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Consulta: subjectFacets:"Protectionism" Registros recuperados: 17 Data/hora: 08/06/2017 20:20:51 Reconciling Globalisation and Technological Change: Growing Income Inequalities and Remedial Policies Provedor de dados: 31 Autores: Svizzero, Serge; Tisdell, Clement A. Since the mid-1970s wage inequality and skills differentials have increased sharply in OECD countries, and the following have been singled out by economists as possible major contributors: (a)economic globalisation processes; (b)skill-biased technological change; and (c) public policy or institutional change. Although these factors are most commonly considered as independent influences, we argue after critically outlining views about the two first mentioned factors, that strong interdependence exists between these influences. The article then examines potential policy responses to this growing inequality. Protectionism, increased provision of education and skill-enhancement, greater compensation via social services for the disadvantaged and negative... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Education; Fiscal competition; Globalisation; Income distribution; Labour market; Protectionism; Technological change; International Relations/Trade; Public Economics. Ano: 2001 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/90511 Structural Change and Agricultural Protection: Costs of Korean Agricultural Policy, 1975 and 1990 Provedor de dados: 31 Autores: Diao, Xinshen; Dyck, John H.; Skully, David W.; Somwaru, Agapi; Lee, Chinkook. The economic development of South Korea is often considered a model for developing countries. We use 1975 and 1990 data in a general equilibrium framework with a highly disaggregated sector specification to evaluate the opportunity cost of its agricultural protection. We show that although agriculture's share of the gross domestic product (GDP) declined between 1975 and 1990, the cost of agricultural protection, as measured by the loss in GDP, did not fall. The larger gap between domestic and world prices for the protected sectors exacerbated the distortions in resource allocation. Simulated removal of 1990 agricultural border protection reduced the share of agricultural GDP to the level actually observed in 1996, demonstrating how protection can impede... Tipo: Report Palavras-chave: South Korea; Food policy; Agricultural development; Computable general equilibrium; Protectionism; Trade liberalization; Rural development; Agricultural and Food Policy. Ano: 2002 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/33921 VERTICAL COORDINATION OF MARKETING SYSTEMS: LESSONS FROM THE POULTRY, EGG, AND PORK INDUSTRIES Provedor de dados: 31 Autores: Martinez, Stephen W. The economic development of South Korea is often considered a model for developing countries. We use 1975 and 1990 data in a general equilibrium framework with a highly disaggregated sector specification to evaluate the opportunity cost of its agricultural protection. We show that although agriculture's share of the gross domestic product (GDP) declined between 1975 and 1990, the cost of agricultural protection, as measured by the loss in GDP, did not fall. The larger gap between domestic and world prices for the protected sectors exacerbated the distortions in resource allocation. Simulated removal of 1990 agricultural border protection reduced the share of agricultural GDP to the level actually observed in 1996, demonstrating how protection can impede... Tipo: Report Palavras-chave: South Korea; Food policy; Agricultural development; Computable general equilibrium; Protectionism; Trade liberalization; Rural development; Industrial Organization; Livestock Production/Industries. Ano: 2002 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/34051 MULTIFUNCTIONALITY AND NON-AGRICULTURAL SUPPLY OF PUBLIC GOODS Provedor de dados: 31 Autores: le Cotty, Tristan; Voituriez, Tancrede. When public goods are joint outputs of agricultural production, there is a trade-off between agricultural and non-agricultural provision of the public good. The principle of minimal price distortion in the reform of agricultural policies has led to a theoretical recommendation that public goods, if under-provided at agricultural free market level, should be promoted through non agricultural policies instead of agricultural policies. We show that the economies of scope between the agricultural production and the joint public good play a key role in determining the optimal way of providing this latter. If the policy designed is a non-agricultural policy, the production cost of the public good is higher than with an agricultural policy. If the policy designed... Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Multifunctionality; Jointness; Coupled support; Protectionism; Public good; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy. Ano: 2003 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25850 TECHNOLOGICAL SPILLOVERS -- THE ARGUMENT FOR TRADE? Provedor de dados: 31 Autores: Czap, Hans J. This paper examines the validity of anti-trade arguments that are based on the absence of technological spillovers. Results of a pooled cross-section time-series analysis for developing countries fail to support the existence of technological spillovers. Findings of learning-by-doing effects indicate that protectionism might be beneficial under certain circumstances. Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Development; International trade; Technological spillovers; Protectionism; International Development; International Relations/Trade. Ano: 2004 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/20017 How Trade Politics Affect Invasive Species Control Provedor de dados: 31 Autores: Margolis, Michael; Shogren, Jason F. Trade has become the main mode of transport for many invasive species including diseases and agricultural pests. Most species are brought to their new homes unintentionally, which constitute a market failure rooted in international trade. Unless it is practical to drive invasion risk to zero, the external costs may justify a tariff. In this paper we analyze the political process likely to govern the formation of tariffs so justified, using a straightforward incorporation of an invasive species externality into Grossman and Helpman's well-known political economy model. We show our measure of disguised protectionism -the gap between the optimal tariff and that set in the equilibrium of the political economy game- is equal to the tariff that would be set if... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Invasive species; Protectionism; Tariff; Political economy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q17; Q56; Q57. Ano: 2004 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10770 The Changing Nature of Protectionism: Are "Free Traders" Up to the Challenges It Presents? Provedor de dados: 31 Autores: Kerr, William A. In the economic model that underlies the WTO the only group that can be expected to ask for protection is producers in importing countries. The existing multilateral trade architecture reflects that assumption. Much of the recent criticism of the multilateral trade regime has arisen as a result of new groups explicitly asking domestic politicians for protection. As these groups were not expected to ask for protection, the international trade regime does not allow domestic politicians to extend protection on the basis of the new demands. Further, countries are expected to perceive benefits from trade liberalisation. These benefits must be balanced against the expected political benefits of protectionism (and their associated welfare costs) when trade... Tipo: Journal Article Palavras-chave: Consumers; Environmentalists; Failed economies; Producers; Protectionism; Welfare; International Relations/Trade. Ano: 2004 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23903 Homeland Security and the Rules of International Trade Provedor de dados: 31 Autores: Kerr, William A. International trade law is very clear: national security concerns take precedent over any commitments in trade agreements. In response to the terrorist attacks in New York and Washington on September 11, 2001, the United States and other countries have been putting in place new anti-terrorist measures, many of which will act to inhibit international trade. As with any measure that inhibits international trade, these new measures will provide an economic benefit to domestic vested interests in importing countries. Guarding against the possibility of terrorist acts is by nature a speculative activity, and it is difficult to refute the need for the anti-terrorist measures put in place by governments. As a result, trading partners may be frustrated by what... Tipo: Journal Article Palavras-chave: Agents; Capture; Cost; Essential security interests; Homeland security; National security; Protectionism; Terrorism; International Relations/Trade. Ano: 2004 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23852 Special and Differential Treatment: A Mechanism to Promote Development? Provedor de dados: 31 Autores: Kerr, William A. Much has been made of "special and differential" treatment in the Doha Development Round of WTO negotiations. In particular, a conscious effort has been made to infer that special and differential treatment will promote development. While special and differential treatment may be a necessary evil given developing countries' higher adjustment costs, dignifying it as a development mechanism plays into the hands of protectionist interests. In particular, by allowing a general increase in the ability of developing countries to isolate their economies, it may reduce the efficacy of important forces that prod institutional reforms in developing countries. As institutional reform is one of the keys to economic development, lionizing special and differential... Tipo: Journal Article Palavras-chave: Development; Institutional reform; Protectionism; Special and differential treatment; WTO; International Development. Ano: 2005 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23896 Nontariff Barriers Provedor de dados: 31 Autores: Beghin, John C. Nontariff barriers (NTBs) refer to the wide range of policy interventions other than border tariffs that affect trade of goods, services, and factors of production. Most taxonomies of NTBs include market-specific trade and domestic policies affecting trade in that market. Extended taxonomies include macro-economic policies affecting trade. NTBs have gained importance as tariff levels have been reduced worldwide. Common measures of NTBs include tariff-equivalents of the NTB policy or policies and count and frequency measures of NTBs. These NTB measures are subsequently used in various trade models, including gravity equations, to assess trade and/or welfare effects of the measured NTBs. Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Externality and trade; Nontariff barrier; NTB; Protectionism; Sanitary and phytosanitary; SPS; Standards; TBT; Technical barrier to trade; International Relations/Trade. Ano: 2006 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18436 Agricultural subsidies in the United States and their effect on two annual Chilean crops: corn and wheat Provedor de dados: 123 Autores: Osorio,José Díaz; Rojas,Roberto Jara. The development strategies for Chile have been oriented toward a greater commercial openness. Chile and the United States signed a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) that has triggered controversies between producers directed to the internal market due to the production and export subsidies that this country carries out. This study analyzed the effect of subsidies granted by the United States to wheat (Tritricum aestivum) and corn (Zea mays) growers (Farm Bill 2002). For the study, Technical Standard sheet were drawn up, from which were determined the direct production costs and the gross margins. The variables used (market prices, subsidies, freight costs and tariffs) and determining the average variable costs allowed us to do a sensitivity analysis, thus... Tipo: Journal article Palavras-chave: Subsidies; Protectionism; Traditional Crops; Free Trade Agreement; Competitiveness. Ano: 2006 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-20032006000300005 Textile and Clothing Safeguards: from the ATC to the Future Provedor de dados: 31 Autores: Kim, Sung Jae; Reinert, Kenneth A. The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing established the textile and clothing safeguards regime from 1995 to 2004. The current safeguards regime for these products is defined in terms of the Agreement on Safeguards, the China Textile Safeguards, and the China Product-specific Safeguards. This article examines each of these three current safeguard options and assesses them in terms of a number of relevant dimensions. It also reviews safeguard actions to date to provide a sense of continued managed trade in this area. Tipo: Journal Article Palavras-chave: Managed trade; Protectionism; Safeguards; Textiles and clothing; International Relations/Trade. Ano: 2007 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7705 Are Standards Always Protectionist? Provedor de dados: 31 Autores: Marette, Stephan; Beghin, John C. We analyze the effects of a domestic standard that reduces an externality associated with the consumption of the good targeted by the standard, using a model in which foreign and domestic producers compete in the domestic good market. Producers can reduce expected damage associated with the externality by incurring a cost that varies by source of origin. Despite potential protectionism, the standard is useful in correcting the consumption externality in the domestic country. Protectionism occurs when the welfare-maximizing domestic standard is higher than the international standard maximizing welfare inclusive of foreign profits. The standard is actually anti-protectionist when foreign producers are much more efficient at addressing the externality than... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Externality; Nontariff barriers; Protectionism; Safety; Standard; Tariff equivalent; International Relations/Trade. Ano: 2007 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10007 Challenging US Country of Origin Labelling at the World Trade Organization: The Law, The Issues and The Evidence Provedor de dados: 31 Autores: Sawka, Alison L.; Kerr, William A. Canada and Mexico are formally challenging US country of origin (COOL) legislation at the World Trade Organization. The industries most affected by COOL are beef and pork. The effect of COOL on North American cross border supply chains is outlined. The areas of international trade law upon which a challenge could be mounted are explained and the key issues that a disputes panel would have to determine indicated. The nature of the evidence that may be required to bolster Canada’s case is outlined. Tipo: Report Palavras-chave: Country of origin; Marks of origin; Protectionism; Technical Barriers to Trade; Supply chains; WTO; Agribusiness; Agricultural and Food Policy; Demand and Price Analysis; International Relations/Trade; Marketing. Ano: 2010 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/95806 Environmental Tariffs: Will They Be Captured by Protectionists? Provedor de dados: 31 Autores: Kerr, William A. Environmental tariffs appear to be a politically necessary part of the climate change policies that are emerging in many countries. The appeal of level playing field arguments is seductive and difficult to dispute. Environmental policy makers, however, may be naïve, because they fail to account for the potential of trade policy mechanisms and institutions to be captured by traditional vested interests seeking economic protection. The exact structures and institutional frameworks for environmental tariffs are often left vague by environmental policy makers, making them easy targets for protectionists. Environmental tariffs appear to be particularly vulnerable to capture given the complexity of production and the embryonic stage of the science of measuring... Tipo: Journal Article Palavras-chave: Capture; Environmental tariffs; Level playing field; Protectionism; WTO; Environmental Economics and Policy; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Political Economy; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy. Ano: 2010 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/91789 Disentangling the Demand-enhancing Effect and Trade-cost Effect of Technical Measures in Agricultural Trade among OECD countries Provedor de dados: 31 Autores: Xiong, Bo; Beghin, John C. Domestic technical measures such as SPS and TBTs can enhance import demand via information disclosure and quality improvement, or hamper foreign export supply via imposing sizeable compliance costs, or both. The traditional gravity equation model estimates the net effect of these measures on international trade with a loss of useful inference on separate effects. We stipulate a generalized gravity equation model to disentangle the two effects. We apply the augmented approach to agricultural trade among OECD countries in 2004. We find that technical measures in agriculture often jointly enhance import demand and hinder export supply with the net effect of promoting the propensity to trade. Further disaggregated data analysis reveals heterogeneity across... Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Sanitary and phytosanitary; SPS; Technical measures; NTM; TBT; Standards; Gravity equation; Protectionism; OECD; International Relations/Trade. Ano: 2011 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/116898 On the Evolving Relationship between Corn and Oil Prices Provedor de dados: 31 Autores: Elmarzougui, Eskandar; Larue, Bruno. The relationship between corn and oil prices is not a stable one. We identified three breaks in the relationship between corn and oil prices. The first break coincides with the second oil crisis. The second break marks the end of the agricultural export subsidy war between the EU and the US in the mid 1980s while the third one occurred at the beginning of the ethanol boom at the very end of the 1990s. The relationship between corn and oil prices tends to be stronger when oil prices are highly volatile and when agricultural policies create less distortion. The ethanol boom strengthened the relation between corn and oil prices which are (were not) cointegrated in the fourth regime (first three) regime(s). Impulse response functions confirm that corn prices... Tipo: Working Paper Palavras-chave: Oil; Corn; Structural changes; Cointegration; Ethanol; Protectionism; Agricultural and Food Policy; C32; Q11; Q17; Q40. Ano: 2011 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/118580
