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1 Course Description Faculty of Graduate Studies Department of Animal Production Course title: Physiology of Lactation Course code : 602755 Instructor: Prof. Mufeed Alnimer E-mail: [email protected] Course objectives are to: 1- Know the anatomy and the processes of development and growth of the mammary glands. 2- Understand the processes of synthesis of milk and milk components. 3- Understand the physiological and environmental factors which affect lactation. Learning outcomes: A. Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course, students are expected to : 1. Know the phases of development and growth of the mammary glands. 2. Describe the various parts and systems of the mammary glands and their functions. 3. Understand the role of various hormones and the neural mechanism which control milk production and lactation. 4. Explain the mechanism and chemical processes for synthesis of milk protein, fat, lactose and other milk components. 5. Comprehend the various physiological factors and environmental factors which affect milk production and lactation. B. Academic skills: At the end of the course, students are expected to gain knowledge and skills about the scientific research methods concerning milk production and lactation. C. Personal skills: Students are expected to know: 1. How to manipulate the precursors involved in milk synthesis and milk production. 2. How to utilize various hormonal preparations and nutritional ingredients to enhance milk production. 3. How to provide the most appropriate environmental conditions which increase milk production. D. Learning and teaching methods: Lectures, class discussion, transparences, handouts, assigned readings, reports and class presentations by students. E. Assignments: Every student will submit a report about a specific assigned topic and deliver a class presentation about that topic which will be discussed with his fellow students. F. Evaluation: First exam 20% Second exam 20% Reports and presentation 20% Final exam 40% _____ Total 100% 2 Course Contents: Week 1 1 2 2,3 4,5 5,6 7 7 8 9 10 11 12 12 13,14 15 16 Topic Introduction Anatomy of the mammary gland: external features, internal structure Supportive system vascular and lymphatic systems of the udder Histology and cytology of the mammary glands: ducts, alveoli, cisterns, epithelial cells, myoepithelial cells Growth and development of the mammary glands: fetal period, birth to puberty, estrous cycle, pregnancy and lactation Hormonal and neural control of lactation: pituitary, adrenal and thyroid hormones. Maintenance of milk secretion, galactopoiesis, milking and milk ejection First Exam Involution of the udder: histological changes, biochemical changes, suckling stimulus Rate of milk secretion and milking: internal pressure, residual milk, interval and frequency of milking, physiological and machine factors affecting milking rate Biochemistry of mammary glands: blood precursors, energy production and utilization Milk protein synthesis: protein components, protein precursors, protein synthesis Milk fat synthesis: fat components fat precursors, fat synthesis Second Exam Other milk components: lactose, minerals, vitamins Physiological factors affecting lactation: stage of lactation, persistency, pregnancy, first and last milk withdrawn, estrus, diseases Environmental factors affecting lactation: drying-off, dry period, season of calving, interval between milkings Factors affect lactation: number of milkings, incomplete milking, ambient temperature, nutrition Hrs 1 2 2 4 5 4 1 2 3 3 3 3 1 2 6 3 3 References: 1234- Whittermore, Colin T. Lactation of the dairy cow. London: Longman. 1980. Mepham, T.B. Physiology of lacation. John Wiley and Sons Inc. IA. USA., 1991. Martinet, J., L.M. Houdibine and H.H. Head. Biology of lactation. Wageningen Academic Publishers. Netherlands, 1999. Michael Akers, R. Lactation and the mammary gland. Blackwell Pub Professional. U.K. 2002.