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TEACHER RESOURCE PAGE 21 Nuclear Chemistry Section: Functional Groups Section: The Nucleus 1. 3. 5. 7. 9. b d c a d 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. a b c c b 1. 3. 5. 7. 9. b c b c a 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. b c c c b Section: Nuclear Radiation 1. 3. 5. 7. 9. d c d c d 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 1. 3. 5. 7. 9. c a c d b 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 1. 3. 5. 7. 9. b c d d c a a c a b 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. b a b b d 23 Biological Chemistry Section: Carbohydrates and Lipids d b a c a Section: Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. Section: Organic Reactions Section: Radioactive Decay 1. 3. 5. 7. 9. d a b a a 1. 3. 5. 7. 9. c d a c a 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. a a b b c Section: Amino Acids and Proteins 1. 3. 5. 7. 9. d c b d b a c c c c 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. c b d b d Section: Metabolism 22 Organic Chemistry 1. 3. 5. 7. 9. Section: Organic Compounds 1. 3. 5. 7. 9. c c b d a 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. a c d b d d b c c d 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. b d d c b Section: Nucleic Acids 1. 3. 5. 7. 9. Section: Hydrocarbons 1. 3. 5. 7. 9. a a c c b a c b d c b a b c b 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. b b d a c Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Modern Chemistry 157 Answer Key TEACHER RESOURCE PAGE 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. anode electrode potential electroplating standard hydrogen electrode cathode cathode anode False False True zinc Cu2 2e 3 Cu zinc, copper copper, zinc toward the cathode The salt bridge allows the passage of ions yet isolates the half-cells so that charge does not build up on the electrodes and stop the reaction prematurely. Al 3 Al3 3e MnO 3 Mn2 4H2O 4 8H 5e 3.16 V If E0 is positive, the reaction is spontaneous. voltaic or electrochemical 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 21 Nuclear Chemistry, 30. pp. 193–201 TEST A 1. 3. 5. 7. 9. 11. 13. 15. 17. 19. 21. 23. 25. c b b b a c b b d c a a d 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14. 16. 18. 20. 22. 24. b a c a c b d d a b a b 32. TEST B 1. 3. 5. 7. 8. 9. 10. d c b c half-life fusion transmutation 31. 2. b 4. a 6. d 33. 34. 35. 36. radioactive decay transuranium elements gamma rays roentgen rems c d b a beta decay electron capture alpha decay positron emission 4 2He 1 0n 0 1 2 1H Artificial radioactive nuclides are not found naturally on Earth. They are made by artificial transmutation, which involves bombarding stable nuclei with charged and uncharged particles. A sheet of paper can block alpha particles because they are so heavy. Lead or glass must be used to shield against beta particles. Gamma rays can penetrate most materials; lead and concrete must be used to block them. In fission, a very heavy nucleus splits into more stable nuclei of lower mass. A nuclear reactor is a device that uses controlled-fission chain reactions to produce energy or radioactive nuclides. In nuclear fusion, low-mass nuclei combine to form a heavier, more stable nucleus. Nuclear fusion releases even more energy per gram of fuel than nuclear fission. In our sun and other stars, four hydrogen nuclei combine at extremely high temperature and pressure to form a helium nucleus, with a loss of mass and release of energy. In a chain reaction, the particle that starts the reaction is reproduced later and can start the process again. Shielding, control rods, moderator, fuel, coolant 4.3542 1011 J 0.137 001 amu 1.3670 1012 J/nucleon Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Modern Chemistry 235 Answer Key TEACHER RESOURCE PAGE 37. 0.98 g 38. 19.12 days — — 34. CH — 3 — 22 Organic Chemistry, pp. 202–211 TEST A 1. 3. 5. 7. 9. 11. 13. 15. 17. 19. 21. 23. 25. d a b b d c c b b a d b c 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14. 16. 18. 20. 22. 24. d a b b d b c a a b b a 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. TEST B 1. 3. 5. 7. 9. 11. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. b 2. c d 4. a b 6. e g 8. c a 10. h b 12. f carbonates and oxides catenation saturated hydrocarbons heptane structural, or constitutional, isomers four increase CnH2n transfunctional group addition substitution 3-ethyl-3-methylheptane 2,2,3,3-tetramethylpentane 2,4-hexadiene 2-butyne 2-chloro-2-methylpropane 1-bromo-1-fluoroethane CH3 — CH2 — CH3 44. 45. 46. HC— — C — CH2— CH2— CH3 structural isomers geometric isomers condensation reaction substitution reaction addition reaction Both a structural formula and a molecular formula indicate the number and types of atoms present in a molecule, but a structural formula also shows the bonding arrangement of the atoms. Groups attached to singly bonded carbon atoms are not held to one side of the molecule because single bonds allow free rotation within a molecule. As the number of carbon atoms in alkanes increases, so do their boiling points. In a distillation tower, the products with lower boiling points condense at the top, where it is cooler. The larger fractions with higher boiling points condense and are removed near the bottom of the tower. Sunlight breaks down CFC-12 and releases free chlorine atoms that react with ozone to form ClO and O2. The ClO combines with atomic oxygen to produce more chlorine atoms. These then react with more ozone molecules. Ozone molecules are consumed in these reactions. In aldehydes, the carbonyl group is attached to a carbon atom at the end of a carbon-atom chain. In ketones, the carbonyl group is attached to carbon atoms within the chain. No, because addition reactions can occur only with unsaturated molecules. Propane is a saturated hydrocarbon. 23 Biological Chemistry, pp. 212–220 TEST A 1. 3. 5. 7. b c d d 2. 4. 6. 8. a b c b Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Modern Chemistry 236 Answer Key