Download 21 Nuclear Chemistry 22 Organic Chemistry 23 Biological Chemistry

TEACHER RESOURCE PAGE
21 Nuclear Chemistry
Section: Functional Groups
Section: The Nucleus
1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
b
d
c
a
d
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
a
b
c
c
b
1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
b
c
b
c
a
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
b
c
c
c
b
Section: Nuclear Radiation
1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
d
c
d
c
d
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
c
a
c
d
b
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
b
c
d
d
c
a
a
c
a
b
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
b
a
b
b
d
23 Biological Chemistry
Section: Carbohydrates and Lipids
d
b
a
c
a
Section: Nuclear Fission and Nuclear
Fusion
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
Section: Organic Reactions
Section: Radioactive Decay
1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
d
a
b
a
a
1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
c
d
a
c
a
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
a
a
b
b
c
Section: Amino Acids and Proteins
1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
d
c
b
d
b
a
c
c
c
c
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
c
b
d
b
d
Section: Metabolism
22 Organic Chemistry
1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
Section: Organic Compounds
1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
c
c
b
d
a
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
a
c
d
b
d
d
b
c
c
d
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
b
d
d
c
b
Section: Nucleic Acids
1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
Section: Hydrocarbons
1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
a
a
c
c
b
a
c
b
d
c
b
a
b
c
b
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
b
b
d
a
c
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Modern Chemistry
157
Answer Key
TEACHER RESOURCE PAGE
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
anode
electrode potential
electroplating
standard hydrogen electrode
cathode
cathode
anode
False
False
True
zinc
Cu2 2e 3 Cu
zinc, copper
copper, zinc
toward the cathode
The salt bridge allows the passage of
ions yet isolates the half-cells so that
charge does not build up on the electrodes and stop the reaction prematurely.
Al 3 Al3 3e
MnO
3 Mn2 4H2O
4 8H 5e
3.16 V
If E0 is positive, the reaction is spontaneous.
voltaic or electrochemical
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
21 Nuclear Chemistry,
30.
pp. 193–201
TEST A
1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
11.
13.
15.
17.
19.
21.
23.
25.
c
b
b
b
a
c
b
b
d
c
a
a
d
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
12.
14.
16.
18.
20.
22.
24.
b
a
c
a
c
b
d
d
a
b
a
b
32.
TEST B
1.
3.
5.
7.
8.
9.
10.
d
c
b
c
half-life
fusion
transmutation
31.
2. b
4. a
6. d
33.
34.
35.
36.
radioactive decay
transuranium elements
gamma rays
roentgen
rems
c
d
b
a
beta decay
electron capture
alpha decay
positron emission
4
2He
1
0n
0
1
2
1H
Artificial radioactive nuclides are not
found naturally on Earth. They are
made by artificial transmutation,
which involves bombarding stable
nuclei with charged and uncharged
particles.
A sheet of paper can block alpha particles because they are so heavy. Lead
or glass must be used to shield against
beta particles. Gamma rays can penetrate most materials; lead and concrete must be used to block them.
In fission, a very heavy nucleus splits
into more stable nuclei of lower mass.
A nuclear reactor is a device that uses
controlled-fission chain reactions to
produce energy or radioactive
nuclides.
In nuclear fusion, low-mass nuclei
combine to form a heavier, more stable nucleus. Nuclear fusion releases
even more energy per gram of fuel
than nuclear fission. In our sun and
other stars, four hydrogen nuclei combine at extremely high temperature
and pressure to form a helium
nucleus, with a loss of mass and
release of energy.
In a chain reaction, the particle that
starts the reaction is reproduced later
and can start the process again.
Shielding, control rods, moderator,
fuel, coolant
4.3542 1011 J
0.137 001 amu
1.3670 1012 J/nucleon
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Modern Chemistry
235
Answer Key
TEACHER RESOURCE PAGE
37. 0.98 g
38. 19.12 days
—
—
34.
CH
— 3
—
22 Organic Chemistry,
pp. 202–211
TEST A
1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
11.
13.
15.
17.
19.
21.
23.
25.
d
a
b
b
d
c
c
b
b
a
d
b
c
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
12.
14.
16.
18.
20.
22.
24.
d
a
b
b
d
b
c
a
a
b
b
a
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
TEST B
1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
11.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
b
2. c
d
4. a
b
6. e
g
8. c
a
10. h
b
12. f
carbonates and oxides
catenation
saturated
hydrocarbons
heptane
structural, or constitutional, isomers
four
increase
CnH2n
transfunctional group
addition
substitution
3-ethyl-3-methylheptane
2,2,3,3-tetramethylpentane
2,4-hexadiene
2-butyne
2-chloro-2-methylpropane
1-bromo-1-fluoroethane
CH3 — CH2 — CH3
44.
45.
46.
HC—
— C — CH2— CH2— CH3
structural isomers
geometric isomers
condensation reaction
substitution reaction
addition reaction
Both a structural formula and a molecular formula indicate the number and
types of atoms present in a molecule,
but a structural formula also shows
the bonding arrangement of the atoms.
Groups attached to singly bonded carbon atoms are not held to one side of
the molecule because single bonds
allow free rotation within a molecule.
As the number of carbon atoms in
alkanes increases, so do their boiling
points. In a distillation tower, the
products with lower boiling points
condense at the top, where it is cooler.
The larger fractions with higher boiling points condense and are removed
near the bottom of the tower.
Sunlight breaks down CFC-12 and
releases free chlorine atoms that react
with ozone to form ClO and O2. The
ClO combines with atomic oxygen to
produce more chlorine atoms. These
then react with more ozone molecules.
Ozone molecules are consumed in
these reactions.
In aldehydes, the carbonyl group is
attached to a carbon atom at the end
of a carbon-atom chain. In ketones,
the carbonyl group is attached to carbon atoms within the chain.
No, because addition reactions can
occur only with unsaturated molecules.
Propane is a saturated hydrocarbon.
23 Biological
Chemistry,
pp. 212–220
TEST A
1.
3.
5.
7.
b
c
d
d
2.
4.
6.
8.
a
b
c
b
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Modern Chemistry
236
Answer Key