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Written by: Jonnette Hay-Rivenbark English Renaissance • Cultural and artistic movement in England • 16th century through early 17th century • Associated with European Renaissance • Believed to have begun in Italy English Renaissance • Contrast: English and Italian Renaissance English Renaissance • Often called “Age of Shakespeare” or “Elizabethan Era” • Names are incorrect English Renaissance • Important playwrights: – William Shakespeare – Ben Jonson – Christopher Marlowe English Renaissance • Important poets of the period: – Edmund Spenser – John Milton Important philosophers: – Sir Francis Bacon – Sir Thomas More Elizabethan Era • Period in England associated with rule of Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603) • Relatively peaceful time Elizabethan Era • Considered Golden Age of English history Elizabethan Era • Height of fashion in England • Influenced by French and Spanish styles Elizabethan Era • Annual festivities broke up daily life • People looked forward to celebrations • Many still celebrated today Elizabethan Era • Other celebrations include: – Valentine’s Day – April Fool’s Day – Christmas Season (13 days celebrated from Christmas Eve through Epiphany Eve) The Plague • Bubonic and pneumonic plagues caused 14th century “Black Death” • Spread through Europe, Middle East and Asia • Recurred every generation for centuries The Plague • Known as bubonic and pneumonic plagues • Believed to be caused mainly by fleas • Symptoms included fever, chills, muscle pain, hemorrhaging,and buboes The Plague • Occurred again in England during 1592-1593 • Caused all theaters in London to close • Shakespeare wrote long, narrative poems Shakespeare Biography • Born in 1564 in Stratford-uponAvon • Actual date of birth uncertain Biography • Father was John Shakespeare Biography • At 18: married Anne Hathaway • At 19: had daughter • 1585: had twins Biography • Believed to have left for London 1585-1586 • 1594: became member of Lord Chamberlain’s Men • Troupe became King’s Men in 1603 Shakespeare’s London - Video Single click screen to view video Biography • Wrote and performed in plays • Most widely-read playwright • Also wrote poetry Shakespeare’s Plays • Shakespeare wrote or collaborated on 39 plays • Plays divided into three categories – Comedies – Tragedies – Histories Shakespeare’s Plays • His plays remain popular today • Have been made into films and other plays Single click for audio clip >>>> The Comedies • All’s Well That Ends Well • As You Like It • The Comedy of Errors • Cymbeline • Love’s Labor’s Lost • Measure for Measure • The Merchant of Venice The Comedies • The Merry Wives of Windsor • A Midsummer Night’s Dream • Much Ado About Nothing • Pericles • The Taming of the Shrew • The Tempest • Troilus and Cressida The Comedies • Twelfth Night • Two Gentlemen of Verona • The Two Noble Kinsmen • The Winter’s Tale The Comedies • Most popular include – All’s Well That Ends Well – The Merchant of Venice – A Midsummer Night’s Dream – The Taming of the Shrew – The Tempest Single click for audio clip >>>> The Comedies: Themes • Characteristics of the comedies include: – False/mistaken identities – Toils of love and marriage – Good versus Evil • Songs written for comedies • Only text exists The Comedies • Famous characters include: – Oberon and Titania (A Midsummer Night’s Dream) – Rosalind and Orlando (As You Like It) – Petruchio and Katherine (Taming of the Shrew) The Tragedies • Antony and Cleopatra • Coriolanus • Hamlet • Julius Caesar • King Lear • Macbeth The Tragedies • Othello • Romeo and Juliet • Timon of Athens • Titus Andronicus The Tragedies • Most popular tragedies: – Hamlet – Julius Caesar – Macbeth – Romeo and Juliet Single click for audio clips >>>> The Tragedies: Themes • All Shakespearean tragedies: protagonist falls from grace and dies • Tragic hero, tragic flaw • An unhappy ending The Tragedies • Usually many secondary characters die – Mercutio and Tybalt (Romeo and Juliet) – Polonius, Ophelia, King Claudius, Queen Gertrude, Laertes (Hamlet) – Calpurnia, Portia, Cassius (Julius Caesar) The Tragedies • Protagonist is admirable but flawed • Protagonist is capable of good and bad • Famous tragic characters: – Hamlet, Prince of Denmark – Macbeth, Thane of Glamis – Marcus Brutus The Histories • King John • Richard II • Henry IV, Part I • Henry IV, Part 2 • Henry V The Histories • Henry VI, Part 1 • Henry VI, Part 2 • Henry VI, Part 3 • Richard III • Henry VIII The Histories • Easier to recognize than define • Arose as patriotism formed in England • Tied closely to real historical events The Histories: Themes • All focus on tensions between public and private values • Have character preoccupied with power • Julius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra considered Roman histories Shakespeare’s Poetry • Wrote two narrative poems during plague years • Dedicated to Earl of Southampton Earl of Southampton- Video Single click screen to view video Poetry • Other narrative poems: The Phoenix and the Turtle and A Lover’s Complaint • Sonnets are most well-known • Form is fourteen lines of iambic pentameter Poetry • Published 154 sonnets • First 17 thought written to young man • Advises young man to marry, have a child Poetry • Sonnets 18-126 written to young man • Celebrate speaker’s love for young man Single click for audio clip >>>> Poetry • Sonnets 127-154 present the Dark Lady • Woman presented as treacherous • Speaker seems sexually obsessed with her The Globe Theatre • Theater associated with Shakespeare • Built in London in 1599 • Owned by the Burbage brothers, Shakespeare and three others The Globe Theatre • The Heavens – False ceiling over the stage – Housed actors and costumes during bad weather – Designed with trap doors— actors could “fly” – Good for creating sound effects The Globe Theatre • Hell – Trapdoors within the stage area (thought to be two) – Used for special effects with actors – Good for creating sound effects The Globe Theatre • Women prohibited from performing The Globe Theatre • Open to audiences during summer months • Daytime performances only • Audiences came from all classes • Men and women attended performances Performance Video Single click screen to view video The Globe Theatre • “Groundlings” paid one cent to stand • Gentry paid more for seats in galleries • Nobles sat in chairs on side of stage The Globe Theatre • Style similar to Coliseum • Sometimes used for gambling • Closed due to plague The Globe Theatre • Flags used to indicate type of play • Burned by cannonball landing on roof • Destroyed by Puritans • Motto: Totus mundus agit histrionem Concluding Thoughts • Enduring Globe • Enduring Shakespeare • “He was not of an age, but for all time.”
