Download Name: Date: Period: Chapter 10: Early China Lesson 10.1: The Birth

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Date:
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Chapter 10: Early China
Lesson 10.1: The Birth of Chinese Civilization
I. The Land of China
A. Powerful Rivers
1. People in China first settled along the
, or Yellow River.
o The Huang He stretches east for more than 2,900 miles and flows to the
.
o The Huang He provided early China with
.
 The rich soil helps farmers grow large amounts of food on small plots of land. As a result the Huang
He valley emerged as one of the great
areas if the ancient world.
o The Huang He also brought great misfortune.
 It often flooded and has cost millions of lives. The Chinese call the Haung He “
” in honor of the people killed by the floods.
2. Over time, the people of China moved south and settled near another great river, the Chang Jiang, or
.
o The Chang Jiang is
in Asia. It flows from west to east across central China. It
is about
long.
 Only the Amazon in South America and the Nile in Africa are longer.
o Early farmers grew rice along its shores. It was also an important waterway for
.
B. Mountains and Desert
1. Mountains and deserts cover much of China.
o Only
can be farmed.
o The mountains and deserts
between China and other civilizations.
 The Kunlun Shan and Tian Shan mountain ranges slice through western China. East of the Tian
Shan is a vat, rocky desert known as the
.
o The Chinese developed a unique culture and strong sense of independence. They called their land “
” and thought it was the
of the world.
II. The First Chinese Dynasty
A. Myths and Legends
1. Many Chinese myths celebrate the deeds of great heroes. Yü the Great was one of the heroes.
o According to the myths, Yü dug the first
to control the flood waters of the Huang
He.
o Legend has it that Yü founded China’s
. That dynasty, named the Xia.
B. Who Were the Shang?
2. According to written records, China’s first dynasty was the Shang.
o Shang kings ruled China from 1750 B.C. to 1045 B.C.
o Archaeologists have unearthed
. These ruins show that the Shang built the
first cities in China.
 The royal capital was
. At the center of the city stood a palace and a temple.
Public buildings and homes of government officials circled the area and the beyond the center stood
workshops and other homes.
o The Shang king was the
leader.
 They sent out large armies to
the kingdom’s borders.
3. Warlords, are military leaders who lead their own armies, ruled the territories that the king appointed.
o Shang kings relied on the warlords to
.
4. Warlords and other royal officials formed an upper class.
o
, people of noble birth whose wealth came from the land they owned, passed their
land and power to their children or younger family members.
5. Most Shang people were
. There were much smaller groups of merchants, artisans, and slaves.
o Farmers worked the land that belonged to
. They raised cattle, sheep, and
chickens and grew grains, such as millet, wheat, and rice.
6. The Shang worshiped many gods. The god Shang Ti ruled as supreme god over the lesser gods.
7. They honored their ancestors, or long-dead family members. Today, the Chinese still
to
their ancestors by going to temples and burning small paper copies of food, clothing, and other items.
C. Seeking Guidance from Ancestors
1. Early Chinese writing used
.
D. Shang Arts
1. Chinese artists of the time made beautiful objects of
. They made vases and dishes from
clay and carved statues from ivory and jade.
III. The Zhou: China’s Longest Dynasty
1. In 1045 B.C., rebels led by an aristocrat named Wu Wang overthrew the Shang government. Wu
declared the new dynasty called the
.
2. The Zhou ruled for more than 800 years – longer than any dynasty in Chinese history.
A. How did the Zhou Rule China?
1. Zhou kings governed China much as Shang rulers had. The king
, ruling with
the help of a bureaucracy which is made up of officials who carry out the tasks of government.
2. The Zhou king had strong armies and soon ruled over a larger territory than the Shang.
o He assigned loyal aristocrats to govern
. These positions were
. This meant that when an aristocrat died, a son or another member of his family
governed the territory.
o The Chinese believed their king
. Zhou kings
claimed that kings ruled China because they had the
.
B. The Right to Rule
1. Zhou kings claimed that the Mandate of Heaven gave them the right to
. The Mandate
of Heaven is the belief that the Chinese king’s right to rule comes from the gods.
o The person chosen by the gods would govern honestly and well.
o The king must rule by the proper “Way”, known as the Dao. His duty was to honor and please
the gods.
C. War Between the States
1. The period from 400 B.C. to 200 B.C. is known as the “
.”
During this time, aristocrats ignored the king’s commands and fought with each other.
o Aristocrats forced farmers to serve as soldiers. As fighting continued, warriors began using
horses. The Chinese developed the
.
Lesson 10.1 Review Questions:
1) What geographic features isolated ancient China from other civilizations?
2) How did Shang rulers gain power?
3) What was the chief duty of Zhou kings?
Lesson 10.2: Society and Culture in Ancient China
I. Chinese Philosophies
1. Between 500 B.C. and 200 B.C., three major philosophies developed in China:
.
o Although different from one another, each philosophy had the same goal. Each aimed to create a wellrun and peaceful society.
A. What Ideas Did Confucius Teach?
1. Born about 550 B.C. to a
, Confucius lived when rival kings fought each other for
power. He
the misrule of the kings and urged people to follow the ways of their
ancestors.
o
is the central idea of Confucianism. Confucius believed people should place the needs of
others
.
o If each individual carried out his or her duties
would do well.
o To Confucius, the right way to live was similar to the idea known as the
.
“Do unto others as you would have others do unto you.”
B. The Influence of Confucius
1. Confucius believed that
should be open to all men of ability and merit and not limited to
those of noble birth.
2. Many people honored Confucius as a
. After he died in 479 B.C, his teachings spread throughout
China. Confucianism continued to
Chinese society and government until the early A.D.
1900s.
C. The Philosophy of Daoism
1. The word Dao means “ ” and is often translated as “
”.
2. Laozi introduced Daoism. He is believed to have lived
of Confucius.
3. Daoism instructs people to
and live simply. One aim of Daoism
is for people to live in harmony with
.
o Many Chinese followed both Confucianism and Daoism. They believed that the two philosophies s
each other.
D. Legalism
1. Legalism, or “School of Law”, stressed the
. A thinker named Hanfeizi
introduced the ideas of legalism during the 200s BC. Unlike Confucius or Laozi, Hanfeizi believed that
humans are
.
2. Aristocrats supported Legalism because it emphasized force and did not require rulers to consider the
of their people.
II. Chinese Life
Early Chinese society was made up of four social classes:
.
A. Lives of the Aristocrats
1. Chinese aristocrats were
. They lived comfortably and owned large plots of land.
o After the father died, a family’s land was
among all of the male heirs.
2. Most Chinese people were farmers who
from aristocrats. Farmers had to pay
and work one month a year on government projects. In wartime, they were forced to serve as
.
3. Chinese families practiced
. This means that children obeyed and respected their
parents and took care of them when they got old. The work done by Chinese men—farming, fighting wars,
and running the
—was considered more important than the work done by women.
4. Women’s major responsibility was
. Women also managed household affairs and family finances.
Lesson 10.2 Review Questions:
1) Why did many aristocrats support legislation?
2) What were the main social classes of early China?
Lesson 10.3: The Qin and the Han Dynasties
I. The Qin Emperor
To mark a new beginning for China, the Qin ruler declared himself
which means
“The First Qin Emperor”. Qin brought
to Chinese government that would last for many years.
A. How Did Qin Change China?
1. Qin took direct control of
. Only Qin had the power to
.
2. Qin increased the power of his government by appointing officers known as
, who made sure
that government workers did their work.
3. He also created a
or type of money, that everyone
to use.
B. Why Was the Great Wall Built?
1. Qin wanted to keep the empire
. Earlier Chinese rulers had constructed separate
walls in the north to keep out the
. Qin planned to have the walls
.
C. The End of Qin Rule
1. The Qin dynasty ended soon after Qin’s death in
. Both
revolted against the harsh Qin rule and by 206 B.C., the Qin dynasty was over and
.
II. Han Rulers
In 202 B.C., a new dynasty came to power in China. This dynasty was called the
and
was founded by
.
A. Han Wudi
1. Han Wudi recruited dedicated and talented people for
, government workers who were
chosen on the basis of
.
2. Officials graded the test, and the
reviewed the results. The candidates with the highest
scores
. But the system actually favored
. Only wealthy families could afford
to educate their sons for the
.
B. Education
1. The Han government created schools to prepare students for the civil service. Students studied
.
C. The Empire Expands
1. Farmers could not
to feed their families. They had no choice but to
and work as
.
2. As China’s population grew, the Han empire took in
. They moved south into Southeast
Asia and west as far as
.
D. Han Culture
1. During this era of
, literature and the arts blossomed. Also, and under the Han, the ideas of
.
E. Chinese Inventions
1.
New technology helped Chinese farmers and workers produce more than ever before. Using the
, farmers could break up the soil more easily than wooden plows could.
2. Millers invented
to grind more grain. Also, the
was used to carry
heavy material on building sites.
3.
Two remarkable achievements of Han inventors were the
. Now ships could sail
for the first time and travel
than even before. As a result, China’s merchants
to areas as far away as
.
F. Medical Advances
1. Doctors relieved pain by piercing patients’ skin at
with thin needles. This is known as
.
III. On the Silk Road
Both sea and land trade routes led to an exchange of many different goods and ideas between China and other
areas.
A. New Contacts With the West
1.
Emperor Han Wudi sent out a general named
to explore areas west of China.
Thirteen years later, Zhang returned to China. He had learned about the
of the areas
west of China. Wanting horses for his soldiers, Han Wudi encouraged
between China and
western regions.
B. Trade Expands
1.
The
was 4,000 miles long and stretched from
. Through
trade, China encountered
. For over 1,000 years, the Silk Road was
the main trade
.
IV. Buddhism Reaches China
The Silk Road served as a way to
. The fall of the Han dynasty
and the long period of unrest that followed spurred the
.
A. Why Did the Han Dynasty Collapse?
1.
The emperors who succeeded Han Wudi were
. People began to
against the Han rulers. Soon, civil way
China and for the
next 400 years, China remained divided into
.
B. Buddhism Win Followers
1.
The fall of the Han dynasty and the long years of civil war scared many Chinese. Feeling unsafe, many
people turned to
. Followers of
also admired
Buddhist ideas, which influenced their own
. By the A.D. 4002,
Buddhism had become one of China’s
.
Lesson 10.3 Review Questions:
1) What are the advantages of having a civil service system to select government workers?
2) How did Qin rulers unite China?
3) What caused the downfall of the Han dynasty?
Chapter 15: Imperial China
Lesson 15.1: China Reunites
I. China Rebuilds Its Empire
For 300 years, China had no
. The country collapsed into separate
kingdoms and the Chinese people suffered hardships.
A. The Sui
1. General
set up a new dynasty called the Sui and unified China under the
.
2. After Wendi died, his son
became emperor. He wanted to expand China’s territory. He also
wanted to bring back the glory of the
.
3. Yangdi repaired the
and built the
Canal.
a. This system of waterways connected China’s two great rivers.
b. The canal made it easier to
.
4. To rebuild China, Yangdi required help from the Chinese people. Farmers worked on building projects
and had to pay
to support these projects. Angrily, the farmers
, killed
Yangdi and brought an end to the Sui dynasty.
B. The Tang Dynasty
1. The Tang dynasty lasted for nearly
years.
2. Emperor
brought back the
exams and
to farmers.
3. Empress
was the first woman in Chinese history to rule the country
.
4. Taking control of the
and northern Vietnam, China
trade with other
parts of Asia.
a. As trade increased, Chinese cities became
. Changan, the Tang capital, grew to
be the
city in the world.
5. However, Turkish
drove Tang armies out of central Asia and won control of the
____.
C. The Song Dynasty
1. After the Tang dynasty fell,
ruled China. One of these leaders became emperor
and founded the Song dynasty.
2. During this time, the Chinese enjoyed
.
3. To protect themselves, the Song rulers moved their government south to the city of
.
II. Buddhism in China
Traders and missionaries from India brought Buddhism to China. During a time of civil war, many Chinese
seeking peace and comfort became Buddhists.
A. How Did Chinese Rulers View Buddhism?
1. Many Chinese Buddhists joined
where they lived, worked, and worshipped.
2. But a large part of the population
the religion. They thought Buddhist temples and
monasteries had grown
and that monks and nuns weakened respect for
since they were not allowed to
.
3. Tang officials feared Buddhism’s growing influence and
monasteries and
.
B. Buddhism in Korea
1. The Korean government
Buddhism and encouraged the building of
and the
of sacred Buddhist texts.
2. Later, Buddhism spread from Korea to the
.
III. Revival of Confucian Ideas
1. Civil service examinations started by Han rules were based on Confucian
.
2. When the Han dynasty fell, Confucianism went into
, and
won many followers with its message of the hope of peacefulness.
3. Tang and Song rulers worked to return
to the respected position it had once held.
A. Neo-Confucianism
1.This new Confucianism appeared to help
of Buddhism.
2. Followers were expected to be
and to help others.
3. For many Chinese, Confucianism became a
with beliefs about the spiritual
world.
4. People were taught that they would
if they followed the teachings of
Confucius.
B. The Civil Service
1. Tang and Song rulers believed that a government run by talented and intelligent people was
or weak.
2. Only
were allowed to take the tests and the examination system
.
3. Preparing for the tests was very difficult. Despite the hard preparation work, only
boys passed it.
4. The examination system created a new group called
. Strict rules set these
individuals apart from the rest of society.
Lesson 15.1 Review Questions:
1) How did the emperor Yangdi change China?
2) How did access to the Silk Road affect China’s economy?
3) Why did Buddhism become widely adopted in China?
Lesson 15.2: Chinese Society
I. Economic Growth
Under the Tang dynasty, China’s
recovered and prospered.
A. Farm Improvements
1. The Tang gave
to farmers.
2. Farmers improved
which increased the growth of their crops.
a. More rice and
, a popular drink, were grown.
3. China’s population grew and people started to develop
.
B. Why Did China’s Trade Grow?
1. Tang rulers built
. Now, travel within and outside of China was
.
2. The Silk Road reopened and
.
3. In addition to silk, China traded tea, steal, paper and
.
4. In return, countries traded
with China.
II. Technological Advances
During the Tang and Song dynasties, new
and
brought change to Chinese
society.
A. Coal and Steel
1. It was discovered that
could be used as a fuel. This led to the development of a
industry.
2. The Chinese used coal to
to high temperatures. This led to another
discovery. Melted iron mixed with carbon from coal to produce
.
3. Steel was used to make
for armies and to make other
useful tools.
B. The Invention of Printing
1. The invention of paper led to another important Chinese invention:
.
2. In woodblock printing, printers used
for each page they needed to print.
Each wooden block could be used to make
of copies.
3. Eventually, Pi Sheng invented
so that each character had an individual
piece.
4. Printing led to the invention of
that benefited traders. It had the same value as
coin money but was
. This helped the economy and
grow.
C. Gunpowder and Ships
1. The invention of gunpowder allowed the Chinese to create
and weapons, such as the fire
lance. They also used it to make
.
2. The Chinese built large ships with
that helped with steering.
3. Chinese inventors also perfected the
that helped sailors navigate
their ships’ locations and
. Now, the Chinese were able to sail to
, and other places to the west.
III. Literature and the Arts
The Tang and Song dynasties were a
period.
of Chinese culture. Art flourished during this
A. An Age of Poetry
1. The Tang dynasty is regarded as the great age of
in China.
2. ________ was one of the most popular poets, known for leading a
life and writing about
.
3. Another poet,
was a poor civil servant who faced many
. He often wrote
about issues such as the
, the unfairness of life, and the
of war.
B. Landscape Painting
1. During the Song dynasty, Chinese artists painted
, but didn’t show the
exact appearance of places. Instead, they tried to portray the
of mountains, lakes, etc.
2. Artists left empty spaces in their paintings to reflect the Daoist belief that a person cannot
about sometime.
3. Humans were also shown as very
to express the idea that
people are only one part of a much larger
.
4. Painters also wrote poems using
.
C. Porcelain
1. During the Tang dynasty, artisans became skilled in making
. Because this later came from China
to the West, people today sometimes call porcelain
.
2. Porcelain can be made into figurines,
.
Lesson 15.2 Review Questions:
1) How did the reopening of the Silk Road affect the economy and culture of China?
2) How did the printing of paper money help the economy of China?
3) Why did the rulers of the Tang and Song dynasties support the arts and literature?
Lesson 15.3: The Mongols in China
I. Mongol Expansion
Enemies to the north were preparing to invade China.
A. Who Were the Mongols?
1. These
, people who move from place to place in search of food, came from an area north of
China called
. Living in movable tents called
, the Mongols raised
.
2. The Mongols traveled in
following their herds. Animals grazed the large
of
Mongolia. Steppes are wide, grassy plains that stretch from the Black Sea to northern China.
3. Children learned to
at age 4 – 5, spending most of their lives on
.
4. The Mongols were
! Riding on horses toward an enemy, the Mongols could
accurately
from far distances.
5. Mongol clans engaged in
with neighboring lands.
B. Genghis Khan
The nomadic clans were eventually united by
.
1. Khan's birth name was
.
2. As a young man, Temujin started to
Mongol clans to improve their chances in battle.
3. By 1202, he had created an intimidating force who
and
neighboring lands.
4. Temujin's success
the aging Mongol king and he was made
. In 1206, Temujin became Genghis Khan or "
”.
5. Khan continued the process he had already begun:
Organizing warriors, uniting Mongol tribes, and creating an army of more than
warriors.
C. The Use of Terror
1. Genghis Khan and his Mongol warriors became known for their
and use of
.
2. Mongol warriors attacked, robbed and burned cities…scaring people into
. Soon, many people surrendered to the Mongols without even trying to fight them.
D. The Mongols Bring Stability
1. Encouraged
between Asia and Europe.
2. Admired the cultures they conquered and adopted many of their
.
3. Learned about and used many of China’s
.
E. Genghi Khan Dies
1. His large empire is divided among his four sons.
2. The Mongols continued to adopt
Chinese inventions including the use of gunpowder.
3. Gunpowder and new weapons allow the Mongols to continue
and
their enemies.
Lesson 15.3Review Questions:
1) How did the Mongols use terror in their conquests?
2) How did the Chinese benefit from being ruled by the Mongols?