Complete this study guide to prepare for the test.
Step 1. What to Use for Review:
● Complete all the assignments for this module. Read your instructor’s feedback.
● Review all of the Let’s Practice Learning Objects in the Content.
● Review all your quizzes and the problem sets.
Step 2. Review Key Words for this Module:
Print off your vocabulary list from the first page of the content (blue sidebar.) Some students
find it helpful to make note cards.
Step 3. Complete the following questions to practice and to focus your studies on any
weak areas first.
Bacteria: Classification and Structure
1. What is a pathogen? Give some examples of pathogens.
2. Complete the Venn Diagram below to distinguish between the Archaebacteria and
Eubacteria. The center should represent characteristics of all prokaryotes. For instance, you
would decide where to place terms such as peptidoglycan, cell wall, extreme environments, etc.
3. What types of environments are Archaebacteria found in? What is a halophile/thermophile or
acidophile?
4. Draw a picture of a bacillus-shaped bacterium below. What other shapes of bacteria exist?
5. Distinguish between gram negative and gram positive bacteria. Which would be red after
gram staining? Which of these types is less likely to be killed by antibiotics?
6. Describe at least 3 ways that bacteria may move:
7. What is the difference between a bacterium that is a chemoautotroph and photoautotroph?
Describe a habitat for each.
8. Matching:
A. facultative anaerobe B. obligate aerobe C. obligate anaerobe
_____ do not require oxygen to live. Can even be poisoned by it!
_____ do not require oxygen, but can switch between cellular respiration and fermentation.
_____ require a constant supply of oxygen to live.
Bacteria: Growth and Reproduction
9. How often can bacteria double in number (or replicate?) _______________
10. What is binary fission? What purpose does it serve?
11. Put the steps of binary fission in order:
_____ Cell wall forms in cleavage furrow.
_____ Duplicated DNA begins to separate, moving toward the poles as the cell elongates more.
_____ Cell prepares to divide by elongating/building more cell wall.
_____ Bacterial genome replicates and remains attached to the membrane. At the same time,
any plasmids (small circular DNA) present replicates.
_____ Cleavage furrow begins to form.
_____ Two identical daughter cells are produced.
12. How is binary fission similar to mitosis and how is it different?
13. What is conjugation? Why does conjugation benefit bacterial populations?
14. Put the steps of conjugation in order:
_____ The F Plasmid is transferred to the new bacterium.
_____ Bacteria forms a pilus (like a tube) to connect to another bacteria.
_____ Pilius connection is severed. Both bacteria have identical copies of the circular DNA.
_____ Connecting pilus is established.
15. If a deadly bacterium has many antibiotic resistance genes in one plasmid, why could it be
dangerous?
16. What causes a bacterium to form an endospore?
17. What is the advantage for the bacterium to form an endospore? What is the disadvantage
to humans (if that bacterium caused disease, for instance?)
18. How does pasteurization benefit humans (where endospores are concerned?)
Bacteria: Control and Benefits
19. What happens to your body when you are infected by bacteria? How can they harm you?
20. What is botulism? What is the cause?
21. What is the difference between pasteurization and sterilization?
22. How does UV radiation harm bacterial cells?
23. How do antibiotics hurt bacteria? List at least 3 ways.
24. What is penicillin, where does it come from and how does it kill bacteria?
25. What is a zone of inhibition? Draw one:
26. List at least two ecological benefits we get from bacteria:
27. List at least two foods that bacteria help us to produce:
28. Why do we need bacteria in our intestines?
Viruses: Structure and Reproduction
29. Are viruses bigger or smaller than bacteria? ____________Viruses could not be seen until
the development of this microscope: _____________________
30. Provide at least three reasons why viruses are non-living:
31. List some well-known viruses and/or viral diseases:
32. What is the basic structure of a virus? (Draw a virus)
33. What is a retrovirus? A bacteriophage?
34. What shapes of viruses exist?
35. Label the diagram below with the names for each stage OR jot down some notes about
what is occurring in each stage.
36. What are some examples of viruses that use the lytic cycle?
37. Put the stages of the lysogenic cycle in the correct order:
_____ Integration: The viral DNA inserts itself into the host DNA. The modified host DNA
is now called a prophage.
_____ Attachment: The virus attaches itself
_____ Penetration: Viral DNA enters the cell.
_____ Replication: When the host cell divides, the prophage is replicated with the host
DNA and passed to new cells, causing no harm to the cell for an indefinite length of time.
38. Provide examples of lysogenic viruses:
39. What is a temperate virus? What is a virulent virus? (Hint: which reproductive cycle are
they associated with?)
40. What is a viroid and what is a prion? How are they similar to and different from viruses?
41. Give an example of an RNA Virus:
Give an example of a DNA virus:
42. List some ways that we try to control the spread of viruses:
43. What is interferon?
44. Describe the difference between an attenuated and a killed vaccine.
45. What does a vaccine provide for us?
Be sure to study all of your quizzes, reading guides and practice activities in this module. Read
instructor feedback for assignments to focus on any weak areas.
Best of luck on the test!