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1 The skeletal and muscular systems 1.1 AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition The skeleton 1. Close all references and look back over this worksheet. Label the diagram below by writing the name of the bone at the end of the leader lines. Select two different colours, one for the axial skeleton and one for the appendicular skeleton, and use them to colour the coding circles and the corresponding structures in the diagram. Axial skeleton 4 Appendicular skeleton © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition 1 The skeletal and muscular systems 2. On the skeleton below use colour coding circles to shade in: two long bones one site where elastic cartilage is located one region where short bones are located one sesamoid bone two irregular bones one flat bone one site where fibrocartilage is located four sites where articular cartilage is located 3. Draw on to the diagram and label a ligament of the shoulder joint. © Pearson Education Ltd 5 1 The skeletal and muscular systems 1.2 AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition The structure of a long bone 1. Match the following features of a long bone to the correct leader lines on the diagram. diaphysis growth plate epiphysis articular cartilage cavity containing bone marrow 2. Using the terms above, write a paragraph to describe the structure of a long bone. 6 © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition 1 The skeletal and muscular systems 3. Match the following terms with the correct definition. diaphasis growth plate epiphysis bone marrow Definition articular cartilage collagen calcium Term 99% of the store of this mineral is found in bone – it keeps bone hard and strong. The shaft of a long bone. A connective tissue found in the spaces inside bone that is the site of blood cell production and fat storage. A thin layer of glassy-smooth substance that covers the end of long bones to prevent friction and wear and tear. A fibrous protein with great strength that is the main component of bone. The end portion of a long bone that flares out. Also called the epiphyseal plate, this is the area of growing bone found in children and adolescents; it can be easily injured. © Pearson Education Ltd 7 1 The skeletal and muscular systems 1.3 AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition Joints and movement Complete the following table by: • naming the joints of the upper, lower limbs and spine • identifying the joint type • listing the articulating bones • naming and illustrating (using stick men/women) the joint movements that occur at the joint. UPPER LIMB Illustration Joint name Joint type Articulating Movements bones possible flexion 8 © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition 1 The skeletal and muscular systems LOWER LIMB Illustration Joint name Joint type Articulating Movements bones possible flexion SPINE Illustration Joint Type Example of where it is found in the spine Articulating bones Pivot Gliding Movements possible flexion Vertebrae Cartilaginous © Pearson Education Ltd 9 1 The skeletal and muscular systems 1.4 AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition Muscles of the body 1. Label the major muscles of the body in the diagram below. 2. Write a paragraph to explain how an agonist and antagonist muscle work together to produce coordinated movement. Give two different examples from sport to illustrate your answer. example 1: example 2: 10 © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition 1 The skeletal and muscular systems 3. (a) List the four rotator cuff muscles. 1. 2. 3. 4. (b) What role do the rotator cuff muscles play? (c) Why are they necessary? 4. (a) Name two important muscles of the trunk that help maintain good posture. 1. 2. (b) What do you understand by the term core stability and why is it so important? © Pearson Education Ltd 11 1 The skeletal and muscular systems AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition 5. Complete the missing information in the following table. Joint Joint Movement wrist Agonist wrist flexors radio-ulnar pronator teres elbow extension shoulder flexion shoulder spine middle deltoid extension hip hip iliopsoas abduction knee ankle Antagonist biceps femoris semiteninosus semimembranosus gastrocnemius 6. Select six muscles from the table in question 5 and describe where on the body they are located. Name of muscle Location on body 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 12 © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition 1.5 1 The skeletal and muscular systems The role of muscular contraction 1. Complete the sentences below by filling in the missing information using the words listed. isotonic isometric shortening stops controls concentric lengthening When there is no movement of a joint when tension is developed in a muscle, this is called contraction, which joint movement. contraction of a muscle results in the muscle producing joint movement. There are two types: contraction causes joint movement and involves the muscle developing tension. Eccentric contraction muscle while joint movement and involves the while developing tension. 2. Using the sit-up as an example, describe in your own words the type of muscular contraction occurring in the rectus abdominis during: (i) the upward phase and (ii) downward phase. (i) Upward phase (ii) Downward phase © Pearson Education Ltd 13 1 The skeletal and muscular systems AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition 3. Look at the diagrams below that show different strengthening exercises. For each exercise identify: • the muscle being worked at the joint specified • the type of muscular contraction occurring in the upward phase • the type of muscular contraction occurring in the lowering phase. Exercise Working muscle Type of contraction in upward phase Type of contraction in lowering phase Elbow joint Shoulder press Elbow joint Biceps curls Knee joint Leg curls Shoulder joint Chin ups Hip joint Sit ups 14 © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition 1.6 1 The skeletal and muscular systems The impact of different types of physical activity on the skeletal and muscular systems The diagram below shows an adolescent boy who is hoping to become an elite performer in rugby union when he is a little older. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. 1. Using colour-coded circles, identify where on his body he could be susceptible to the following bone, joint and muscle disorders: osteoporosis growth plate injury osteoarthritis joint stability problems posture and alignment issues © Pearson Education Ltd 15 1 The skeletal and muscular systems AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition 2. Identify which of the conditions listed on the previous page could be caused as a result of a sudden impact at any time and which could be caused as a result of general wear and tear in the future: Sudden impact Wear and tear 3. To look after their potential elite performers, individual governing bodies have devised models for long-term athletic development (LTAD). Research an LTAD model for a governing body of your choice and outline the main objectives and guidelines below. 16 © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition 1 The skeletal and muscular systems 4. Compare your finding with somebody else in your group who has researched an LTAD model from a different governing body. What are the common feature? © Pearson Education Ltd 17