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1 The skeletal and muscular systems
1.1
AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition
The skeleton – answers
1.
2. On the skeleton below use colour coding circles to shade in:
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AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition
1.2
1 The skeletal and muscular systems
The structure of a long bone –
answers
1.
2. Using the terms above, write a paragraph to describe the structure of a long bone.
Interpret students own answer
3.
Definition
Term
99% of the store of this mineral is found in bone – it keeps bone hard and strong.
calcium
The shaft of a long bone.
diaphysis
A connective tissue found in the spaces inside bone that is the site of blood cell
production and fat storage.
bone marrow
A thin layer of glassy-smooth substance that covers the end of long bones to
prevent friction and wear and tear.
articular
cartilage
A fibrous protein with great strength that is the main component of bone.
collagen
The end portion of a long bone that flares out.
epiphysis
Also called the epiphyseal plate, this is the area of growing bone found in
children and adolescents; it can be easily injured.
growth plate
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1 The skeletal and muscular systems
1.3
AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition
Joints and movement – answers
Complete the following table by:
•
naming the joints of the upper and lower limbs
•
identifying the joint type
•
listing the articulating bones
•
naming and illustrating (using stick men/women) the joint movements that occur at the joint.
UPPER LIMB
Illustration
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Joint name
Joint type
Articulating
bones
Head of
humerous
with glenoid
fossa of
scapula
Movements
possible
Flexion
Extension
Horizontal flexion
Horizontal extension
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
Circumduction
Shoulder
Ball and
socket
Elbow
Hinge
Humerus,
radius, ulna
Flexion
Extension
Radio-ulnar
Pivot
Radius,
ulna
Pronation
Wrist
Condyloid
Radius,
ulna,
carpals
Flexion*
Extension
© Pearson Education Ltd 2008
AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition
1 The skeletal and muscular systems
LOWER LIMB
Illustration
Joint name
Joint type
Ball and
socket
Articulating
bones
Head of
femur with
acetabulum
of pelvis
Movements
possible
Flexion**
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
Hip
Knee
Hinge
Femur, tibia
Flexion
Extension
Ankle
Hinge
Tibia, fibula,
talus
Doriflexion***
Plantar flexion
SPINE
Illustration
Joint Type
Example of
where it is found
in the spine
Between the atlas
and the axis
Articulating
bones
Flexion
Extension
Rotation
Lateral flexion
Pivot
Gliding
Between the bony
processes of
adjacent vertebrae
Movements
possible
Vertebrae
Between the
body’s of adjacent
Cartilaginous vertebrae
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1 The skeletal and muscular systems
1.4
AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition
Muscles of the body – answers
1. Label the major muscles of the body in the diagram below.
2. Write a paragraph to explain how an agonist and antagonist muscle work together to produce
coordinated movement. Give two different examples from sport to illustrate your answer.
example 1:
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© Pearson Education Ltd 2008
AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition
1 The skeletal and muscular systems
example 2:
3. (a) List the four rotator cuff muscles.
1.
2.
3.
4.
(b) What role do the rotator cuff muscles play?
(c) Why are they necessary?
4. (a) Name two important muscles of the trunk that help maintain good posture.
1.
2.
(b) What do you understand by the term core stability and why is it so important?
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23
1 The skeletal and muscular systems
AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition
5. Complete the missing information in the following table.
Joint
Joint Movement
Wrist
Agonist
wrist flexors
Radio-ulnar
pronator teres
elbow
extension
shoulder
flexion
shoulder
spine
middle deltoid
extension
hip
hip
Antagonist
iliopsoas
abduction
biceps femoris
semiteninosus
semimembranosus
knee
ankle
gastrocnemius
6. Select six muscles from the table in question 5 and describe where on the body they are located.
Name of muscle
Location on body
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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© Pearson Education Ltd 2008
AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition
1.5
1 The skeletal and muscular systems
The role of muscular contraction –
answers
1. Complete the sentences below by filling in the missing information using the words listed.
isotonic
isometric
shortening
stops
controls
concentric
lengthening
When there is no movement of a joint when tension is developed in a muscle, this is called
contraction, which
joint movement.
contraction of a muscle results in the muscle producing joint movement. There are two
types:
contraction causes joint movement and involves the muscle
developing tension. Eccentric contraction
muscle
while
joint movement and involves the
while developing tension.
2. Using the sit-up as an example, describe in your own words the type of muscular contraction
occurring in the rectus abdominis during:
(i) the upward phase and (ii) downward phase.
(i) Upward phase
(ii) Downward phase
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1 The skeletal and muscular systems
AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition
3. Look at the diagrams below that show different strengthening exercises. For each exercise identify:
•
the muscle being worked at the joint specified
•
the type of muscular contraction occurring in the upward phase
•
the type of muscular contraction occurring in the lowering phase.
Exercise
Working muscle
Type of contraction
in upward phase
Type of contraction
in lowering phase
Elbow joint
Shoulder press
Elbow joint
Biceps curls
Knee joint
Leg curls
Shoulder joint
Chin ups
Hip joint
Sit ups
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© Pearson Education Ltd 2008
AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition
1.6
1 The skeletal and muscular systems
The impact of different types of
physical activity on the skeletal and
muscular systems – answers
The diagram below shows an adolescent boy who is hoping to become an elite performer in rugby
union when he is a little older.
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
1. Using colour-coded circles, identify where on his body he could be susceptible to the following
bone, joint and muscle disorders:
osteoporosis
growth plate injury
osteoarthritis
joint stability problems
posture and alignment issues
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1 The skeletal and muscular systems
AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition
2. Identify which of the conditions listed on the previous page could be caused as a result of a sudden
impact at any time and which could be caused as a result of general wear and tear in the future:
Sudden impact
Wear and tear
3. To look after their potential elite performers, individual governing bodies have devised models for
long-term athletic development (LTAD). Research an LTAD model for a governing body of your
choice and outline the main objectives and guidelines below.
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© Pearson Education Ltd 2008
AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition
1 The skeletal and muscular systems
Compare your finding with somebody else in your group who has researched an LTAD model
from a different governing body. What are the common features?
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