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Name: ___________________________ Period 4 World Cultural Geography Honors CMM: FROM IMPERIALISM TO NATIONALISM TO INDEPENDENCE Part I. Throughout its history, India was ruled by a series of (e)_______ builders. The Muslim Mughal Empire was the last of these before the arrival of the (B)___________ East India (T)_________ Company in the 1600s. 1. The British East India Trading Company gradually established (d)_____________ over the country and laid the foundation for India to become part of the British colonial empire. 2. Despite strong (r)_____________ to foreign rule, highlighted by the Great Mutiny, the British government took control of India in 1857. 3. Britain’s colonial policies were based on a belief in its own cultural (s)_____________ and a desire for (e)______________ gain. 4. The British government maintained a policy of “divide and conquer,” promoted the caste system, and other discriminatory practices. 5. The British government took valuable (r)______ materials while dismantling India’s prosperous (i)______________. 6. Nationalists in India reacted by founding the (I)_______________________ (three words) in 1885, and later the (M)_____________________ (two words), presaging the future partition of the subcontinent. 7. Mahatma Gandhi became a strong nationalist leader and had a firm conviction in the strategy of (n)_______________ protest. 8. Eventually, Gandhi would strive for an (i) ________________ and (u)____________ India, working hard to try to balance the religious beliefs of Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs. 9. The Amritsar massacre of 1919 transformed millions of Indians into (r)________________ and sparked the Non-Cooperation Movement. 10. Later Gandhi organized a series of nonviolent protests: the great Salt March, a boycott against British cloth, and the Quit India movement, which led to massive protests and caused Britain to realize it was losing (c)___________ of its valuable colony. 11. After World War II, long negotiations resulted in the historic and ultimately tragic partition of India into two independent countries. These countries are (I)_________ and (P)____________. 12. After India’s independence in August of 1947, (w)____________ between Hindus and Muslims erupted and millions were (k)___________. 13. Gandhi obtained a pledge of peace between the warring sides, but was (a)_______________ shortly thereafter. 14. For India, Gandhi left a (l)______________ of national pride. For the world, he left the powerful force of nonviolent resistance. Part II. Timeline: Read through the timeline to gain an understanding of the sequence of significant events. 1608: The first British traders become active in India. 1757: The Battle of Plassey takes place. 1857: “The Great Mutiny,” also known as the Sepoy Rebellion, occurs. 1858: Queen Victoria declares India’s to be part of the British. 1885: The Indian National Congress is formed. 1906: The Muslim League is formed. 1919: The Amritsar Massacre sparks the Indian Independence Movement. 1930: The Salt March unites Indians. 1942: Gandhi launches the Quit India movement. 1947: India achieves independence. 1947: Violence between Hindus and Muslims erupts. 1948: Gandhi fasts to protest violence between Hindus and Muslims. 1948: Gandhi is assassinated. Part III. Vocabulary: empire – imperialism – colonialism —a policy in which a strong country exploits a weaker country, often using the weaker country’s natural resources for its own benefit. Mughal Empire —a Muslim empire, and last of the great Indian empires, which ruled India from 1526 to 1857. Industrial Revolution —mid-18th-century movement that replaced animal and water power with machines, which dramatically changed the way people lived and worked. It led to the development of infrastructure, factories, and the mass production of finished goods. British East India Trading Company — one of the most powerful commercial enterprises in world history, which became a dominant force in India. Battle of Plassey —British defeat of the Nawab of Bengal in 1757.The victory marked the beginning of British East India Company rule in India. The Great Mutiny (also called the Sepoy Rebellion) — an 1857–1858 Indian uprising against the British East India Company’s control of the country. Following the mutiny, Great Britain’s Queen Victoria declared India part of the British Empire. The Raj —the Indian term for the rule of India by the British Government. divide and conquer – caste system —a division of social class in India based on ancient Hindu teachings Mahatma —means “Great Soul”; it was a title bestowed on Mohandas K. Gandhi. Indian National Congress —Indian political organization that led the independence movement from Great Britain Muslim League — now-defunct political party originally formed to protect the rights of Muslims in India, which evolved into the main representative group for Muslims after Pakistan was formed in 1947 nationalism —the strong belief of a political group fighting for its nation’s independence. Satyagraha —a Sanskrit word Gandhi used to describe his nonviolent approach, meaning “hold fast to the truth.” Amritsar Massacre —1919 shooting of hundreds of peaceful Indian protestors by British troops. The massacre led to Gandhi’s Non-Cooperation Movement. boycott — a public campaign to refuse to deal with an authority, or to refuse to buy, sell or use some product. partition -civil disobedience —an organized, nonviolent opposition to a government policy or law by refusing to comply with it on the grounds of conscience Salt March —a nonviolent protest of the British monopoly on salt, led by Gandhi in 1930, that helped to galvanize the Indian independence movement untouchables —a group of people who exist outside of the Hindu caste system and are believed to contaminate anything or anyone with whom they come in contact World War II —the second major war of the 20th century, which involved the allied powers of England, France, the Soviet Union and the United States against the Axis Powers of Germany, Japan and Italy viceroy —the appointed governor of a colony or province who receives authority from, and rules on behalf of, the home country. Radcliffe Line —the 1947 boundary line separating India and Pakistan. Part IV. PREVIEW QUESTIONS: 1. What does “empire” mean? 2. What does imperialism mean? 3. Why would one country seek to control the affairs of another country? 4. The British and other European powers used a strategy known as “divide and conquer” to gain control over the indigenous populations they conquered. How did this strategy work? Part V. MOVIE QUESTIONS: 1.What was the British East India Trading Company? 2.Why was the Battle of Plassey significant? 3. How did India’s status change after the Great Mutiny in 1857? 4. Why were the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League formed? 5. What was Satyagraha? 6. How did the Amritsar Massacre affect India’s independence movement? 7. Why did Gandhi choose salt as the subject of a massive protest march? 8. Explain why the events of World War II worked to India’s advantage in its struggle for independence from Britain. 9. What was the Radcliffe Line? Part II. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: 1. Who were the Mughals? Why was their empire significant? 2. What is social Darwinism? What was the purpose of social Darwinism? List examples of social Darwinism in India. How did the British show their attitudes of racism and superiority in India? Were the Europeans truly “superior” to the Indians? 3. What were the causes and effects of the Sepoy Rebellion? 4. How did British rule affect India’s local economies? Describe the short-term and long-term effects. Focus on the list below. A. B. C. D. British textiles E. education cotton crops F. medicine infrastructure: (railroad, telegraph, postal, and telephone services) trade G. government 5. What factors contributed to Indian nationalism? Focus on the list below. A. economic factors B. social factors C. other cultural factors D. political factors – (include the Indian National Congress) 6. Who was Mohandas K. “Mahatma” Gandhi, and why was he able to bring together India’s diverse populations? 1. social classes – those from different economic and education backgrounds 2. different religious groups (especially Islam and Hinduism) A. What factors in Gandhi’s life influenced his ideas and strategies? (education, religion, family, world travels) B. What methods did Gandhi use to win India’s independence? C. Why was Gandhi killed? D. Describe how Gandhi’s ideas have affected world history. 7. EVALUATING: Do you think the benefits of British rule to India outweighed its costs? Support your answer. NOTE: This is an open-ended question with many possible responses. The strength of your response depends on the details and explanations that you use to support your opinion. This type of question requires that you provide examples, as well as explanations to show why these examples support your point of view. 8. What led to the creation of Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh? INTRODUCTION TO IMPERIALISM NOTES ON IMPERIALISM 1. What is foreign policy, and why is it significant? 2. What is imperialism? a. a type of foreign policy b. when a strong nation, civilization, power takes over a weaker nation or region and dominates its economic, political, or cultural life -controlling the economy and government for personal gain Exploiting another country for its natural resources c. a process of accumulating and acquiring land, resources, labor, and d. e. f. g. h. profit supported by an ideology that suggested certain peoples and certain territories creation of empires was not a Western invention and overseas conquest was nothing new Chinese, Turks, Persians, Aztecs, Incas, and many African states had empires European imperialism was different from earlier efforts at conquest because of its immensely large scale Goal and result: creation of colonies politically submissive and economically profitable to Europeans 3. Which countries practiced imperialism? =>European countries, US, Japan 4. When? 1800s and early 1900s 5. What were some characteristics of European imperialism? a. characterized by an enormous disparity in power between the colonizers and colonized due to industrialization b. European nationals was also a goal that motivated Europeans to find and obtain cheap and profitable raw materials and labor to become more self-sufficient c. Sought out new lands to relieve their overpopulated cities d. Sought out new markets for manufactured goods e. sought to “civilize” the indigenous people with Western beliefs – convert to Christianity f. US and Japan followed European imperialism g. Muslim Empires, Africans, Chinese, Indians and many other people were collectively dominated during the Age of Imperialism 6. What were the economic, political, social, and other cultural factors that led to imperialism? A. How and why did industrialization lead to imperialism? What was the relationship between industrialization and imperialism? 1. demand for cheap raw materials 2. need for markets to buy manufactured goods (finished goods) B. Why were raw materials and markets needed in order to maintain industrialized economies? C. Provide two examples showing the relationship between specific raw materials and the finished goods they are used to manufacture. 1. iron=>steel 2. cotton=>textiles D. Why did nationalism contribute to imperialism? 1. international prestige – race for global economic and political dominance, spreading cultural influences 2. competition to control trade routes 3. need to maintain a balance of power in Europe E. Why did Europeans view their cultures as superior to those in Africa, Asia, and Latin America? => “benign imperialism” a. moral obligation (White Man’s Burden) b. religion – Christianity versus polytheism/paganism => Social Darwinism a. racial theory of society in the 1870s; it rendered benign imperialism obsolete b. competition between individuals for limited resources, popularly but inaccurately described by the phrase – survival of the fittest c. used to promote the idea that the white European race was superior to others, and therefore, destined to rule over them FROM VIDEO: British Raj ("reign" in Hindustani) 1858-1947 FROM VIDEO: Viceroy: representative of the king or queen; royal official who runs a country, colony, or city province The technology, economy, and government of the "White European" were advanced in comparison to that of other cultures. Looking at this apparent advantage, as well as the economic and military structures, some argued that natural selection was playing out, and that the race more suited to survival was winning. Some even extended this philosophy into a micro-economic issue, claiming that social welfare programs that helped the poor and disadvantaged were contrary to nature itself. Those who reject any and all forms of charity or governmental welfare often use arguments rooted in Social Darwinism. At its worst, the implications of Social Darwinism were used as scientific justification for the Holocaust. The Nazis claimed that the murder of Jews in World War II was an example of cleaning out the inferior genetics. Many philosophers noted evolutionary echoes in Hitler's march to exterminate an entire race of people. Various other dictators and criminals have claimed the cause of Social Darwinism in carrying out their acts. 6. What were the effects of imperialism? A. cultural diffusion B. spread of ideas about democracy and capitalism C. spread of technology – medicine, science, and infrastructure D. spread of religion E. spread of languages F. loss of languages and culture 7. What came next? A. nationalism among indigenous populations B. revolutions C. independence D. nation-building Notes from: http://www.bcc.cuny.edu/history/His10/Course/topic5.h tm#I. British Imperialism in India http://regentsprep.org/regents/global/themes/imperialis m/index.cfm http://regentsprep.org/regents/global/themes/imperialis m/india.cfm