Download TLA _Axioms

Major Topics, Subtopics & Axioms
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Subtopic Axiom
ACCIDENT PREVENTION, SAFETY AND FIRST AID
1.01 Accidents as a national problem
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Business loses money due to accidents.
Each year several thousand young children are killed or injured while crossing or playing in the street.
Since people are the cause of most accidents, they should learn to prevent them through the use of safety practices.
Household accidents mainly hurt children.
Accidents can be prevented.
Toxic materials should be kept out of childrens reach.
Accidents cause damage to people and business.
The highest number of children who get killed are between the grades of 7 and 9.
The National Safety Council reports that about four out of five cyclists killed or injured are violating some law at the time of
Accidents occur mainly at your home, school, or place of employment.
Misuse of firearms is the seventh leading cause of accidental death.
The number of injuries and deaths resulting from accidents in the home is second only to those from traffic accidents.
Accidents occur seasonally, i.e., summer (drownings), winter (snomobile, fall through ice, automobile accidents).
Accidents ae unplanned or uncontrolled events that result in injury or damage of some kind.
Accidents ae the leading cause of death in the age group 1 to 37.
In the 1 to 14 age group, accidents claim more lives than the next five leading causes of death combined.
Automobile accidents are the predominant causes of our national problem.
1.02 Traffic accident problem
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Put on your seat belt once you are in the car.
Stop, look, and listen before you cross the street.
Lock the car door once you get in the car.
It is very unsafe to come out into the street from between parked cars.
Cross only at crossings, drivers aren't looking for you anywhere else.
The U.S.Department of Transportation has reported that alcohol is involved in about 24,000 of all highway fatalities in the
U.S. every year.
All traffic accidents could have been prevented.
No person should leave the scene of an accident.
All traffic signs should be obeyed by everyone.
Each year thousands of people are injured or killed in automobile accidents.
Bicycle riding, skating, and walking across streets may lead to an accident.
Cyclists must follow traffic laws just as motorists.
Many accidednts may have been avoided had a pedestrian been walking on the correct side of the road.
In the U.S. traffic accidents are the number one cause of accidental deaths each year among people ages one to forty-four.
Safe driving will not keep you out of an accident but lower the percentages.
Cars are dangerous when people mishandle them.
Poor driving conditions are subject to a higher traffic accident condition.
In traffic accidents, people fail more than cars do.
1.03 Speed and accidents
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Speeders cannot slow down enough in an emergency.
Speeders are a threat to animals.
Speeding reduces reaction time and coordination of handling of a car.
Driving too fast is harmful to people in the car and other cars that are around you.
Speed may get you to a place faster but it increases the rate of accidents.
People can learn to slow down.
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4.05 The 55 mile per hour speed limit has reduced the number of accidents.
1.04 Drunken driving
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People should not drive after drinking.
Drunken driving is illegal in 50 states.
The U.S. Department of Transportation has reported that the use of alcohol causes about 800,000 non-fatal traffic accidents
Drunken drivers are subject to fine and arrest.
Driving a car after drinking alcohol may be very dangerous.
Drunken drivers endanger peoples lives as well as their own.
Too much alcohol in the body causes a slowdown in a person's ability to think and act.
Alcohol reduces the dirver's peripheral vision.
As a person's blood alcohol level increases, the risk of causing an accident also increases.
In noncommercial fatal aviation accidents,over 30% of the pilots killed last year had been drinking.
Alcohol is a contributing factor in about one half of the motor vehicle operators killed each year.
1.05 Fire safety
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Get out of the house immediately in case of a fire.
Alert someone to call the fire department in case of a fire.
All bonfires must be put out with water or soil.
Everyone must be aware of all the fire exits.
Matches are not playthings, and should not be used as such.
The National Fire Protection Association has stated that smoking causes more than 100,000 fires a year in buildings.
There are certain precautions to take while using matches.
Flammable material should be kept in a safe place.
People cause the most fires by being careless.
Fires cause billions of dollars of damage each year.
A person should not go back into a burning building.
Stay away from flames when wearing clothes that could catch fire easily.
Homes should be checked for hazards.
Fires claim the lives of many innocent people.
Children should not play with fire.
Know how to get out of your home from every room in case of fire.
If the exit door feels hot, don't open it.
A smoke detector saves lives.
Families should practice fire drills for good fire safety.
Never smoke in bed.
1.06 Fire extinguishers and their use
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Using a fire extinguisher on a large fire could cause injury.
A fire extinguisher is used to put out small fires.
Explain the need for fire extinguishers.
Keep one or more fire extinguishers in your home and make sure they are in working order.
All public facilities are required to have at least one hand operated fire extinguisher.
All public facilities (recent) are required to have a sprinkler system as a fire extinguisher.
Everyone should be able to operate a fire extinguisher.
Fire extinguishers can save lives.
Fire extinguishers should be easily accessible to everyone.
Carbon dioxide extinguishers are used for gasoline and electrical fires.
Inexpensive fire extinguishers are mops, brooms, wet burlap bags, sand and water.
As a rule of thumb, burning liquids should be smothered (salt, soda, chemical foam).
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4.04 Burning solids, wood, cloth, paper are best extinguished with water.
1.07 Electrical accidents
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Never plug anything in without the help of an adult.
Never play around with an electrical outlet.
Shocks caused by electricity are painful.
Worn electrical cords can start a fire.
Shocks are more likely to occur when a person with wet hands and feet touch any article using electricity.
Water and metals may carry electricity to a person.
Most shocks happen when people handle things that are using electricity.
Shocks may occur when an electrical appliance is placed near or comes in contact with a bath tub, shower or sink that is wet.
Electrical shock may weaken or stop a person's breathing.
If you are inside during an electrical storm, stay away from windows.
Make sure that electrical devices are working properly and that the cords are in good condition.
You should thoroughly understand electricity before experimenting or working with it.
Fires have also started when sparks from old, frayed cords have landed on carpets and other certain materials.
Only electrical cords belong in electrical sockets.
Broken electrical wires are harmful.
A severe electrical shock can kill you.
Extension cords and electrical outlets are not to be overloaded.
Sparks from electrical wiring have also started many fires.
Turn off the electrical switch box to prevent electrical fires or shocks in case of severe wind damage to yor home.
1.08 Home accidents
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Do not run around without looking where you are going.
It is not safe to touch electrical outlets.
Do not climb on places where you should not be climbing.
Holes poked in plastic bags can help make them harmless.
If children get inside plastic bags, they may not be able to breathe enough air. This can be dangerous.
It is not safe to stand on the edge of a chair.
When the floor is wet it can cause someone to fall.
Never play with sharp objects.
Always wipe up messes from spilled liquids.
Use the handle to plug in or unplug a cord.
Many fires are started because lighted cigarettes are left unattended, are thrown into wastebaskets, or are tossed into fields
or forests at times.
If you play near the stove you could get burned.
Never leave toys or objects on the steps.
Place electrical cords where people will not trip over them.
People fall on stairs while climbing, on slippery floors and sidewalks and even in bathtubs.
Most accidents happen at home.
There are certain safety practices a person or family can follow to help prevent accidents which may occur at home.
One kind of accident that often happens at home is falling.
A careless smoker may fall asleep while smoking in bed or on a sofa.
Watch where you are walking in the house and never carry things that are heavy or that block your view so you can't see.
Pick up soap if it falls on the bathroom floor, bathtub, or shower.
Dresser drawers and cupboard doors that are not closed are hazardoous too. They often cause painful bumps.
Keep scatter rugs firmly fastened down.
The student will know what is meant by safety.
Gasoline and paint thinners are highly flammable liquids.
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Every year people are killed because of unsafe use of tools in the home.
Chairs are made for sitting, not standing on.
Falls most often occur on stairs and off ladders.
Accidents in the home receive the least amount of attention when compared to other accidents.
Children should be closely supervised at all times.
Stairways are for walking up and down,not running.
The number of injuries and deaths resulting from accidents in the home is second only to the number of injuries and deaths
resulting from traffic accidents.
Most accidents happen in the kitchen.
Precautions should be taken to remove fatal hazards from the home.
Never keep dangerous drugs or chemicals in the reach of young children.
Burns, fires, and firearms are the 2nd. most frequent cause of death. Prevention is the key to the elimination of these.
Don't store gasoline in your home.
Home contents and the home itself make up one category of accident- causitive agents.
Always turn the handle of kettles or pans toward the wall on a stove so children can't reach up and pull them off.
Hazards in household equipment such as light fixtures and appliances have to some extent been looked into and corrected.
The elimination of hazardous agents (detergents, bleaches, sharp knives, firearms, and frayed electrical cords) should also
be kept out of the reach of children.
1.09 Bicycle safety
1.01 The number of bicycle accidents begins to increase at age six or so and continues to increase all the way into junior high
years and even later.
1.02 Obey all traffic signs when riding a bicycle.
1.03 Ride on the right side of the street.
1.04 Each year, more and more six year olds are riding bicycles.
1.05 The bicycle should fit one's size.
1.06 Wear light colored clothing if you ride at night.
1.07 Know how to make the correct hand signals for turning.
1.08 Walk your bike across a busy street.
1.09 The bicycle should be equipped with safety features.
1.10 Six year old bicycle drivers should know the local ordinances about children driving on the sidewalk.
1.11 Do not zig zag while riding.
1.12 Ride just one person on a bike.
2.01 Never ride two people on a bicycle built for one.
2.02 Ride single file when with a group of bicyclists.
2.03 Bicycles should be checked for safety before doing any riding.
2.04 It is illegal to drive against the flow of traffic. Ride with the flow.
2.05 Before turning, always check to make sure you don't turn in front of another vehicle.
2.06 Always use a light and wear light clothing when riding a bicycle at night.
2.07 Stop for people who are walking across the street.
3.01 Ride slower on slippery streets.
3.02 Stop for all stop signs.
3.03 Look both ways before crossing a street.
3.04 Many bicycle accidents are the result of unsafe behavior.
4.01 Cyclists in most states are required to obey the same traffic regulations as motorists.
4.02 Be observative, pay extra attention when passing driveways, parking lots and schoolyards.
4.03 Do not carry passengers or packages which obstruct the view.
4.04 Always keep your bicycle in good working condition.
4.05 Bicycle manufacturers have designed several safety devices to make the bicycle more visible.
1.10 Safety in the water
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Do not run around the pool area.
Swim only where a lifeguard is present.
Always swim with someone else.
Never call for help unless you really need it.
Only one person on the diving board at a time.
Never swim right after a big meal.
Swim only in water that is safe for swimming.
Never run along the deck or edge of a pool because it is wet and slippery.
If you can't swim, stay out of deep water.
Swim only when you are feeling well.
Avoid swimming when you are tired, chilled, or overheated.
Avoid pushing, shoving, or other kinds of horseplay in the water.
Only dive into water that you know is deep enough so you won't hit bottom.
Drowning is the fourth leading cause of death by accident in the U.S.
Never swim out too far.
Never swim in a river with a fast current and alot of rocks.
Obey all signs, i.e., no swimming, no diving, shallow water, etc.
Do not swim during an electrical storm.
Many people have drowned while swimming, scuba diving and skin diving.
Learn to swim and know your abilities.
Nonswimmers should stay in shallow water even when using floating equipment.
1.11 Artificial respiration
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If a person stops breathing, his heart may keep beating for a few minutes.
There are several different ways of giving artificial respiration however, mouth to mouth is the method many people believe
You should give artificial respiration until the person starts to breathe again or until a doctor tells you to stop.
Artificial respiration is a way of forcing air into and out of a person's lungs.
You must begin artificial respiration before the heart stops beating.
In the mouth to mouth method of artificial respiration, you should first use your fingers to check the person's tongue and to
wipe out any food in the mouth.
Mouth to mouth resuscitation should be repeated about 12 times a minute until a doctor comes.
Artificial respiration is now being taught nationwide.
Only perform artificial respiration if you know the correct procedure.
Make sure the victim is not breathing before attempting the artificial respiration procedure.
Artificial respiration can save lives.
Lift nect and tilt head back to clear air passages.
Turn head, listen for exhaled air. Repeat; one breath every five seconds for adults; one breath every three seconds for
Pinch victims nostrils, take deep breath, cover victim's mouth with yours and blow. Watch for chest cavity to rise.
Mouth to mouth or mouth to nose are the most effective means for person not breathing.
1.12 Accidents in young and old
3.01 A car is a weapon and can kill both young and old.
3.02 Stairways should be kept free of ice and water.
3.03 In the United States traffic accidents are the number one cause of accidental deaths each year among people between ages
of one and forty- four.
3.04 Sidewalks should be shoveled to avoid falls.
4.01 Motor vehicle deaths account for almost one half of all accidental deaths in the overall population.
4.02 One factor associated with accidents is the way you feel emotionally and physically.
4.03 Most accidents are caused because people take unnecessary risks.
4.04 Accidents are the number one cause of death in ages 1 to 25; 4th. leading cause overall.
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4.05 Most accidents could have been prevented through proper attitudes and elimination of environmental hazards.
1.13 Safety in cars (safety features)
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Be a good passenger for the driver.
Get in and out of a car on the curb side.
Do not bother the driver.
Keep your head, hands, and arms inside the car.
Stay in your seat while the car is moving.
Never throw anything inside the car.
Lock the doors on the car.
Car seats have head rests to help prevent whiplash.
Cars have emergency brakes so the car will not roll when it is parked on a hill.
Cars have padded dashboards to prevent head injuries.
Cars have emergency flashers so someone can tell when you are in trouble.
1.14 Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation
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Only perform CPR if you know the correct procedure.
One or two people can perform CPR and artificial respiration to a victim.
CPR is now being taught nationwide.
CPR is only administered in genuine emergency situations.
CPR can save lives.
The American Red Cross and the American Heart Association offer classes to people interested in learning CPR.
Proper hand position and technique are an absolute must to prevent damage to bone and organs.
CPR is used when the heart has stopped.
CPR combines mouth to mouth resuscitation and compression of the breastbone to provide an artificial heart until help
1.15 Snowmobiles
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Make sure your snowmobile is running properly (lights, gas, oil and brakes, etc.).
People should not be pulled on sleds behind snowmobiles.
Make sure that ice is marked for snowmobiling.
It is very easy to get thrown off a snowmobile.
Dress for the cold in case your snowmobile breaks down.
You should be very careful of fences while driving snowmobiles.
Snowmobiles are not allowed on roads.
Know where you are going and stay on marked trails.
The most important safety practice to follow is to be careful of thin ice.
Snowmobiles should be operated with care and only after adequate instruction concerning their safe operation.
Because snowmobiles are operated on rough landscapes, they are more easily overturned than small vehicles operated on
1.16 Motorcycles
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Can only be driven when conditions permit.
Motorcycles are as dangerous or more dangerous than a car.
Should not be driven on the road by anyone without a license.
Motocycles are very easy to tip over.
Operators have an inherent tendency to weave in and out of traffic, jump lights, pass on hills and curves, and drive too fast
on uneven surfaces.
4.02 The operator must obey the same traffic laws as automobile drivers.
4.03 Bikes are easily upset on uneven and slippery surfaces.
4.04 Some states require the wearing of helmets.
1.17 Poisoning
1.01 Do not take strange pills.
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Aspirin - even children's aspirin - can be a poison if it is not taken according to directions.
Children should not take medicine by themselves.
Use the medicine as prescribed by your doctor.
Take medicine only when needed -- when you are ill.
Do not ever take another person's medicine.
Cough medicines are drugs.
Some medicines that are safe on your skin may be dangerous in your mouth.
Pure food and drug laws protect people from dangerous foods and drugs.
Pesticides kept in the house should be locked up because little children can get into them.
All household products such as cleaning fluids, bleaches, and detergents are poisonous.
Drugs are abused when a person does not follow the directions given to them for their use.
You should also put medicine away after taking it.
Drinking too much alcohol at one time may poison a person.
Plants can be poisonous and should not be touched unless you know exactly what they are.
Tobacco smoke has poisonous substances such as nicotine, ammonia, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide
and arsenic in it.
Water and air that have become polluted contain poisons which are harmful to our bodies.
Fruits and vegetables should be washed befoe eaten to remove any trace of poisonous pesticides that might be on them.
You should put medicine where younger children cannot get it.
There are some articles besides drugs which are abused like sprays, glue, and cleansers.
Make sure all poisons are labeled as poisons.
A number of young children have eaten rat poison which was carelessly left on the floor.
While indoors during an electric storm, stand away from large metal objects.
Poisonous items which might be found in homes include bug killers, bleach, dyes and drain cleaners.
Parent's should have on hand syrup of ipecac to induce vomiting and charcoal suspension, an all purpose emergency
Thousands of people have died from eating or drinking things that contain poison.
Keep the phone number of a doctor, the police, fire department and poison control center by the phone.
Mushrooms can be poisonous.
Poisoned victims should be rushed to the hospital as soon as possible.
Some foods that are improperly canned and stored may cause food poisoning.
Most poisonings could be prevented if poisons were stored and used more carefully.
A young child's curiosity often takes the form of putting objects into his mouth and of tasting things.
Inhaled poisons require ventilating the area or moving the victim to fresh air.
All labels should be left on all medicines and read carefully before given or taken.
If a person is suffering from poisoning the first aid you give them depends on the type of poison involved.
18% of all deaths from poisoning in Wisconsin are children.
In Wisconsin, 31.4% of the poison cases occurred at age two.
If the victim is unconscious, position so vomitus will drain from mouth.
More teens die from poisoning involving medicine and drugs, alcohol, vapors, and solvents than any other home acident.
If you suspect poisoning, call the Poison Control Center, hospital of physician.
Poisons on the skin require flushing with generous amounts of water for at least five minutes.
1.18 Emergency first aid
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In an emergency situation try to keep calm and if possible, ask an adult for help.
Do not move an injured person.
A broken bone must be splinted in order to prevent further damage.
When a person receives a burn, the treatment in most cases is applying cold water to the burn.
The student will learn to give first aid to minor injuries.
When a person is hurt badly, you should get help.
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2.07 Remove a splinter by first washing the skin around the splinter with soap and water; second, use a sterilized needle kto
remove the splinter and then gently squeeze the area above the wound to cause a little bleeding which will cleanse the
2.08 When an accident happens, a person should know what to do.
2.09 To help someone who has frostbite, warm the frozen part of his body quickly.
2.10 The Heimlich Maneuver is used to help someone who has something caught in his/her throat.
2.11 A wound should be washed with soap and water and covered with a sterile bandage to prevent infection.
2.12 Treat a bruise by putting cold cloths on the bruise to reduce swelling.
2.13 Place a blanket or jacket over the injured person.
2.14 When a person has a cut, the first thing that a person should do in the treatment is to try to stop the bleeding, i.e.; direct
2.15 Send someone to call a doctor at once.
3.01 Can be used to save lives.
3.02 Emergency first aid is a very important thing for a person to know in case of an accident.
3.03 Is administered at the scene of an accident or a natural disaster.
3.04 Emergency first aid should be just temporary until a doctor is consulted.
4.01 Treat for shock following serious accidents and seek help if necessary.
4.02 Check for poisoning.
4.03 Keep victim quiet; locate possible injuries and treat the more serious ones first.
4.04 Check for breathing. If none, administer artificial respiration.
4.05 Analyze whether or not the victim is in further danger or if he can remain where he is.
4.06 Check for severe bleeding and stop by direct pressure, pressure points, or as a last resort, a tourniquet.
1.19 Camping accidents
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If your clothes start on fire, roll on the ground.
Always make sure your campfire is completely out.
Light matches only when an adult is present.
Never let anyone throw a burning cigarette on the ground.
Camp in a safe place, such as away from cliffs and dry stream beds.
Things that burn easily should be kept away from an open fire.
Campfires should be built in a hole in the ground or should have stones around them to prevent spreading.
Some foods spoil easily in the warm weather so they must be kept cool.
Sand and water should be kept near a campfire to put it out.
Learn to recognize and stay away from poisonous plants and snakes.
Children are more susceptible to camping accidents.
Drink only water that you know is safe.
Camping accidents should be treated and if they are severe enough the victim should be taken to the hospital.
Camping accidents could be snake bites, burns, insect bites or any number of things.
Campers should carry an emergency first aid kit.
1.20 Accident procedures
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Make a list of the telephone numbers someone in your family might need in case of an accident.
Get someone older to help you, such as a grownup, police, or fire dept.
A doctor should be notified whenever someone is seriously injured.
Call the proper authorities.
Give immediate first aid.
Keep calm.
Treat for shock.
1.21 Gun safety
2.01 If sixteen or younger, you must be with an adult.
2.02 Accidental shootings are caused by a lack of knowledge and experience.
2.03 All types of guns can injure.
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Gun shootings are the fourth leading cause of death.
Always know where the muzzle of your rifle is pointing.
Be sure of your target before you fire.
Never take a gun into camp, home, or a car unless it is empty.
Treat every gun as if it is loaded.
All accidents are caused by ignorance and carelessness and lack of training.
Store guns unloaded with ammunition in another place.
Firearms are not toys and should be treated with care.
Avoid alcoholic drinks before or during shooting.
More teens die from firearm accidents than people of any other age group.
Do not carry loaded guns in vehicles.
1.22 Rhus poisoning (poison oak,etc.)
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Rhubarb stalks are edible, but the leaves are poisonous.
Wash affected area with a mild soap.
Remove clothes which came in contact with Ivy.
Poison ivy is painful with an urge to itch it.
The oil or juice of the poison ivy plant may poison your skin.
The plant has three leaves on each stem.
You may get poison ivy even from the smoke of the plant if you try to burn it.
If rubbed, it will spread to other parts of the body.
Other poisonous plants to be aware of are poison oak and poison sumac.
The entire plant is toxic.
Poison ivy results in red or blistered areas on the skin that itch.
If the fluid from a blister should drain out it will not spread the dermatitis.
The skin reaction usually starts with a rash 24-48 hours after the sap has come in contact with the skin.
The skin reddens and itches or burns to a degree that ranges from mild to intense.
Affected skin may weap clear fluid, swell and develop large blisters.
1.23 Bee and wasp stings
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Remove the stinger if it is still in your body.
Put ice on the sting to keep the swelling down.
Bees will not bother you if you remain still.
Bee stings are painful and create a burning and itching sensation.
An infection may result.
If a person is stung he may have one of two reactions, i.e., a toxic reaction or an allergic reaction.
An allergic reaction may include swelling of the skin, dizziness, stomach trouble, shortness of breath, and in severe
The sting of a bee, wasp, hormet, or yellow jacket can cause an acute condition.
A toxic reaction will result in redness, swelling, and pain in the area of the stings.
Sweet smells attract bees so avoid perfumes, suntan lotion, etc. when around bees.
More adults have serious reactions to stings than children.
Bees and wasps have a sac containing venom which is a kind of poison.
Bright colored clothing or flowery prints and black or dark colors seem to anger stinging insects.
Bees kill more people in this country than any other creature.
The bee is the only insect to leave the stinger in place.
Reactions to stings can develop within a minute to an hour or two.
The bee dies after he stings his victim.
Only the female wasp is able to sing.
Queen bees make no attempt to sting man, only other queen bees.
Topic
Subtopic Axiom
1.24 Snake bites
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A snake feels by it's senses of sight, hearing and smell.
Place the bite area next to the body lower than the heart.
Seek medical attention right away.
Put a constriction band above the bite to slow infection.
Do not cut the bite or suck out the venom.
Snake venom (poison) affects the nervous system.
Most snakes are not poisonous.
One or two small round holes are made from the fangs of a snake.
There are four kinds of poisonous snakes in the U.S., copperhead, rattlesnake, coral snake, and water moccasin.
A bite from a poisonous snake swells up right away and is very painful.
Snake bites should be allowed to bleed freely.
Most bites occur in the summer.
Snakes are found usually in thickets and protected places.
The most noticable symptom is a sort of buzzing, numbness and paralysis of your legs and arms.
Do not drink alcohol or smoke after being bitten.
1.25 Frostbite
2.01
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Four different degrees of frostbite.
Each degree is more painful and more dangerous.
Frostbite creates a feeling of numbness of the affected part.
Do not warm up the frozen part of the body too fast.
Frostbite occurs when a part of the body freezes.
Cover the frozen part with an article of clothing.
Never allow a frostbite victim to walk or move his feet should they be frostbitten.
The toes, fingers, ears, and nose are the parts of the body that could become frostbitten most quickly.
There may be warning signs which develop before frostbite sets in, such as chills and shivering, and the tingling and mild
aching of the skin.
Rubbing or massaging frostbite could cause further damage.
Apply warm, wet compresses to the frozen areas on the head.
The victim should never be warmed by heat from a stove.
Frostbite is often the result of prolonged exposure to low temperature.
Fatigue, intoxication and chronically sluggish circulation can increase the risk.
Drinking alcohol and smoking are not advisable.
1.26 Heat stroke
2.01
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Heatstroke results from extensive exposure to heat.
Heatstroke is more commonly called sunstroke.
Body color is red, but not sweating.
Move the victim to the coolest place possible.
Body temperature is up to 105 to 110 degrees.
Place patient in a tub of ice water.
The victim will stop sweating completely.
Patient becomes profoundly dehydrated with substantial loss of body fluids.
The victim may become confused, delirious and go into shock.
1.27 Cold injuries
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
Cold injuries range from hypersensitivity to cold to that of amputation.
People in southern states are often more prone to frostbite.
Blacks usually require a longer period of time to adjust to the cold.
In frostbite, crystals of ice form between the cells.
Topic
Subtopic Axiom
1.28 Earthquakes
2.01
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Get under or near something heavy.
Falling objects are the main cause of injury.
Keep calm and away from windows and glass.
Listen to the radio after an earthquake for places of safety.
Caused by a fault in the earth (pressure).
Try to stay calm and take in what's happening during a quake.
If indoors, stay there protecting yourself at one of the building's strongest points.
If in a car, don't stop on or under a bridge.
1.29 Fires
1.01
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You can put a coat around yourself to put out a fire.
Tell a grown-up at once when you see something burning.
If you see a fire, report it.
The smoke from a fire can choke a person and stop his breathing.
If your cloths catch on fire, roll on the ground.
Gases given off by burning objects and smoke are lighter than air, so crawl to exits if the room is filled with smoke.
Matches and cigarettes are the leading causes of fires.
Most people who are killed in fires are suffocated by deadly gases and smoke.
Fires are caused by carelessness.
Smoke from a fire may cause people to pass out or even cause death.
A fire is an accident that often happens at home.
Man is responsible for over half of all forest fires.
Fire destroys nests, seeds, roots, hunting terrritories, mating grounds and life itself.
Weather factors such as wind, moisture, and temperature affect fires.
Pre-plan your escape in case of fire.
Faulty switches, frayed and deteriorating cords are sources of danger.
Never smoke in bed.
Never use flammable fluids to hurry or restart a fire already started.
1.30 Carbon monoxide hazard
2.01
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Carbon monoxide is fatal if you are exposed for a long period of time.
Carbon monoxide comes from automobile exhaust.
Carbon monoxide forms in an enclosed place like a garage.
Carbon monoxide is a tasteless, odorless, colorless and poisonous gas.
Carbon monoxide is one of the poisons people inhale when they smoke cigarettes.
Carbon monoxide is emitted from cars, gas heaters and gas stoves.
Carbon monoxide will cause it's victim to become drowsy.
A defective furnace or stopped up chiminey flue can cause carbon monoxide back up.
Carbon monoxide interferes with the ability of the blood to carry oxygen.
Every year many people die from breathing a great amount of this poisonous gas.
Get the victim into fresh air.
Do not let your car run with garage doors closed.
Drive with at least one window partially open.
The most frequent causes of fatal poisonings except alcohol.
1.31 Poisonous plants
1.01 Check with your parents when eating something you are not sure of.
2.01 Never eat a plant you are unsure of.
3.01 The dermatitis or skin disorder usually starts with a rash.
Topic
Subtopic Axiom
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05
4.01
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Contact with the sap of certain plants cause an allergic reaction.
Natural resistance to the allergen's of poison plants tends to increase with age.
The sensitizing material may reach the skin indirectly by way of contaminated shoes, clothing, animals, etc.
The incidence of poisonous reactions occur most often in the spring and early summer when sap flows.
Lack of recognition is the chief cause of mishap.
Only one half the population is sensitive to average contact with the poison.
Washing right away with soap will wash away some of the poison.
Eating a leaf does not confer immunity.
1.32 Tornados and hurricanes
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You can stay safe during a hurricane be staying inside away from windows.
If you must go outside, be careful. Stay away from power lines that have been knocked down.
Stay away from windows (injuries happen near windows and falling things).
If you are outside, go to a low spot like a ditch.
A hurricane is a much larger storm than a tornado and moves much slower.
Tornados occur when there is a warm, humid layer of air next to the ground and a layer of cold, dry air above it.
Hurricanes form where great masses of warm, humid air pile up.
Within the funnel, the speed of the wind is intense.
The tornado is the most damaging type of storm.
They are shaped like a funnel.
Tornados are most likely to occur in late spring and early summer in the midwest and central portions of the U.S.
Go to the southwest corner of the basement.
The most harmless objects can become deadly weapons when in the grip of the wind.
A car is an unsafe place to seek shelter.
In open country, move away from a tornado's path at right angles.
If you are in a car try to out run it at a 90 degree angle.
The safest place to be is in a storm cellar or steel-reinforced building.
Open windows and doors to equalize the pressure.
Pay close attention to all weather warnings.
1.35 Industrial safety programs
4.01 Increased safety laws at one's place of employment have prevented major accidents.
4.02 Federal Noise Control Act of 1972 sets decibel limits.
1.36 Health hazards in specific occupations
4.01 Noise from factories and large engines exposed 7 million workers to sounds that can cause hearing loss.
1.37 Sight conservation in industry
4.01 Protective coverings for eyes include goggles, face masks, helmets, and light reflectors.
2
COMMUNITY HEALTH
2.01 Progress in American Medicine
2.01
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3.01
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The electrocardiogram detects and records the electric impulses produced by the heart beat.
The electrocardiogram is used to diagnose diseases of the heart.
Joints for the body can now be made artificially.
Because of the success of medicine, smallpox is rare in many countries today.
Tuberculosis has been brought under control because of new medicines.
With the help of machines, surgeons can repair or replace organs that have been seriously damaged including the heart and
the kidneys.
3.03 Some cases of cancer can now be successfully treated by certain medicines.
3.04 Science has developed entirely new methods of treatment. Radiotherapy makes use of X-rays and radioactive rays to treat
3.05 Educational programs are under way to teach people proper nutrition and exercise so they can take better care of
themselves before they get sick.
Topic
Subtopic Axiom
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
There is an increase in the life expectancy of premature and sick babies.
There are more doctors and specialists in every field.
Advances in technology changed the practice of medicine and the doctor-patient relationships.
It is possible to cure, control, or prevent hundreds of diseases from measles and polio to tuberculosis and yellow fever.
2.02 Health and income
3.01 There is a high rate of despair and emotional illness among the poor. Some poor persons, discouraged with their lives, turn to
drink to escape their frustrations.
3.02 Health care is lacking in some parts of the world because people cannot afford the cost of the medical care they need.
3.03 Public health experts consider poverty a major cause of malnutrition.
4.01 Better free services and more facilities are available for the poor and elderly.
4.02 An increase in better health insurances.
4.03 Hospital rates have gone up considerately in the last ten years.
4.04 High doctor and specialist fees have made it almost impossible for some people to seek help.
4.05 Many poor, elderly and chroncially ill people can not afford to be sick or hospitalized.
2.03 Leading causes of death
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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in this country.
Diabetes is the third leading cause of death in the U.S.
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in this country.
Over three million people have diabetes.
Emphysema and allergies also contribute to the death factor in the U.S.
Cirrhosis of the liver is the fourth leading cause of death in the U.S.
Important causes of death today in the United States are heart disease, cancer, stroke, accidents, pneumonia, tuberculosis,
typhoid or some other infectious disease.
The leading cause of acidental death and injury at home is falling.
Today, nine of the ten leading causes of death are chronic illnesses.
In the United States, traffic accidents are the number one cause of accidental deaths each year among people between the
ages of one and forty-four.
Drowning is the fourth leading cause of death by accident in the United States.
Changes in the causes of death have come about primarily because many infectious diseases have been controlled.
Cirrhosis of the liver and accidents are among the leading causes of death in the United States today.
Disorders relating to the different parts of the circulatory system comprise the leading causes of death in the United States.
Heart disease (cardiovascular disease) is the leading cause of death in the U.S.
Communicable diseases are a leading cause of death.
Stroke, like heart attack, is a disorder usually due to blockage brought on by the atherosclerotic process in vessels
supplying the brain and is the third leading cause of death.
Cancer is the greatest cause of lost working years among women and ranks third after accidents and heart disease in
denying people working years.
Another leading cause of death is accidents (traffic, industrial, at home or at work).
2.04 Congressional health proposals
4.01 In the health area, supervision of activity even that within Health, Education and Welfare, is fragmented between several
4.02 As many as 2,000 legislative proposals in health or health-related fields are introduced by members of the House and
Senate during each two year congressional term.
4.03 Most bills dealing with health programs are assigned in the House to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce and
in the Senate to the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare.
4.04 When a bill is referred to the appropriate committee or sumcommittee and if it is considered important, public hearings will be
2.05 Health needs of the nation
2.01 Immunization is a national health need.
3.01 Man can help create a healthier environment by realizing his part in the environment, by solving the problem of increasing
population, by making wise use of resources, and by solving and preventing pollution problems.
3.02 Learning about health should be a fundamental part of every person's education.
4.01 More comprehensive coverage for the elderly is needed.
Topic
Subtopic Axiom
4.02 A national health program is needed.
4.03 Better hospital care at lower prices.
2.07 Eye banks
4.04
4.05
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4.07
4.08
All eye donors and recipients remain anonymous at eye banks.
Eye banks never store eyes over 48 hours.
Eye banks are where materials are stored.
There are 65 eyebanks in America.
The Medical Eye Bank of Maryland, founded in 1962, is the world's largest source of eyes.
2.08 The medical profession
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Doctors help keep people healthy.
The doctor listens to yor heart and lungs.
Some doctors can help children hear better.
Doctors can help children who need medicine.
Some doctors can help children see better.
There are many different kinds of doctors.
One type of doctor is a dentist.
Some doctors work with people in clinics.
Some doctors deliver babies.
Some doctors work in labs and study disease.
A psychiatrist is a doctor of medicine who has been educated and trained to help people who are mentally ill.
Many specialists limit their work to a certain area of a person's body.
A psychologist is a person who has been educated and trained to help people solve problems.
A medical doctor spends eleven years or more in medical studies and in special training.
Medical doctors may work in a variety of places such as hospitals, clinics, schools, and private offices.
Parts of this long training period is concerned with proper treatment by drugs if necessary.
In the course of training, a doctor picks an area in which to specialize.
The technological implications of medicine have caused the American medical profession to modify it's policies and
structures over the years.
4.02 Federal subsidies have been relatively small, designed to supplement rather than change the existing system.
4.03 American medicine between 1890 and 1914 moved toward professional maturity.
4.04 The AMA functions both of educational upgrading and intraprofessional reform.
2.09 The nursing profession
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Men as well as women serve as nurses.
Nurses are specially trained to help those who are sick or hurt.
Nurses help give medicine to people.
Nurses are sometimes in schools and help children.
Nurses may visit sick or very old people at home.
Hospitals employ many nurses.
Must be licensed before they can offer their services.
To get licensed, nurses must have a certain amount of education.
A practical nurse aids medical doctors, registered nurses and other health workers in care of patients.
A registered nurse works under the direction of medical doctors in taking care of patients.
A registered nurse helps prepare patients for operations and assists during them.
Nurses help patients who require constant observation and care.
Nurses have developed a patterned approach to patient care that is almost akin to a conditioned response.
Nurses hold the responsibility for assessing and enhancing the health status, assets and potentialities of human beings.
Nursing is physically, emotionally, and intellectually fulfilling.
Nursing and it's practice has become increasingly diversified.
Topic
Subtopic Axiom
4.05 The nursing profession is divided into two major organizations, i.e., the American Nurse's Association and the newly created
National League for Nursing.
2.10 The dental profession
1.01
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The dentist looks for cavities.
The dentist uses a special drill to clean out the decayed or rotten part of a tooth.
The dentist has special tools for cleaning the teeth well.
The dentist sees how your teeth fit together.
Must be licensed before they can offer their services.
To get licensed, they must have a certain amount of education.
Dentists help keep teeth healthy.
A dental hygienist cleans teeth and counsels patients in dental health.
A dental laboratory technician is skilled at making dentures to replace lost teeth and other dental devices.
To be a dentist, a person must have at least three years of college and must complete a four year program in dental school.
A dental assistant has varied duties in the dentist's office.
There are many careers to choose from in the field of dental health.
Almost one third of all dentists are less than 35 years old.
Over one fifth of all dentists indicated they would like more patients.
In the state of Wisconsin, there are 2,665 dentists with a ratio of total state population at 1,736 to 1.
There is a 10 to 1 ratio of full time dentists compared to part time.
The average total hours worked per week reported by dentists was 38.4.
2.11 Physical therapy
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People in physical therapy treat people who have lost the use of their muscles.
Another important kind of health career is that of a physical therapist.
Therapy allows a person to help himself by using some of his muscles to do such things as dress and feed himself.
Physical therapy is connected with many noninfectious diseases like cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease
Physical therapy is defined as getting rid of certain physical problems by the use of exercise, massage and application of
Physical therapy is a speciality within the field of medicine.
Between 80 and 90% of 7000 selected hospitals have physical therapy departments.
Conditions of long lasting ailments require many treatments to produce desired results.
Physical therapy will often effect a saving as it will enable the patient to return to work.
2.12 Multiple health occupations
3.01
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3.05
A therapist
A health educator.
A medical technologist.
A nutitionist.
A medical assistant.
2.13 Medical specialists
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An eye doctor checks your eyes to see if you need glasses.
An ambulance worker takes care of sick people while they are driven to the hospital.
X-ray technicians take pictures of many parts of the body.
A pediatrician is a doctor who specializes in working with children.
An otologist treats the ears.
An ophthalmologist treats all defects, injuries, and diseases of the eye.
Doctors may specialize in just one area.
A dermatologist treats skin problems.
An orthopedist treats defects and injuries of bones, muscles and joints.
An audiologist studies, diagnoses and treats people with hearing problems.
A podiatrist diagnoses and treats diseases and deformities of the feet.
Topic
Subtopic Axiom
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A psychiatarist is a medical doctor who has additional training in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of emotional
A radiologic technologist performs x-ray procedures.
A speech pathologist studies, diagnoses, and treats speech problems.
A physical therapist helps patients overcome their physical problems through exercise, massage and the use of heat and
Psychiatry is a specialty in medicine.
A medical specialist is someone of identifiably superior skills in the medical field.
Gynecology is a specialty in medicine.
Anesthesiology is a specialty in medicine.
Specialization came to the U.S. as a functional response following WWI.
2.14 Medical and surgical costs
3.01
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3.03
4.01
4.02
4.03
Money from different organizations is used to help find the best ways of dealing with illness.
Money is constantly being spent by researchers to try to find out more about the causes and cures of diseases.
Doctor's bills, medicine, and nursing care is very costly.
The fees of the private practice include some factors such as time involved.
The American system of medical and surgical costs procedures are not as common a practice in other parts of the world.
The principal danger in fee for service and case payments is the performance of medically unnecessary procedures in order
to collect money.
4.04 Surgical costs include some of these charges, i.e., anesthesiology, specialty and procedure, specialists assistant.
4.05 Medical and surgical costs are rising steadily in the U.S.
2.15 Blue Cross Hospital Insurance
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10
Your coverage for length of stay is 120 days per period of disability (providing you were out of hospital 90 consecutive
Coverage for nervous and mental care is a 31 day period of disability in a general hospital or sanitarium.
There is a $50.00 deductible for covered inpatient charges.
When inpatient is holding a private room coverage pays an allowance equal to hospitals charge for all it's 2 bedrooms.
Coverage for semi-private room pays medically necessary charges.
2.16 Blue Shield Medical Care
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
Coverage includes rental costs of an iron lung for treatment of respiratory paralysis.
Coverage includes physical therapy services by a registered physical therapist.
Covered services for drugs which cannot be obtained without a written prescription.
Each person covered pays the first $100 of incurred expenses for covered services during each calendar year.
Provides you and each eligible member with a maximum of $250,000 for two classes of service.
2.18 Blood donors and blood banks
3.01
3.02
3.03
4.01
4.02
4.03
The American National Red Cross is a voluntary organization associated with blood donation.
To test a persons blood, a sample is taken from the blood donor.
Members of the Red Cross collect blood and give it to hospitals each year.
Forms of ownership of the above facilities include government, propriety, voluntary and Red Cross.
Non-hospital blood banks include Red Cross - Community - Commercial.
Increasing demands for blood have led to establish a vast complex of organizations which collect, process, and distribute
blood and it's products.
4.04 The practice of blood transfusion became theoretically possible following William Harvey's discovery of the circulatory
2.19 Jobs in public health
1.01
1.02
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3.01
Some community health workers study pollution.
There are public health workers called sanitarians who check dairies, food factories, food stores, and restaurants.
There are many different kinds of health careers.
Nurses work for the health department.
Some people who work for the public health department are doctors.
Sanitarians work for the health department.
The Center for Disease Control (CDC) is responsible for controlling communicable and other diseases.
Topic
Subtopic Axiom
3.02 Scientists at the institutes do advanced medical research involving the control of certain diseases such as cancer, arthritis,
neurological disease, and heart and lung disease.
3.03 The main agency for carrying out the responsibility for safe guarding the nations health is the Department of Health,
Education and Welfarae.
3.04 The Public Health Service guards against dangerous communicable diseases that might be brought into the country.
4.01 A dietician can be in public health.
4.02 An ambulance medic can be in public health.
4.03 An exercise physiologist can be in public health.
2.20 The chest x-ray
1.01 Doctors can see inside your body with an X-Ray.
1.02 Special pictures call x-rays can be made with machines called x-ray machines.
3.01 An x-ray scanner is a new tool which enables doctors to see a picture of any cross section of the body just as if the body
were sliced in two.
3.02 The x-ray was discovered in Germany in 1895 by Wihelm Konrad Roentgen.
4.01 A chest x-ray can determine possible damage to the thoracic area.
4.02 Routine laboratory tests for a thorough examination include a chest x- ray.
4.03 A chest x-ray can determine T.B.
4.04 A chest x-ray can determine possible heart malfunctions.
4.05 All types of material may be irradicated with x-rays to cause chemical change.
2.21 Medicaid/medicare
1.01
3.01
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Medicaid is a medical assistance program for the needy of all ages.
Medicare is a health program for people sixty-five years and older.
Medicaid covers costs for prenatal and postnatal care.
Medicare is a federal program designed to help people over the age of 65 with their medical problems.
Medicaid will pay for part of the hospital bill.
Medicare is a federal program for the financially disabled.
The bulk of federal health spending is in the Medicare and Medicaid programs.
Proper medical care is a right not just a privilege.
Medicaid was intended to provide quality medical care.
Many poor received no medical attention before Medicaid was brought into action.
The national health organization that administers medicaid is the division of Health, Education and Welfare called the Social
and Rehabilitation Service.
2.22 Acupuncture
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Needles are inserted into parts of the body and twirled rapidly to treat diseases or induce anesthesia.
Acupuncture does not produce muscle relaxation which is important for major surgery.
A few experiments have been conducted in the U.S. with acupuncture and it's effects.
Acupuncture is a folk medicine from the ancient orient (chinese).
While acupuncture has many potential uses, it should not be considered a cure-all.
Acupuncture is an ancient Chinese art that appears to ease pain and relieve various disease conditions in the human body.
Acupuncture involves the insertion of needles into the body at more than 300 specific points.
There are 500 to 1600 or more acupuncture points on the human body.
Very fine needles of steel and copper are used.
Acupuncture is not widely accepted as a good anesthetic.
Acupuncture is now being used to produce anesthesia during surgery, dental extractions and childbirth.
2.23 Chiropractic
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
The American Medical Association does not support the works of chiropractics.
The chiropractic believes that ailments are caused by an unaligned spine.
A chiropractor works on both psychological as well as physical ailments of the body.
A chiropractor is a trained and certified person.
Topic
Subtopic Axiom
3.05
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
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4.09
On the average, a chiropractor is less expensive than seeing a specialist.
Chiropractic also includes nutritional guidance and emotional counseling.
Chiropractic is a nonmedical approach to healing.
Chiropractic is based on theory.
Chiropractic is not a widely recognized form of treatment.
Treatment is to relieve the pinching of the spinal nerves.
Little is known about chiropractic because of the little research spent on it.
Disease is caused by improper or abnormal nerve function.
Chiropractors have had as good of results as M.D.'s in a study done at the University of Utah.
It is based on the belief that the nervous system controls all other systems of the body.
2.34 The U.S. Public Health Service
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The U.S. Public Health Service is so big that it is divided into a number of parts.
The U.S. Public Health Service gets the money it needs from the U.S. government.
The national health service is called the United States Public Health Service.
The U.S. Public Health Service helps protect the health of everyone in this country.
The U.S. Public Health Service was formed by the U.S. government.
Has latest information on health and sanitary matters.
Lends trained people to help states and cities develop and maintain efficient health departments.
Seeks knowledge to control crippling and killing diseases.
Identifies and takes steps to control hazards in certain consumer goods and services.
Collaborates with foreign governments and international organizations in health activities.
Conducts and promotes programs of medical research and health education.
Provides certain kinds of direct health care such as quarantine centers.
Helps communities expand their physical and mental health services by giving financial or other assistance for training
centers and personnel.
2.35 Department of Health, Education and
3.01 Main agency for guarding the nation's health.
3.02 Department of Health, Education and Welfare provides essential health, education, and welfare services for the people of
the United States.
3.03 The Social and Rehabilitation Service conducts health service programs for the handicapped, the crippled, the mentally
retarded, the blind, and the disabled.
3.04 Head of department appointed by the President.
3.05 A department of the federal government.
3.06 Consists of many groups such as the National Institutes of Health and the Social Security Administration.
4.01 As the need for health information, services, and research changes so does the organization of the HEW.
4.02 It was created under President Eisenhower in 1952.
4.03 The department which oversees many of the agencies concerned with our health.
4.04 Two of the most important divisions of the HEW are the U.S. Public Health Service and the Social ahnd Rehabilitation
2.36 Federal Food and Drug Administration
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The FDA checks foods and drugs to make sure they are safe to use.
One part of the U.S. Public Health Service is called the Food and Drug Administration.
The FDA makes sure that food and drugs are truthfully advertised and labeled.
Enforces laws dealing with safety of food, drugs and cosmetics.
Checks labels on products.
Checks factories where products are made.
Maintains district offices to respond to consumer inquiries about product safety.
In 1955, it was broadened to control not only narcotics but barbiturates, stimulants, and hallucinogens as well.
Was formed in 1906 to enforce the federal food, drug and cosmetic act.
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4.04 Sets standards of food labeling to show nutritional content, food additives, and package amounts. Also conducts research,
inspections and food recalls.
2.37 State Health Departments
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State health departments give money to local health departments that need it.
State governments have formed state health departments to protect people's health.
The cost of running the state health department is paid for by money from the state government in the form of taxes.
The state health department runs laboratories which local health departments may use for discovering cases of certain
State health departments send extra medicine to local health departments.
Ensures public health nursing.
There is a state department of health in every one of the fifty states in the United States.
Oversees the control of communicable disease.
Protects the health of citizens.
Ensures public health education.
Works in conjunction with federal and local agencies.
Operates state hospitals to deal with mental health problems, tuberculosis, and care of the aged.
Establishes own disease control laws and sanitary codes.
Establishes ordinances relating to health.
It operates laboratories to test infectious diseases or those of public concern.
2.39 City and local health departments
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A health department protects people's health by working for a safe environment.
The local health departments see to it that places where food is sold are kept clean.
The local health departments see to it that garbage is taken away from homes, schools, and many other places.
A health department protects people's health by fighting communicable diseases.
A health department may protect people's health by teaching them good health practices.
Since most families need help for protecting their health, most city and county governments have formed local health
A health department uses medicines called vaccines to help prevent diseases.
Monitors air pollution levels.
Makes sure that milk is sold under sanitary conditions.
Makes sure food stores and restaurants are clean.
Makes sure communities water supply is safe.
One service involves keeping and using certain records like birth, deaths and certain diseases.
Concerned with environmental sanitation.
Some health departments may work directly with schools to help plan health programs.
Another service provided by many local departments of health is health education.
They educate the people in the community as to how to protect themselves from illness and disease and teach legitimate
medical treatments.
2.40 Voluntary health agencies
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Voluntary health organizations provide health services along with doctors, clinics, and hospitals.
Have national headquarters with state and local branches.
Education and research are the main function.
One of the first voluntary health organizations was the Red Cross.
American Cancer Society and American Heart Association are examples.
Voluntary because most people work without pay and because funds supporting the organizations come from donations.
Other organizations help the underprivileged or the disabled gain employment or receive needed health care.
Voluntary organizations include hospitals where workers help doctors and nurses.
Some volunteers raise finances to support national organizations such as the American Cancer Society, Red Cross, and
American Heart Association.
2.41 American Red Cross Blood Program
3.01 It gives blood to about 4,100 civilian and government hospitals.
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3.02 It collects about four million blood donations a year from volulntary donors.
3.03 The Red Cross is the coordinating agency for providing blood and blood products to the U.S. Department of Defense on
request or during a national emergency.
4.01 The program provides whole blood and blood products to physicians and hospitals in communities served by the program.
4.02 The program provides a network of blood collecting facilities and trained personnel that could serve as a nucleus for
expansion in times of national emergency.
4.03 The Red Cross Blood Program provides services designed to meet the entire blood needs of a community or supplement
existing blood supplies.
4.04 The foundation of the program is the volunteer.
2.42 Community aspects of fluoridation of
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Some states have laws that require all their cities to fluoridate water.
Many disputes regarding fluoridation result from personal beliefs and cannot be settled by scientific research.
More than 100 million persons in over 5000 cities in the U.S. drink fluoridated water.
In 1944, the U.S. Public Health Service began the experimental addition of fluoride to drinking water.
Fluoride is a natural substance found in almost all water and many foods.
The addition of one part per million of fluroide added to the local water supply is needed to prevent the decay of children's
By 1950, one half of the cities in the state of Wisconsin had fluoridated their water.
Man has been drinking fluoridated water for centuries.
2.43 Community health screening programs
3.01 Immunization programs are among the services provided by health departments and other public health agencies.
3.02 Many school systems provide annual checkups of students' vision.
3.03 Labor, Industry and the Industrial Commission, in cooperation with the Industrial Hygiene Unit of the State Board Of Health
have evolved a mutually satisfactory program for the examination of employees in all types of industry and applicants for
3.04 Public clinics provide free testing for high blood pressure and other diseases. They also help educate the public about good
health habits.
4.01 Basic health care services are now being given in neighborhood health centers by family health workers.
4.02 Planned parenthood is a relatively new and popular program added to most communities.
4.03 Children also have ear and eye check-ups given by community health care teams while in school.
4.04 The Free Clinic has become a significant force for innovating change in community health care delivery.
2.45 The World Health Organization
2.01 The WHO helps developing or growing countries handle their health problems.
2.02 WHO helps developing countries by sending them good health information.
2.03 The World Health Organization (WHO) helps developing countries by lending them health workers; some of these workers are
doctors and nurses.
2.04 The members of the World Health Organization come from over a hundred countries.
2.05 Health workers from WHO teach families how to make their water safe to drink.
2.06 The World Health Organization trains new health workers for those countries.
2.07 The World Health Organization helps developing countries fight diseases.
2.08 The World Health Organization helps developing countries improve their people's nutrition.
2.09 The World Health Organization helps teach people in developing countries how to practice good sanitation.
3.01 WHO provides to national governments, on request, advice and practical assistance in strengthening national health
3.02 By keeping information current, the WHO encourages the exchange of scientific information to better the health of all people
of the world.
3.03 The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations with headquarters at Geneva,
3.04 Such activities as establishing international standards for environmental conditions, evaluation of food contaminants and
additives, population control, cancer research, and efforts to solve problems concerning the human environment are all part
4.01 WHO was created in 1948.
4.02 Two fundamental principles which inspire the work of the WHO are universality and the concept of health.
4.03 WHO helped a number of countries develop training courses for nurses.
4.04 WHO gives assistance in the establishlmlent of industrial health services, the organization of hospitals and medical care,
rehabilitation of physically handicapped persons, health services for seafarers, etc.
2.46 Leading world health problems
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Heart disease is the leading cause of death in this country.
Air pollution can cause or worsen many illnesses such as allergies and lung disorders.
Progress affects the use of resources and the buildup of solid wastes.
Air, water, thermal, and noise pollution are important health concerns.
Man's increasing population affects the survival and health of people by bringing about serious food shortages.
At present, fewer than 10% of children born in developing countries are being fully immunized.
Oil and deadly chemicals entering the ocean waters.
There are hundreds of infectious diseases known to man today.
Leprosy is caused by a kind of bacteria by direct or indirect contact.
Fifty million people suffer from malaria each year.
Hunger and malnutrition stemming chiefly from inadequate distribution of food.
Cholera is found mainly in India and in certain other countries in Asia.
Sanitation is a big health problem in some overcrowded and poor cities.
There are many parts of the world that do not receive sufficient medical attention.
Countries that do not produce enough food cannot supply foods that are good for one's health and thus cause disease.
Overpopulation causes many health problems.
2.47 World health organizations
2.01 UNICEF helps countries throughout the world improve the health of their children.
3.01 FAO is the Food and Agriculture Organization. FAO helps protect world health by helping people raise more and beter food
and by giving money for researching certain problelms.
3.02 CARE(Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere) features feeding programs, self-help, and medical aid and development
4.01 March of Dimes is an organization which aids in birth defects and their causes and preventions.
2.48 Worldwide cooperation in reporting
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Doctors report cases of disease to local or state health departments.
The state governments send reports to the National Vital Statistics Division of the National Center for Health Statistics.
Government officials collect, tabulate, analylze and publish records.
The United Nations issues the annual Demographic Yearbook and other statistical publications.
The United States and other countries report vital statistics to the Statistical Office of the United Nations.
Health agencies provide information regarding epidemic diseases.
Mass media aids in reporting of diseases or epidemics.
CONSUMER HEALTH
3.01 Advertising
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Wise food shoppers try to get as much good food as possible for the least amount of money.
Menus in a restaurant is one way of advertising the different foods you eat.
The smell of certain foods you like will make you hungry.
If consumers get ripped off by some advertising scheme, they can take their claim to the Better Business Bureau.
Advertising of a quack product usually claims a cure for a disease.
The Federal Trade Commision was formed to control advertising.
According to the Federal Food and Drug Act, medicines must have instructions and quantities of the medicine on the label.
The Food and Drug Administration requires that all claims and products be proven safe and effective.
Can be useful.
Used exaggerated claims, i.e., world's best, the greatest...
Offers rewards, i.e., special saving, free coupons...
Are often endorsed by celebrities.
Plays on your mental and social attitudes.
Uses flattery, makes you feel special.
Can be dangerous.
Can be a gimmick just to get you to buy the product.
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4.09 Often has little or nothing to do with providing worthwhile information.
3.02 Quackery in health
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Quackery can also be dangerous.
The products and services quacks sell are called quack products and quack services.
Since quack products and services can be useless and dangerous, you need to protect yourself against them.
Try to sell you things to cure the incurable.
Most quacks do not have the special education and training needed in order to be a doctor.
Each year people in the U.S. spend more than a billion dollars on health quackery.
Quackery can involve drugs and cosmetics.
A familiar kind of quackery involves phony machines for curing ills.
Many people are taken in by food quackery.
Quacks prey upon many people and it is advisable to consult with another authority before getting involved.
A quack is a person who pretends to possess knowledge or information about thr treatment of disease and illness.
A nostrum is a product or substance distributed for sale by the quack.
3.03 Protection for the consumer
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We should consider carefully before we buy various food products advertised on radio or television.
If you have any questions about buying a health product or service ask someone who can give you a good answer, such as
You should read all labels on a health product before buying it.
You should go to the right places to get health products and services such as a drug store.
The American Medical Association makes studies about drugs and devices and reports the information in a magazine for the
Certain foods in food stores have a date which shows how long the foods can be safely kept.
Fraud, a false advertising, is the misrepresenting of a product to trick a person into buying it.
The Post Office Department protects the consumer from being cheated or offered harmful products through the mail.
To get the most nutrition for your money, read the labels on everything you buy.
The Food and Drug Administration checks food, drugs, cosmetics, and health devices for safety.
The Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act of 1938 set requirements for specific information to be put on labels.
The Environmental Protection Agency has authority in the following areas, i.e., establishment of standards related to noise,
water and environmental regulation; motor vehicle and industrial emissions; use and regulation of pesticides; and solid waste
4.03 The Delaney clause is used to keep any food additive that is found to induce cancer when ingested by man or animal off
4.04 The Federal Food and Drug Administration and other government agencies exist to provide consumers with valid information
on which they can make their own choices.
4.05 It is up to the consumer to become educated about issues so that he/she can vote according to correct information.
4
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
4.01 Nuclear power plants
3.05 In all cases, steam is produced which propels the blades of a turbine which in turn drives a generator that produces electric
3.06 In other reactors the treated coolant transfers heat to water in a steam generator, thereby vaporizing the water to form steam.
3.07 The design of an electric power generating plant based on nuclear fuel is quite similar in principle to that for a plant using a
fossil fuel (coal, oil, or gas).
4.02 Conservation of resources
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Use both sides of a piece of paper.
Keep picnic places clean and tidy for others to use.
When you are not using a radio, turn it off.
Turn off the television when you've finished watching it.
4.03 Genetic effects of radiation
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Chromosomes are affected by radiation.
Radiation damagaes living tissues.
Radiation which reaches the reproductive cells causes mutations.
Strong evidence shows that radiation causes cancer.
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Data on the effects of radiation has been collected from Hiro Shima.
Genetic mutation due to radiation exposure is dependent of total dosage not merely length of exposure.
A nuclear war could result in massive mutation of all forms of life.
All mutations arising through radiation are likely to be harmful.
Radiation produces breaks in chromosomes.
In living cells the effects of radiation produces permanent changes in chemical bonds.
The degree of damage is related to the amount of exposure.
4.04 DDT
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In some places, the use of certain pesticides, like DDT, has been outlawed.
Scientists have found that small amounts of the pesticide DDT is harmful to plankton.
Pesticides sometimes do more damage to plants or animals than they are supposed to.
DDT is a pesticide that is used to kill only certain kinds of pests.
DDT tends to concentrate in living tissues, especially the fatty tissues of the human body.
Millions of lives have been saved through the use of DDT to destroy malaria-carrying mosquitos.
It is not easily broken down.
4.05 Water pollution and health
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We treat water at waste treatment plants.
Polluted water is harmful to the body.
Many factories now clean their water before dumping it into rivers and lakes.
It is easier to treat water that is not too polluted by sewage.
Many communities get their water from nearby streams and lakes, much of this water is polluted.
Turn faucet off tightly.
Turn off water when brushing your teeth..It saves water.
If you learn to use water with care, you may develop habits and attitudes that will carry over into wise use and conservation
of other natural resourses.
Fertilizers and pesticides can wash in rivers after it rains if farmers don't obey the law.
Water may become dangerous when it gets polluted with germs or poisons.
In poor countries sewage can collect in wells, lakes and streams and pollute the drinking water.
Fish from polluted waters may be dangerous to eat.
Laws have been passed to fight water pollution.
People must have safe water to use so laws were made to stop homes and factories from emptying wastes into rivers and
Fish and shellfish from some waters cannot be eaten because they contain PCB's, mercury and other chemicals in amounts
dangerous to humans.
Water treating chemicals(chlorine, for example) help make sure the water that comes from your faucet is good water to
Water polluted with human and animal wastes can spread typhoid fever and other diseases.
Water pollution upsets various natural processes that constantly take place in water.
Most of these materials come from industries, farms, and sewage systems.
Water pollution threatens food supply.
In some countries, many people have died as a result of eating fish and other sources of food containing wastes from
The total amount of pollution entering our waterways annually has been estimated at 804 billion pounds of suspended solids
and 137 billions pounds of dissolved solids--more than 2 tons per citizen.
Water pollution is a result of too many people and too much waste.
Abuse by large quantities of raw sewage, waste products of industrial and chemical plants, slaughter houses, petroleum
residues, poisonous herbicides and insecticides all add to the pollution of our lakes and rivers.
Phosphates overstimulate the growth of the primitive water plants called algae, which overrun lakes and streams, consume
vast quantities of oxygen, and choke out other life such as game and food fish.
The quality of water is intimately tied to the physical well being of the universe.
Synthetic detergents are not biodegradable and thus become water pollutants.
4.06 Air pollution (smog)
1.01 Some community health workers study air pollution day to day.
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It can make some people feel tired.
Polluted air can make it hard for some people to breathe.
It can make your eyes water and burn.
Sometimes you can't see the pollution in the air because it is a gas.
Some laws have been made to stop the burning of leaves, garbage, and other things.
In some places, certain factories must close down when air pollution becomes very bad.
Air pollution can cause damage to the circulatory system.
Automobiles have been the chief cause of air pollution in most cities.
Burning gas pollutes the air less than coal.
Air pollution can be dangerous to people's health.
Some factories have had to change the type of fuel they use to cut air pollution.
Particulates can settle in the lungs and worsen such respiratory diseases as asthma and bronchitis.
Materials which are not necessary parts of air and which may be harmful to living things enter the air from things such as
cars, trains, power plants, and mills.
Some experts believe that particulates may even help cause such diseases as cancer, emphysema, and pneumonia.
Gases and particulates burn people's eyes and irritate their lungs.
The air over cities becomes so filled with pollutants that it harms the health of people and also harms plants, animals,
fabrics, building materials, and the economy.
Smog keeps many of thed sun's rays from reaching plants and animals.
Generally, air pollution comes about because of the need to make and operate more things for more people.
Air pollution is one of the most noticeable problems affecting the environment today.
Studies show that many more persons die or are hospitalized for lung and related disorders during periods of high pollution
than other times.
Automobiles cause over 50% of all atmospheric contaminants.
It is estimated that air pollution costs the U.S. 11 billion dollars a year in damages and illness.
Carbon monoxide is an odorless, colorless gas that is lethal even in small concentrations.
Most air pollution results from the incomplete burning of fuels and other materials, such as garbage.
4.07 Overpopulation and health
3.01 It is predicted that if the present rate of increase continues throughout the world, many people will face starvation unless the
production of food increases also.
3.02 Overpopulation drains natural resources.
3.03 The population explosion has many effects such as food and housing shortages, crowded and unhealthy living conditions,
using up of many resources, and pollution problems.
3.04 Shortages of doctors and other medical people also are related to the population explosion. Many people may turn to
unqualified sources for medical help.
3.05 There are about 3.7 billion people in the world today; two thirds of these people hardly ever have a nutritious meal.
4.01 The higher the population the more medical assistance needed.
4.02 The number of patients per doctor is too high.
4.03 Disease spreads more rapidly when there is an overpopulated area.
4.04 Overcrowding will be a problem that will have to be dealt with.
4.05 There is overcrowding in many metropolitan area hospitals.
4.08 Pollution control devices
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Industries can help reduce water pollution by treating wastes before dumping them.
Blowing a car horn and having a noisy engine are against the law in some communities because it is considered noise
Waste treatment plants can help fight water pollution by killing many of the germs.
One way of reducing noise pollution is to use special materials to sound proof buildings.
Incinerators are used to burn solid wastes and special devices keep them from pollulting the air.
States have laws against littering.
Most communities have garbage and trash pick up services.
Those who do not follow pollution limitation laws may have to pay a fine.
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Filters have been put on chimneys, and lead-free gasolines have been developed for cars to help stop air pollution.
Industries can use devices to lower the amount of pollution given off into the air and water.
Individuals can help control pollution by making use of recycling stations.
Electric precipitators can remove most dust particles smaller than .5 microns.
The catalytic converter on an automobile reduces the carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon products in exhause, but increases
sulfer oxide emissions.
4.03 Although filters are quite expensive in removing particles smaller than 1 micron, they do not require electrical energy.
4.04 Dry and wet cooling towers help reduce thermal pollution caused by nuclear power plants.
4.05 Pollution control devices do not work properly unless they are regularly maintained.
4.09 Thermal pollution
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The water put into the lake by nuclear power plants is warm which causes problems for life in the lake.
Thermal pollution results when the temperature of a body of water is raised because heated water has been added to it.
Sublethal effects of thermal pollution are decreased growth rate and prevention of reproduction of marine life.
If the temperature of a body of water is raised a few degrees by thermal pollution, living things in the water are most often
Atomic power plants and certain industries use water for cooling purposes so the water becomes heated.
Oxygen balance in water is affected by heat, i.e., it lowers the oxygen carrying capacity of water.
A rise in water temperature increases the metabolic rate which also increases oxygen consumption.
4.10 Pesticides and herbicides
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Bug sprays pollute the air.
Use flyswatters; bug sprays can be dangerous.
Meat can carry pesticides, because cows can graze on sprayed grass.
Herbicides are used to control weeds.
Though helpful in killing certain pests, the spraying of pesticides has added to the problems of air, water, and soil pollution.
Pesticides are poisons used to kill certain pests, or unwanted plants and animals.
Pesticides are used to help solve the problems of food shortages and of diseases spread by certain pests.
The pesticide DDT is fat soluble and therefore accumulates and builds up in the food chain.
The pesticides aldrin/dieldrin, DDT, endrin, and toxaphene ar highly toxic to fish, animals and humans.
The herbicide dioxin accumulates in the body in a dangerous way.
4.11 Solid waste pollution
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Saving old papers which can be taken to a special factory and recycled - shredded and then made into paper that can be
Paper towels should be placed in wastebaskets, not on the floor.
Putting waste paper in a waste basket, instead of dropping it anywhere.
Paper is made from trees; The more paper we use, the more trees must be cut down.
Picking up litter keeps the environment clean.
Try to keep the school, playground and home clean by putting trash in the trash cans.
Dumps are where solid waste ends up but this is a breeding ground for disease.
When we fail to dispose of solid wastes properly pollution problems are created.
Solid wastes are made up mostly of garbage, trash and junk.
Solid waste can be seen on sidewalks, alleys, parks, lakes and highways; this is calaled litter.
Solid waste is starting to be recycled.
A sanitary landfill is a place where cities dump their solid wastes, fill it in with land, and then reuse the land for other
Open dumping of solid wastes provides a breeding place for rats and flies.
Solid waste pollution has increased with the trend toward packaging goods in disposable containers.
The problem of solid wastes becomes greater as the population grows.
Solid wastes are made up of many things from paper and plastic to junk cars.
Recycling is a means to help reduce solid waste pollution.
The major problem for many cities is solid waste management.
The largest single source of solid waste is agriculture.
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4.03 The type of solid waste has shifted toward materials whose disposal is much more difficult, more costly and more hazardous
to health, i.e, aluminum, plastics and chemicals.
4.04 75-80% of municipal wastes end up in open dumps.
4.05 94% of all land disposal sites are unsanitary.
4.12 Noise pollution
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Cover your ears when there are loud noises.
Some loud noises can bother people and make them feel tired and cross.
Don't turn stereos on real loud--sound is distorted and it hurts your ears.
Try to reduce noise when possible.
Noise pollution can happen outdoors from cars, trucks and airplanes.
Noise pollution can cause high blood pressure.
The eardrum is made so that it moves back and forth or vibrates a little bit when sound reaches it.
Noise pollution can take many forms such as the noise from large trucks, trains, and airplanes or the noise that is creaed
from constrtuction and it can even be caused by people like a baby crying.
By carpeting the floor a person may help reduce noise pollution.
Some states have enforced laws that prohibit drivers from honking unless it is an emergency to reduce the noise pollution.
Noise pollution can cause ear damage.
Noise pollution can happen indoors from stereos, vacuum cleaners, televisions and fans.
Noise pollution can cause stress.
Noise from rock bands can cause temporary loss of hearing.
The loudness of sound is measured in decibels.
The increasing mechanization and industrialization of our society has sharply increased the frequency of noise-induced
As the noise level rises, the stress factor increases.
A prolonged decibel level of 85 may cause hearing damage.
Studies have found an association between sustained excessive noise level and high blood pressure and heart disease.
As noise builds up to 60 decibels it begins to interfere with ordinary conversation.
Continual bombardment by noise alone probably does not produce mental illness but it can have an effect on an already
depressed person.
Citizen input is significant in controlling industrial and recreational noise.
Half of all machinery generates potentially harmful noise levels.
4.13 Radiation
2.01 Too much sun can be harmful and cause a sunburn and possible cancer.
2.02 Too many x-rays can be harmful.
2.03 The United States is trying to get all nations to agree to stop setting off nuclear explosions above ground so as not to spread
radiation dust.
3.01 Radiation is a form of energy which comes from the splitting of certain kinds of atoms.
3.02 Atomic power plants give off radiation in low amounts but it is possible that large amounts may be given off by accident.
3.03 Radioactive agents increase the risk of cancer, genetic defects and death.
3.04 Being exposed to enough radiation can cause radiation sickness which damages cells in the body.
3.05 People most often come into contact with radiation when they have x- rays taken for medical reasons.
4.01 Nuclear radiations such as gamma rays are extremely dangerous.
4.02 Alpha and beta rays only damage the skin.
4.03 There is a latent period of 10-20 years before radiation induced cancer starts to appear.
4.04 Genetic changes can occur as a result of radiation.
4.14 Sewage
2.01
2.02
3.01
3.02
In poor countries there are few sewers so sewage can accumulate and cause disease.
Sewage is treated at waste treatment plants.
The federal government has made money available to some communities for building or improving sewage treatment plants.
Many communities treat their sewage at sewage treatment plants before it is sent into the waterways.
Topic
Subtopic Axiom
3.03
3.04
3.05
3.06
3.07
4.01
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4.03
Effective water treatment of sewage has helped to stop epidemics of typhoid, cholera, and dysentery.
Better sewage plants are being built to help stop water pollution.
Processes such as filtration and chlorination are used to purify water before it is allowed back into the waterways.
The ancient Romans built many sewers to keep the community clean.
Harmful bacteria and viruses may be discharged into waterways from sewage.
Bacteria that helps to decompose sewage are aerobic, anaerobic and faculative bacteria.
Sewage sludge contains large quantities and high concentrations of heavy metals and other potentially toxic constituents.
Certain kinds of industrial waste interferes with municipal sewage plant treatment.
4.15 Radiation and health
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Too much radiation is harmful to the body.
The sun is the major form of radiation (light and heat).
Nuclear power plants may cause radioactive pollution.
X-Rays are a helpful form of radiation.
No special clothing can protect a person from gamma radiation.
Common sources of radiation are x-rays, color televisions and microwave ovens.
Radiation pollution is among the most recent problems to affect man and the environment.
No special medicines can protect a person of radiation sickness.
Being exposed to enough radiation can cause radiation sickness, which damages cells in the bones, the lining of the stomach
and intestines, the skin, the sex glands, and may induce cancer.
If a person receives a small dose of radiation the body will repair itself.
Radiation normally comes from the sun, certain parts of outer space, and some minerals on earth; man adds to the amount
of radiation through the use of atomic energy.
Many countries have agreed to lower the number of atomic weapons tested and those that are tested are most often
exploded underground.
Patients can be cured by properly timed x-ray or gammaray treatments.
Animals who receive too much radiation often have deformed young ones.
In earlier years, people have died or been severely burned by over- exposure to radiation.
4.16 Pollens in the air
2.01
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The wind puts pollen in the air.
Atopic reactions occur in people who have been sensitized to inhaled pollens in the air.
Pollen is transported by a variety of things known as pollen vectors, including wind.
The primary function of pollination is to produce new individuals by seed to ensure survival.
The most familiar allergies are hay fever and asthma which are caused by a wide variety of inhaled pollens.
Irritation caused by grass pollen is more severe than by pollenous trees.
Early summer grasses begin to shed their pollen around haying time.
Early spring scatters enormous amounts of pollens into the winds.
The amount of pollen disseminated in the air is measured.
Hayfever is caused by flowers pollinated by insects.
4.17 Industrial dusts and health
4.01 Hundreds of people across the nation are victims of occupational diseases.
4.02 20% of all cancer cases are linked to the work place.
4.18 Noise, vibration and health
1.01
1.02
2.01
2.02
Loud noises can hurt peoples ears.
Loud noises can make people feel tired and cross.
Workers in noisy factories may have to wear special earmuffs and earplugs.
Scientists know that too much noise can be harmful to health by making people nervous, disturbing their sleep, or making
them tire easily.
2.03 Working in noisy places can make some people hard of hearing.
2.04 Some towns have laws that require noisy factories to close at night.
Topic
Subtopic Axiom
3.01 Estimates show forty million Americans are exposed to noise levels that may damage hearing.
4.01 Inability to adapt to annoying sound could lead to various physical and mental disorders including hypertension, heart
disease, ulcers, migrain headaches, intestinal upset, asthma and allergies.
4.02 Noise abatement bureaus in large cities are testing how noise pollution harms hearing.
4.03 People who live in residential areas nearest airports have the highest rates for admission to mental hospitals.
4.04 Hearing loss can begin at an early age and gradually continue.
4.05 Noise is considered a source of stress and cause the emergency reaction (adrenaline release) in your body.
4.19 The chlorination of water
3.01 Not long ago, the Cancer Institute reported that chloroform caused tumors when fed to rats and mice in high doses.
3.02 The possibility of harmful effects from the presence of very low levels of chloroform in water must be weighted against the
great benefit that chlorine provides.
3.03 Used to purify water by killing disease carrying bacteria.
3.04 In the past few years, it has been learned that chlorine, in reacting with the natural organic materials in water, will produce
chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as chloroform.
4.01 With modern equipment designed for accurately controlling and measuring gaseous chlorine, this procedure has proved to be
the most generally accepted and dependable method of disinfection.
4.02 By far, the major portion of chlorine added to water for disinfection reacts with and is consumed by the organic material in
4.03 Chlorination of water prior to filtration commonly known as prechlorination is usual practice.
4.04 In water purification, particularly in emergency situations, chlorine has the great advantage of remaining an effective
bactericide for an extended period of time.
4.05 Chlorine is generally available in one form or another and its action can be predicted with accuracy.
4.20 Sanitation of water supplies
1.01
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Some communities pipe water from rivers or lakes to water treatment plants.
Many communities get their water from nearby rivers or lakes.
Over the years towns and cities have dumped waste into the water.
It is easier to treat water that is not too polluted by sewage.
Some wastes that flow into nearby bodies of water may be harmful to plants and animals that live there.
Fish from such water may be dangerous to eat.
Radioactive dust pollutes water used for drinking, cooking, and bathing.
Water may become dangerous when it gets polluted with germs or poisons.
There are various steps in treating water for human consumption.
Nuclear power plants may pollute water with harmful radiation.
The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974, in essence, authorizes the Environmental Protection Agency to set national standards
fro safe drinking water.
Scientists and engineers are still looking for the ultimate system, one that will clean up our water at a reasonable cost.
Physical-chemical methods include the removal of phosphates, mineral salts, and suspended solids.
The basic function of waste treatment is to speed up the natural processes by which water purifies itself.
The most common form of water pollution control in the United States is a system consisting of sewers and a waste
treatment plant. The sewers collect the waste water from homes, businesses, and industries, and deliver it to the plant for
The average house owner will provide sanitary subsurface disposal or sanitary privies for domestic sewage and
satisfactorily control barnyard wastes when his confidence has been gained by an inspector.
Well water supplies are relatively safer from pollution than springs or surface streams.
Rigid control of water supplies has been the most important factor in the decrease of the typhoid fever death rate since the
beginning of the 20th. century.
Courts have usually awarded damages against both private and public water supply agencies found responsible for water
borne illnesses.
4.21 Organizations for the protection of the
3.01 The Environmental Protection Agency is an independent agency of the U.S. government.
3.02 The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is a major federal program dealing with research and
monitoring of oceanic and atmospheric issues.
3.03 The Environmental Protection Agency makes sure that certain measures to protect the environment are enforced.
3.04 The Public Health Service has six major divisions within it's structure, i.e., The Food and Drug Administration; The Health
Services Administration; The Health Resources Adminstration; The National Institutes of Health; The Center of Disease
Topic
Subtopic Axiom
3.05 Groups of citizens throughout the United States have formed organizations to fight pollution.
4.01 EPA helps set up a federal program for in-plant clean up by limiting emission of certain chemicals in the work place and
requiring use of special safety equipment.
4.02 The Environmental Protection Agency funds clean air research projects.
4.03 EPA sets up a massive program for water clean up.
5
FAMILY HEALTH AND SEXUALITY
5.01 Women's liberation
3.01 Laws passed in the United States and Canada during the 1960's and early 1970's aimed at ensuring equal treatment for men
and women.
3.02 Women's liberation groups work for strict enforcement of laws and regulations that promote women's equality.
3.03 Proponents of the women's liberation movement believe that sharing of tasks would result in relationships between men and
women based on mutual interests, respect and affection, rather than on men's economic and physical dominance.
3.04 In the 1970's, more women went to college and held a wider variety of jobs than ever before.
5.02 Preparation for marriage
3.01
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4.08
In a true friendship, each person accepts the other for what he/she is.
By sharing interests and problems, a couple can help each other grow in many ways.
A license must be purchased before marriage.
A couple should meet many of each others needs.
A couple must have a physical exam before marriage.
Managing the financial aspect of the couple should be worked out equally.
Couples of higher education as compared to couples within minimal education are happier in general.
Be sure to recognize and evaluate reasons for wanting to marry.
Think about potential problems as well as the satisfying aspects.
Potential marriage partners should be sure they have taken time to get to know themselves and each other before they
Religious beliefs have direct effect on several relations between couples.
People who marry should be mature.
Couples have to decide on their sexual relationship before and after marriage.
5.03 Pregnancy and health
2.01
3.01
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When the egg is fertilized by a sperm it is called fertilization.
Until just before birth, the amniotic sac surrounds and protects the growing fetus.
The process of fertilization is controlled by the reproductive system.
It usually takes about nine months for a human fetus to develop.
The pregnant woman should avoid foods of high fat content, spicy foods, and foods that produce a lot of gas.
A person's traits are determined at the moment of fertilization.
Some department of health nurses run classes for pregnant women and their husbands.
Soon after an egg cell is fertilized, it begins to grow by dividing over and over again.
Contact a doctor if you have frequent nausea and vomiting, especially after the third month.
Stretch marks occur in the second trimester of pregnancy and don't disappear after birth.
During pregnancy the sac containing and nourishing the unborn baby may press on the mothers hemorrhoidal veins causing
them to dilate.
Contact a doctor if there is pain in the lower part of the abdomen, especially if it is persistent and strong.
Fifty percent of the babies characteristics come from the mother and fifty percent comes from the father.
Contact a doctor if there is any disturbance in the passage of urine such as too little urine or pain while urinating.
After the first six weeks of pregnancy a colorless fluid should discharge from the nipple.
Fertilization takes place in the fallopian tubes.
The sperm determine the sex of the offspring. (The egg is always X- female while the sperm may be X-female or Y-male).
Normal number of spermatazoas in a fertile male is five million.
5.04 Health aspects of fertility
3.01 Cancer in the reproductive organs affects fertility.
Topic
Subtopic Axiom
3.02
3.03
4.01
4.02
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4.06
Failure to ovulate may be caused from psychological or glandular disturbances.
Cervical mucus infections can trap sperm causing infertility.
If the woman has blockage up to the uterus sperm cell implantation will not occur.
Identical twins are sometimes the result of the fertilization of one egg with one sperm.
If the woman's menstrual cycles are not regular or are seldon, it is extremely hard for her to get pregnant.
The woman can only conceive 48 hours prior to ovulation or 12 hours after ovulation.
Sperm live only 48 hours normally.
Fraternal twins are the result of fertilization of two separate eggs with two separate sperms.
5.05 Natural childbirth
3.01
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4.01
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4.03
Lamaze is the most common used natural childbirth in the U.S.
The husband also accompanies his wife through labor and delivery.
Natural childbirth can be defined as childbirth without anesthetics or pain killing drugs.
The mother is fully conscious during labor and delivery.
In Lamaze classes mothers learn to exercise and strengthern muscles used in labor and breathe according to contractions.
Women that plan on Natural Childbirth should be in constant contact with their doctor.
Women who have natural childbirth have more comfortable and satisfactory labors with less medication and anesthesia.
Natural childbirth has many misconceptions because of cultural attitudes.
5.06 The premarital examination and the Rh
3.01
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4.01
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4.03
If the hyman does not rupture easily, it can be discovered and ruptured during an examination.
A blood test for syphilis is required in many states before a marriage license is issued.
By having a premarital examination, one can set their mind at ease regarding having healthy children.
A physical examination can tell a couple if they are suffering from any disease that should be corrected before marriage.
If venereal disease is found in one of a couple, marriage should be postponed until cured.
A vaccination is available to women so they may have perfectly normal children.
Since blood tests have become automatic for pregnant women hemolytic disease in a newborn is completely controllable.
Rh incompatability of the couple that has many children increase the chance of damage to the mother and the child every
time conception takes place.
5.07 Cesarean surgery
3.01
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Some women can have a normal delivery after having a cesarean.
A cesarean is an operation which cuts through the abdominal wall and uterus to deliver a baby.
The uterus and abdomen are sewn up in layers.
Cesareans are used when the baby can't be born through the birth canal.
There is no limit to the number of cesareans a woman can have.
Cesarean surgery can be performed if the mother is having multiple complications.
If induction of labor fails, cesarean section can be made.
A cesarean surgery may be necessary if the baby is in an abnormal position.
If the baby is too large a cesarean surgery might be performed.
A surgical procedure to remove the baby through the abdominal and uterine wall.
Mothers who give birth by cesarean usually take longer to recover than mothers who give birth through the normal or breech
kinds of birth.
5.08 The climacteric (change of life)
3.01
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3.05
4.01
4.02
Bodily changes are sagging breasts, coarsening of the skin and weakening of the bone.
Female menopause (climacteric) occurs sometime in the 40's or 50's.
Menstrual flow may stop suddenly, taper off, or stop and start and stop again.
Severe symptoms can be treated with estrogens, i.e., female sex hormones.
Symptoms may be hot flashes, varing degrees of discomfort, and/or a sudden rise in blood pressure.
For men there is no real menopause or drastic change in their lives.
During and after menopause, women may become more emotional.
Topic
Subtopic Axiom
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
Sometimes the hormone (estrogen) diminishes and produces an uncomfortabale feeling.
Menopause is another name for the climacteric.
Women's ovaries no longer discharge eggs and menstruation ceases.
Exercising is very important to women so as to slow the aging process of the body.
Menopause does not cause the woman to lose her sex drive; it only means that she can no longer bear children.
5.09 Causes of divorce
3.01
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Incompatability and not knowing your partner is a cause of early divorce.
Sex problems from ignorance can be a concern of a spouse.
Lack of communication is the major cause of divorce.
Habitual drunkeness.
Disertion or abandonment for certain lengths of time.
Lack of respect and understanding for one another.
Lack of economic security.
Imprisonment for conviction of a felony.
Married merely on the basis of biological and physical attractions.
One or both spouses commits adultery.
Lack of maturity in one or both partners.
5.10 German measles during pregnancy
3.01 Young girls who receive the vaccine are immune and need never worry about the serious complication of German measles
during a pregnancy in later years.
3.02 A blood test can tell a pregnany woman if she is immune or not.
3.03 A vaccine is never given during pregnancy.
3.04 German measles in the first trimester of pregnancy may produce serious congenital malformations of the baby.
4.01 German measles can affect the unborn child and increase it's chances of having a congenital heart disease.
4.02 If the pregnant mother contracts Rubella during the first three months of pregnancy, there is a one in five chance of the
child being born with a defect.
4.03 Women who have had German measles before pregnancy are immune to the disease.
4.04 Hearing difficulties often result in the baby whose mother had German measles during pregnancy.
5.11 Immunization in children
1.01 The doctor or nurse may give a shot to keep one from getting a certain disease or diseases.
2.01 The body makes antibodies to protect itself from disease that germs may cause.
2.02 Boosters are new doses of vaccines given to older children so that they will always have antibodies to fight off certain
germs and always stay immune.
2.03 Vaccines are medicines that cause your body to make antibodies so you can become immune to many diseases without
having them.(Example: polio and smallpox).
2.04 Babies are given vaccines after two months old to help defend against some very dangerous diseases.
3.01 Doctors no longer recommend routine small pox vaccinations.
3.02 Doctors suggest that extra tetanus boosters are rarely needed.
3.03 Protective vaccinations for measles can be given anytime after twelve months.
3.04 It is important to protect young children and those who come into close contact with them against diseases which can be
prevented by vaccines.
3.05 Everyone should have a schedule of immunization recommended by a doctor.
4.01 Many diseases have almost been competely wiped out because of immunizations.
4.02 Small pox has been virtually wiped out with the use of vaccines.
4.03 Vaccines for both regular and German measles may soon become a routine procedure.
4.04 Commonly today all children are immunized against small pox, whooping cough, diptheria, tetanus and polio.
5.12 Home or hospital birth
2.01 The mother can usually get to the hospital, where it is most convenient to have the child and mother cared for.
2.02 The biggest job is automatically done by the mothers body, however both she and the doctor can help.
2.03 The student will become aware of different places people may be born.
Topic
Subtopic Axiom
2.04 The students will know where they were born.
3.01 Over 95% of all births are considered normal, i.e.; head first.
3.02 Ceasarean birth is the third way for birth to take place. This means that the baby is removed through the abdomen by the
doctor through surgery.
4.01 Natural childbirth is popular at present and actively involves parents mentally and physically during the birth.
4.02 The stages of birth are dilation, explusion and afterbirth.
4.03 Doctors sometimes use forceps if necessary to assist the mother during the expulsion stage.
4.04 Usually women have been put under anesthia before giving birth and therefore not able to see the birth process.
4.05 In the past, there were many infections involved with birth but now hospitals are sterile and better equipped.
5.13 Sex education
2.01
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It is important to learn correct names and details about one's body parts and what they do.
The student shall know some basics about their anatomy.
Sex instruction should begin in the home and it is wise not to wait too long to discuss sex with children.
Parents themselves must be comfortable with and free in their sexual relationships with each other if their children are to be
educated properly.
Sex education is more than knowing the sex organs and their functions.
The most effective way to tell children about sex is to provide information matched to their level of mental development.
When talking about sex organs call them by their correct names.
Don't be annoyed with a child's questions about sex; you should tell them as much as you think he or she can understand at
a certain age.
Most children get their sex education in the streets.
Sex education is a big controversy between the parents and the schools.
5.14 Menstrual problems and menstruation
2.01 To avoid pain, it helps to stand, sit, or walk with correct posture during those days of menstrual flow.
2.02 Menstruation will not occur if the egg meets a sperm cell and is fertilized.
2.03 A girl may have her first menstrual period when she is as young as ten, or as old as fourteen. The average age is twelve or
thirteen years.
2.04 The menstrual flow of blood and lining tissue usually lasts from two to five days.
2.05 Menstruation takes place when the uterus sheds it's lining.
2.06 A girl's menstrual cycle should not prevent her from carrying on her normal activities.
2.07 There are some exercises that health experts say will make the walls of the abdomen strong and the menstrual period more
comfortabale.
2.08 Menstruation is a sign that a girl's body is maturing or growing up the way it should.
2.09 Some slight pain may be felt if the girl does not have regular bowel movements during her menstrual cycle.
3.01 Menstruation may cause monthly pain or emotional disturbance in many women.
3.02 A woman's cycle is commonly affected by many external factors.
3.03 Backache, headache, tender breasts fall under thee catagory of pre- menstrual syndrome.
3.04 If there is severe pain during this time, she should see a doctor.
4.01 The level of estrogen is lower during menstruation.
4.02 Extremely painful menstruation is called dysmenorrhea and the absence of menstruation is called amenorrhea.
4.03 Menstrual cramps are caused by painful contractions of the uterus.
4.04 Variations in the length of the menstrual cycle may be caused by age, endocrine disorders, illness, emotional disturbances,
climatic factors or other conditions.
4.05 Effects that menstruation has on the body are a premenstrual rise in body temperature, a menstrual and post menstrual
drop, followed by a return to baseline and a lowering of the pulse rate from one to four beats per minute.
4.06 Menarche is the beginning of the menstrual period for young girls.
4.07 Normal menstrual flow usually lasts 3-7 days and occurs in a 26-34 day cycle.
5.15 Health qualifications for marriage
2.01 The Wassermann test for syphilis is required by most states before a man and woman are permitted to marry.
4.01 Women should have a pelvic examination before marriage.
4.02 A health background should be known by each marriage partner before entering into marriage.
Topic
Subtopic Axiom
4.03 Before marriage a couple should have a complete physical examination including a test for syphilis.
4.04 In the state of Wisconsin, the earliest a couple can marry is sixteen with their parents consent, otherwise a couple must wait
until they are eighteen.
4.05 In Wisconsin, it is only legal to marry someone who is not closer than a second cousin. (Exception is if the woman is over
50 and unable to reproduce).
5.16 Contraception
2.01
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When properly used, methods of birth control do provide a satisfactory way of limiting the size of families.
The essential thing to do to prevent the birth of a child is to keep a live sperm cell from joining a live egg cell and fertilizing it.
Most married couples practice family planning or birth control.
Birth control can be counted upon to succeed only when used correctly.
The practice of birth control is legal in every state.
The pill is the most effective form of contraception.
Coitus interruptus is the oldest contraceptive method known.
Douching is not an acceptable form of contraception.
Most of todays popular methods of birth control are for women.
For birth control methods to be effective, they must be used during all acts of coitus.
In the sixteenth century, the condom was developed for men to prevent venereal disease and has evolved from
impregnated linen sheaths to sheep intestine to the use of vulcanized rubber used today.
Contraception refers to the use of drugs or devices to limit fertility.
The pill is an oral contraceptive which prevents ovulation and may cause side effects in the user.
Contraceptives should be chosen carefully by each individual using them so as not to harm the body in any way.
Motivation between the couple can significantly influence the outcome of contraceptive use.
A physician named Mensingo developed the diaphragm for women in the late 1880's and is a very effective method of
contraception expecially when used in conjunction with a condom.
Early types of contraception are coitus interrruptus, douching, and occulsive devices.
The world would be overpopulated if it were not for contraception.
5.17 Abortion
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
Spontaneous abortions during the first three months of pregnancy are done by a procedure called dilation and curettage.
Early abortion involves fewer risks than pregnancy.
A method used when the pregnancy is in it's late months is opening up the uterus and removing the fetus.
Illegal abortions are those which are performed by people that may not be physicians and can be extremely dangerous.
After three months the saline solution method is used and spontaneous abortion occurs after the saline solution is injected
into the mother's uterus.
4.16 Women who have abortions are those who took a chance by not using an effective method of birth control.
4.17 The issue of abortion is fraught with controversy over attitudes toward life and death, religion and morality.
5.18 Masturbation
2.01
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4.01
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There is no physical harm in masturbation.
Masturbation does not cause mental illness.
Masturbation serves to release sexual tension.
80-90% of all males go through a stage in which they masturbate.
Masturbation is one of the means by which young boys and girls learn the nature of sex acts.
Masturbation does not cause acne, sterility, or blindness.
Masturbation supplies a necessary sexual outlet in the absence of other sexual relations.
Sexual fantasies are usually a part of masturbation.
Masturbation is found to be more common in men than women.
Masturbation is a normal activity of childhood and nearly all children do it.
Our society has placed strict taboos on nudity and masturbation.
Masturbation may be of psychological value in helping to learn about one's likes and dislikes in social stimulation.
5.19 Homosexuality
2.01 Most homosexuals look no different than anyone else.
Topic
Subtopic Axiom
2.02
2.03
2.04
4.01
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4.05
Homosexuality means to have a sexual preference for a person of the same sex.
Scientists do not agree on what causes people to prefer homosexual behavior.
It is natural for boys and girls to feel a strong attraction for members of their own sex when entering puberty.
Homosexuality is a variance from what is considered normal sexual behavior for the general population.
Experts consider the number of homosexual females (lesbians) to be smaller than the number of homosexual males.
In ancient Greece, homosexuality was considered acceptable behavior.
Homosexual tendencies are thought to exist to some extent in every individual.
In the adult population, homosexuality occurs in 4% of the males and 3% of the females; these people remain homosexual
the rest of their lives.
4.06 It is one of the most common sexual deviations and one that presents the most problems.
4.07 Homosexuality is a fixed pattern of sexual activity with a person of the same sex.
5.20 Sexuality and morality
4.08 Sexual development never ends and is of course essential to personality development.
4.09 We assert that physical pleasure within the context of meaningful human relationships is essential both as a moral value and
for it's contribution to wholesome social relationships.
4.10 Most people are accustomed to thinking of sex as something involving merely the genital organs.
4.11 People today tend to be more open about their sexual behavior than they have in the past.
4.12 The family is the basic unit of society.
4.13 Most sexual attitudes are influenced by our social environment.
4.14 Many unmarried couples share a mutual committment of love before engaging in sexual intercourse.
4.15 Developing a sense of equality between the sexes is an essential feature of a sensible morality.
4.16 Society hopes that adolescents wait until marriage to have sexual intercourse but this more strictly applies to girls than
4.17 Studies show that sexual patterns are changing in the direction away from promiscuity.
5.21 Living together
4.01 A problem with cohabitation is the illegitimate children which may result out of the relationship.
4.02 Living together has become common among college students, divorced individuals, and others who feel that legal ties are a
factor in the breakup of marriages.
4.03 It is economically better for the elderly to live together because each will receive social security instead of both trying to
live off one check.
4.04 Most couples who enter this relationship do not want a permanent union as provided by marriage.
4.05 It is thought that the only way to get to know a person of the opposite sex is to live with them before a committment to
4.06 Each person is free to break away at any time in this type of relationship with no bonds attached to them.
4.07 Most of these relationships are of a temporary nature while only one third last longer than six months.
5.22 Reproductive organs
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Sperm cells are contained in a fluid called semen that comes from the father's body.
A baby is formed in the mother's uterus.
Sperm are made in a pair of small oblong organs called testicles.
The student will have a basic understanding of what job these organs perform.
It is best to use the proper scientific facts when telling children about the reproductive organs.
The vagina is a passageway from the uterus to the outside of the body.
A woman's uterus is about as big as a large pear.
The student will realize the differences in the basic body structures of the male and the female.
In the woman, egg cells (ova) are made in special organs called ovaries.
The student will know the locations of these organs.
Boys have reproductive organs that are not fully grown, until later in life.
Sperm travel from inside the male body out through the penis.
The penis is the way by which sperm cells travel from inside the male to inside the female.
The vagina is also called the birth canal.
In the women there are two tubes called fallopian tubes, each one connects each ovary with the uterus.
Topic
Subtopic Axiom
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The fallopian tube is where the egg will become fertilized if the sperm unites with the egg.
The penis is located outside the males body and can be inserted only in the vagina when erect.
The epididymis and the vas deferens aid in the production of and transportation of seminal fluid.
The eggs are stored in the ovary and usually only one egg is released into the fallopian tube.
The testis is composed of many thick coiled tubes called seminiferous tubules where the sperm is produced.
In addition to sperm production, the testes are the source of androgens or male hormones.
The ovary, in addition to producing ova, is involved in the production of hormones (estrogens, progesterone, and androgens).
Sperm production begins at puberty and barring accident or disease, continues until old age.
5.23 Diseases of the male and female
4.01 Gonorrhea, commonly called clap, is an infectious disease involving the mucous membranes of the urethra and adjacent
4.02 Venereal diseases constitute one of the major health problems in the U.S. today because of their alarming rate of increase
and their effects on individuals of all ages and both sexes.
4.03 Vaginitis is the inflammation of the vagina which can result from a microorganism or a fungus overgrowth that may cause a
4.04 Sexually transmitted diseases are called veneral diseases after the Roman goddess of love, Venus.
4.05 Syphillis is caused by a spirochete which is acquired by contact, usually sexual, with a person in an infectious stage.
4.06 Non-gonoccal urethritis is found in males and it's major symptom is pus dripping from the urethra.
4.07 An infected woman may transmit a sexually transmitted disease to a newborn baby.
5.24 Physiology of sexual response
2.01 Arousal in men may be involuntary.
2.02 Generally, in women, sexual feelings are stirred more slowly than those of men.
3.01 During the deep and tender feelings which usually and normally occur between a male and female and just before and during
intercourse, the many blood vessels in the penis become filled with blood.
3.02 The clitoris is a very sensitive part of the female because of its many nerve endings.
3.03 The penis is a very sensitive part of the male body because of the many nerves.
4.01 The sexual responses for both sexes can be divided into four phases, i.e., excitement, plateau, orgasmic and resolution.
4.02 Muscles in various parts of the body contract, especially those of the arms, legs, abdomen and buttocks.
4.03 The heart rate increases with resulting increase in pulse rate and blood pressure.
4.04 The sex drive in both males and females is equal.
4.05 The size of a man's genitals has little to do with the pleasure during sexual intercourse for either sex.
4.06 Withdrawal of the penis usually follows the resolultion phase.
4.07 During and following every sex act, emotions are experienced.
5.25 Prenatal care
3.01 Sometimes harmful substances can pass through the placenta to the embryo from the mother's bloodstream.
3.02 Drugs should be used only for absolutely necessary reasons, particularly in the first thraee months when vital structures
and organs arae being formed.
3.03 There is statistical evaidence that infants tend to be smaller and incidence of prematurity greater if the mother smokes
3.04 Without the proper foods, especially during the first six months of life, a child cannot get the nutrients necessary for normal
3.05 From the start, the embryo or fetus is partly independent of the mother's tissues but also partly dependent.
3.06 Studies show that unborn babies probably can hear certain things going on inside as well as outside their mother's body.
4.01 During the first three months of pregnancy a woman with German measles may affect the unborn child and increase it's
chances of being born with a birth defect.
4.02 Good eating habits should be formed early in pregnancy for the babies sake and for unnecessary weight gain.
4.03 During pregnancy the developing baby draws upon it's mother's body for calcium to form and maintain it's skeleton.
Ostemalacia may result if the mother has a calcium deficiency.
4.04 A pregnant woman who has more than two alcoholic drinks a day runs the risk of giving birth to a child with one or more birth
4.05 There has been more healthy and normal babies born because of early pregnancy tests and proper prenatal care.
5.27 Premarital intercourse
4.01 North American tend to be more conservative in sexual behavior than Europeans and women of all nationalities are more
conservative than men.
4.02 In Massachusetts, at a well known church in the last part of the eighteenth century, one in every three women who married
confessed fornication to her minister.
Topic
Subtopic Axiom
4.03 American women have been entering marriage as nonvirgins for over fifty years.
4.04 During the last half centruy, guilt feelings have been reduced and the public discussion of sex has increased.
5.28 Transvestism
4.01 Sometimes fall in love with the same sex.
4.02 Most do not show any trace of overt homosexuality or even conscious homosexual tendencies.
4.03 Dress up in opposite sex clothes.
5.29 Transsexualism
4.01 Medicine plays a big part in transsexualism.
4.02 See themselves as trapped in the wrong sex body.
4.03 Constructing a male out of a female or vice versa.
5.30 Sexuality and the aging
4.01 One commonly recognized myth among younger people is that older people, especially grandparents, have no sexual
4.02 Make every effort to retain as much of their sexual attraction for each other as possible.
4.03 Married couples who have been sexually active in their younger days retain their sexual drive as long as they remain in good
physical health.
4.04 Even in old age, sex remains an important part of the lives of many married couples.
4.05 When a husband or wife dies or is physically disabled by accident or disease, sexual desire in the marriage disappears.
5.31 Frigidity
4.01 Neither satisfaction or pleasure in one's sexual life.
4.02 Frigidity occurs when the two partners do not know how or are afraid to explore each other's bodies and learn the many ways
of sexual love.
4.03 Frigidity may result from a marriage which should have never taken place.
5.32 Impotence
4.01 It can be caused by a number of diseases but it can happen to a physically healthy man also.
4.02 There are two categories of impotence, i.e., primary impotence which is a chronic condition beginning in adolescence and
requiring professional treatment and secondary in which a man who has been sexually active is suddenly unable to perform.
4.03 The inability to achieve an erection or to sustain one long enough to complete sexual intercourse.
4.04 50% of American men suffer from impotence at one time or another in their life.
5.33 Masculinity and femininity
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3.04
Women depend more on their emotions in reaching decisions.
Women are said to possess greater sensitivity.
Men cry less easily than women.
The time in which physical changes occur is called puberty.
The biggest change in the female as she matures is a process called menstruation.
Boys mature later than girls.
The time of change is not only physical with the development of body hair but also interests, feelings, and a need for
independence occurs.
4.01 Many men go through their lives refusing to admit they have feelings.
4.02 Men always have to be strong and women have to look good: a stereotype.
5.34 Genetic counseling
2.01 Genes determine our traits.
2.02 We may inherit some of our traits from one parent and still other traits from the other parent.
4.01 A genetic counselor may overwhelm the parents with large volumes of data.
5.35 Complications of pregnancy
3.01 5% of all births include breech, in which the babies feet comes first; cesarean, in which the baby must be taken from the
mother's womb; and still in which the baby is born dead.
4.01 Appendicitis is the most important surgical complication of pregnancy.
4.02 Otosclerosis is a heredity disease and a leading cause of loss of hearing. It is a disease of the inner ear affecting the
spongy bone and often accelerated by pregnancy.
Topic
Subtopic Axiom
4.03 Backaches are a common problem in pregnancy as postural changes and a slight relaxation of some of the ligaments
aggravate the condition.
6
MENTAL/EMOTIONAL HEALTH
6.01 Emotions and basic emotional needs
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The student will be able to pronounce and give the meaning of emotion.
Show kindness to others.
The student shall understand that it may not always be bad to cry.
Feelings we have all the time may include happy, sad, angry, proud.
We all make mistakes but we learn from them.
You are different from others in many ways.
The student will understand how different people convey their feelings.
The student should become aware of how they might hurt other's feelings.
The student will become aware of ways to handle their emotions.
The need for independence is a basic emotional need.
People have an emotional need to be close to someone they like.
Each individual is unique in many ways, but is also like others in many ways.
The person you must live with all your life is you.
The need to feel that what we are and what we do measures up to our own standards.
A good self-concept is important to an individual.
People belong to groups because they have an emotional need to be with other people.
The need for achievement is a basic emotional need.
A basic human need is a need to be wanted.
Everyone needs to feel safe from danger.
People want to govern their own lives without interference or compulsion.
Most people need to feel that other people like them.
A basic human need is to feel successful in at least some things.
These needs have much to do with your feelings of well-being and happiness.
Feelings that you have about people and things are your emotions.
People need to have many of their goals met.
People need to be respected by others.
These needs also influence your behavior.
People need to receive and to give love.
Some basic emotional needs are affection, acceptance and achievement--3 A's.
People need to have the companionship and the friendship of others.
Your emotions are an important part of your personality.
Some of the most common emotions are love, hate, anxiety, fear and anger.
The need to achieve is basic to our ego development.
Emotional needs are initially based on love, affection and acceptance from parents.
Intelligence is related to emotions in that our capacity to reason and think can affect our emotional behavior.
These are vital to the survival and development of the individual as an organism and as a personality.
Emotional immaturity is not having the ability to handle everday experiences.
6.02 Mental hygiene for the normal
2.01
2.02
3.01
3.02
3.03
A mentally healthy person has learned to live with the frustrations of human existence.
Mental hygiene usually needs to be fostered both in the home and at school.
Self-confidence and a feeling of accomplishing something in life are signs of a mentally healthy person.
A healthy person can get along with other people.
A healthy person will adjust reasonabaly well to everyday living.
Topic
Subtopic Axiom
3.04 Accepting others as individuals and not constantly finding displeasure with anyone who thnks or acts differently than you do
is also a sign of a mentally healthy person.
3.05 A healthy person can achieve some of his goals and is generally content with life.
4.01 A healthy conformity to a group seldomly suppresses individual development and expression.
4.02 Mental hygiene is conducive to mental health and personal happiness.
4.03 Psychological functioning represents the functioning of both the individual and the group.
4.04 Values are influenced by age, sex, personal endowment, and social and cultural position.
4.05 At every point in life, values are linked to a family group image.
6.03 Prevention of mental illness
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The student will understand how large of a problem mental illness is today.
The student will understand the meaning of mental illness.
The student will become aware of ways to prevent mental illness.
The student will state ways to deal with mental illness.
It is important to teach toward the positive.
Get to the problem before it becomes an illness.
Don't let things build up inside, and look at different possibilities to solve your problems.
Realize that not everything works out the way you would like it to all the time.
Show respect, courtesy, and appreciation for other people and to other people.
Seek professional help when you feel that you have a mental, social, or physical problem.
Establish a balanced plan of daily living that includes adequate rest, exercise, recreation, and food.
Try to accept occasional upsets as part of normal living.
Realize that people need other people to help them function effectively in society.
Avoid releasing your angers, frustrations, and dislikes on others.
Prevention includes efforts to improve the lot of those whose lives are materially and culturally deprived.
A psychiatric evaluation should be given to anyone who is in doubt of whether there is a problem.
Break the despair associated with mental illness - help people belong and give people a purpose in life.
Prevention includes scientific research.
The clergyman can be one to help in dealing with problems before they get out of proportion.
The recognition of the warning signals and changes in behavior are also very important in prevention.
Denial is a great source of comfort but a bad source of prevention.
6.04 Causes of mental illness
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The student shall become aware that letting emotions build up may lead to mental illness.
The student should understand that some causes of mental illness can't be prevented.
The student shall understand what things may cause mental illness.
Certain drugs are capable of producing psychosis in people.
Schizophrenia may be present in a person's genetic makeup.
Mental illness is a label pinned to an individual by others in the society.
Individuals who develop schizophrenia have been found to have a high rate of prenatal and birth complications.
Congenital nerve damage.
Continual stresses of living in an overpopulated, technological society.
Mental illness is many times a result of a long period of unhappiness, stress, tension, or disappointment.
It can come about from even one isolated situation, such as being a witness to a fight or to an accident.
Years after syphilis is contracted, if not medically treated, mental illness occurs.
Many of the causes of mental illness are not specific or easily recognizable.
Environmental factors play a role in psychiatric illnesses.
Genetics and heredity play an important role in schizophrenia.
The biochemical factors producing illness is located in the brain.
Stresses might include hormonal changes and social drives, competiton in college, marriage, work, and economic troubles.
Topic
Subtopic Axiom
4.06 Some people become so troubled that their effective functioning is markedly impaired.
4.07 Not all the causes of mental illnesses are known.
4.08 A general depression of the central nervous system causes psychological symptoms of depression.
6.05 Types of mental disorders
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The student will know of the main mental disorders.
The student will know of ways to cope with these disorders.
The intensity of depression varies widely; some experience only a sense of sadness and others are drawn into suicidal
Psychotics are individuals whose perceptions of reality are so impaired and what they see is so removed from what the rest
of us see that they are not able to function adequately in society.
The schizophrenic's personality is split only because his feelings and thoughts are not well coordinated.
The most significant danger of depression is the possibility of suicide.
Neurosis: emotional disturbances in which feelings of anxiety, obsessional thoughts, compulsive acts, or physical
complaints without any evidence of physical disorder dominate the personality.
One type of neurosis is Phobia, i.e., fear in some exaggerated, usually unconscious state.
Organic psychosis is a severe mental disturbance which results from some type of central nervous system damage. The
person may suffer from hallucinations, dilusions and false beliefs.
Functional psychosis is caused by intense or prolonged emotional stress and may include schizophrenia, paranoid
schizophrenia, paranoia, and the manic depressive.
Psychosomatic illness is a neurosis in which there is the appearance of physical ailments which seem to have no physical
Psychosis: A mental disturbance of the entire personality. Considered very serious.
Mania and depression are two major forms of affective disorder.
Mental illness is usually classified into two groups, i.e., neuroses and psychoses.
Most of the illnesses falling in both groups are presently considered functional.
Schizophrenics have a chronic illness and show it's symptoms throughout their lives.
Obsessive compulsive neurosis causes contemplation, worrying and decision making troubles.
6.06 Prevalence of mental disorders
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3-5 more males than females have autism.
1% of the population become schizophrenics.
10 times more males than females have behavioral disorders.
5% of the population have an anxiety disorder.
Studies have reported that one person in ten had some form of mental illness that was serious enough to require treatment.
A study reported that there are more people in hospitals at any one time with mental illness than with all other diseases
The overall statistics on mental illness are complex and often confusing.
Mental illnesses range anywhere from childhood to adulthood with no age group left out in between.
Figures about mental illnesses tell us nothing about readmissions, nor do they include admissions to private mental
Mental illness is not a completely socially aceptible disease.
6.07 Treatments for mental illness
3.01
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4.01
Hypnosis, electrical stimulation of the brain, and drugs also aid in the cure of mental illness.
One of the most important factors in helping to solve a person's mental problems is that person himself.
New and improved treatments may include group therapy, hypnosis psychoanalysis, drug therapy and role playing.
Individual and group therapy aid in the cure of mental illness.
People are now willing to talk about mental health problems.
Preventive psychiatry has become important in dealing with mental problems.
Treatment of mental disorders is not solely a problem for the psychiatrist because many physical ailments may affect the
mind and little or no progress toward recovery can be expected until physical causes are discovered and eliminated
4.02 It is a well established fact that nutritional deficiencies may result in mental disturbance.
4.03 In a follow up study lasting about ten years it was found that about 40 percent of those who underwent brain surgery for
mental disease showed good results.
4.04 Acceptance is needed for the individual to recover and readjust to normality.
6.08 Limitations of psychotherapy
Topic
Subtopic Axiom
3.01 Group therapy may intimidate some.
3.02 A person must realize and admit to himself that he may have a problem.
4.01 To the extent that a diagnosis ultimately rests on validated and reliable examination or laboratory procedures, it is technical;
to the extent that it rests upon the patient's reports of his experience, it is not.
4.02 It is unassailable that if a patholigical condition can be reliably defined, valid diagnostic signs can ordinarily be established.
4.03 Diagnostic evolution is a process by which a client's problem as he experiences it is transformed through the use of
specialized procedures into a more or less precise statement of his condition.
6.09 The mentally retarded
3.01 Mental retardation is caused by heredity and brain damage.
3.02 All except the most severely retarded can develop but this development is at different rates and to different degrees.
3.03 Some causes include inherited malformation to the brain, injury to brain, glandular imbalances, malnutrition, environmental
deprivation as well as conditions affecting the mother during pregnancy.
3.04 No clear determination of causes can be made in 75-85% of the cases.
3.05 Mental retardation ranges from mild to severe.
4.01 One out of every ten people in the U.S. has a direct involvement with the problem by virture of having a mentally retarded
person in the family.
4.02 Mental retardation is an impairment of the mind or intellect and is not classified as a disease or illness.
4.03 The term mental retardation describes an effect rather than a given condition.
4.04 The prevalence of mental retardation is about 3% of the population.
4.05 The term mental retardation does not delineate a single entity but rather comprises a group of varied syndromes resulting
from many causes and have many ramifications.
6.10 Fatigue and nervousness
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Rest keeps children healthy.
When you do not get enough sleep, your brain may still be tired.
When you do not get enough sleep, your muscles are tired.
A tired brain may mix up messages resulting in mistakes.
Tranquilizers may relieve nervousness.
Sleep refreshes the mind and body, thus decreasing fatigue.
Fatigue can be caused by illness.
Rest breaks are needed in physical exercise, work and school.
Experiments have shown that insufficient sleep causes an increase in the chances of making mistakes.
Occasional fatigue may also be the result of vigorous exercise.
A person overloaded with activities can experience fatigue.
Fatigue can cause nervousness and tenseness and sometimes they are so intermixed that it is hard to dertermine which
If fatigue develops after intense or prolonged physical activity or lack of sleep, it should arouse no anxiety because this is a
normal and natural phenomenon.
6.11 Signs and symptoms of mental illness
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Certain feelings, thoughts or acts expressed in exaggerated manners are signs of neurosis.
Mental problems may take the form of various unusual behaviors.
Some people may develop mental problems when they cannot adapt to their pressures.
Severe, prolonged depression is a sign of mental illness.
Anxiety or fear indicates insecurity which may be a response to environmental stress or may arise primarily from within the
Everyone feels depression at one time or another but it is not usually severe.
A fantasy reaction indicates a flight from reality in which a make believe life is substituted for reality.
Sometimes a feeling of guilt is well founded because of a genuine reason for such a reaction.
Suspicious reactions reflect a danger to other people because the mentally ill person is apt to defend himself against the one
he suspects of planning injury to him.
6.12 Neurotic heart disease
3.01 Some neurosis have been known to cause high blood pressure.
3.02 Some neurosis may also be expressed as a physical problem.
4.01 Obesity can cause neurotic heart disease.
Topic
Subtopic Axiom
4.02
4.03
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4.05
Losing weight in a hurry can sometimes cause neurotic heart disease.
Lack of exercise can lead to neurotic heart disease.
High cholesterol can cause neurotic heart disease.
Sexual activity can cause neurotic heart disease because your heart rate increases while having sex.
6.13 Physical effects of worry
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Worry may spoil your appetite.
Worry may keep you from digesting your food well.
Worry may keep you from concentrating on your school work.
Worry can cause a change in sleeping habits.
Worry can cause stomach ulcers.
High blood pressure may result from worry.
Worry can cause certain kinds of heart and circulatory disorders.
Worry can cause severe skin problems.
The man who builds up a big business and does not learn to organize, deputize, or supervise sometimes dies of heart trouble
when he is older which is caused by tension and worry.
4.02 We get tired and worry alot because our emotions produce nervous tension in the body.
6.14 Depression
3.01
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4.03
Energizers are a group of drugs helpful in treating constantly depressed people.
Every student under stress of any kind reacts with depression, loss of self-esteem or a feeling of rejection.
Everyone feels depression at one time or another but it is not usually severe.
Depression symptoms are especially liable to be apparent in the college student who is thinking consciously or
6.15 Causes and prevention of suicide
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Three times as many males commit suicide than females.
Prevention of suicide includes emergency hotlines, information centers, and counseling centers.
Suicide may be brought on by the sudden loss of a loved one, lonliness, or boredom.
Urban residents are more likely to commit suicide than rural dwellers.
If you can recognize the signs of depression and impending suicide in yourself or in your fellow students, you may be able
The tensions of the premenstrual period also increase suicides at this time of the month.
The teaching of mental hygiene at an early age, the greater use of guidance by teachers and religious leaders, and an
increased awareness of danger signs by physicians and families will reduce the suicide rates.
4.04 Suicides are motivated by many complex factors but one of the most important considerations is severe depression.
4.05 If emotional problems become severe, the individual or his family should be alerted to the danger and seek psychiatric
4.06 Most suicides by young people are the result of severe emotional problems or mental illness.
6.16 The tranquilizing drugs
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Tranquilizing drugs can lead to accidents.
Tranquilizers may help people who often feel under stress.
Tranquilizing drugs can cause death when taken with alcohol or when too much is taken.
Tranquilizing drugs are used to help people stay calm.
Tranquilizing drugs can cause a person's body and mind to depend on them.
Tranquilizers should be used under medical supervision.
All tranquilizers must be used with utmost care.
Tranquilizers are a class of drug closely related to depressants or sedatives.
Tranquilizers are not a cure for mental illness but calm a patient so other forms of treatment may be more effective.
Tranquilizers make a person feel at ease but do not put him to sleep as do other depressants.
Tranquilizers are prescribed for quieting the nerves and reducing anxieties and tensions.
Tranquilizers are depressants which may be used to treat high blood pressure, epilepsy, sleeplessness, or mental illness.
Barbiturates, commonly known as tranquilizers, affect the circulatory and respiratory systems. They decrease blood
pressure, heart beat, and rate of breathing.
3.07 If taken in excess, the abuser may appear intoxicated.
Topic
Subtopic Axiom
3.08 Tranquilizers can also be abused.
4.01 Tranquilizing drugs were introduced fifteen years ago.
4.02 The initial use of tranquilizing drugs were for the treatment of the mental patient.
6.17 Psychosomatic illness
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4.01
The symptoms of psychosomatic illness are real to the individual.
Some of the physical ailments that may result from this illness are asthma, allergies, an increase in blood pressure and
A psychosomatic illness can result in a physical disorder.
The organs involved with this illness are the nerves of the autonomic system.
Various psychosomatic illnesses can be a symptom of neurosis.
The psychosomatic illness can be cured by the discovery and then removal of their emotional causes.
Pertaining to the effect of the mind upon the body and of the body upon the mind.
A common finding made by psychoanalysts is that during a particular phase of analysis the patient may produce
psychosomatic symptoms such as hysterical vomiting, pains, overeating, diarrhea, migraine, pruritis, and giddiness.
4.02 Some psychoanalysists have abandoned the idea that certain major psychosomatic illnesses are the physical expression of,
or a defense against, a conflict or a fantasy.
4.03 Every disease is psychosomatic because both psychological and somatic factors have a part in it's cause and cure.
6.18 Psychotherapy
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Psychotherapy is a method of treating mental illnesses.
Psychotherapy may allow for patients to live at home and carry on normal activities.
There are two kinds of psychotherapy, i.e., group and individual.
A mental treatment of mental illness espcecially nervous disorders and maladjustments.
The actual interaction and relationship in psychotherapy is superficially very similar to the other human interactions.
Brief psychotherapy as a treatment developed as the result of the increased demand for mental health services and the
lack of personnel trained to meet this demand.
4.03 As in more traditional forms of psychotherapy, the therapy must be guided by an orderly series of concepts directed toward
beneficial changes in the patient.
4.04 Except in those states that restrict therapeutic practice exclusively to certain professional groups such as psychologists and
physicians, psychotherapy can be carried out by anyone who is familiar with the psychotherapy process.
4.05 The individual desire for help is an important part of the process of psychotherapy.
6.19 Drug therapy
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Drug therapy uses drugs properly.
Tranquilizers can calm a person to allow for other forms of therapy.
Drug therapy is a method of treatment of mental health problems.
Certain new drugs can be used in finding causes of mental illnesses.
Through drug therapy, patients may be treated as outpatients thus reducing cost.
Tranquilizers and energizers are examples of two groups of drugs used in drug therapy.
Drug therapy can be used to slow down the patient and keep them from becoming too excited and also drugs may bring the
patient out of severe depression.
4.01 Drug therapy is an integral part of the care plan for actively ill patients, and drugs are the most frequently prescribed
therapy for the post-hospital period.
4.02 Professional health team members are responsible for planning and implementing drug therapy plans that are safe and
effective and can be properly utilized by the patient.
4.03 Drug therapy is providing very helpful leads in mental illness.
6.20 Defense mechanisms
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Grown-ups often show emotions at a later time.
Friendship is sometimes used for defensive purposes.
Learning to control your emotions is a part of emotional growth.
Talking in a loud voice when you are angry is a defense mechanism.
Crying, shouting and fighting are mechanisms used when someone makes you angry.
Defense mechanisms are a way to adapt to pressures.
Often defense mechanisms are used without the person thinking about them or realizing what he is doing.
Topic
Subtopic Axiom
3.03 Overuse of defense mechanisms can result in a breakdown in adaptability.
3.04 Some of the common defense mechanisms include compensation, denial identification, sublimation, undoing, rationalization,
repression, and projection.
6.21 Human personality
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Doing nice things for others can make them happy and also make you happy.
Showing friends you care about them means you think of others.
Sharing things shows you care about others.
A feeling of belonging can be demonstrated.
Everyone feels the same types of emotion but not at the same time.
Every human being has emotions.
How a person thinks, feels and behaves is his personality.
A split personality is a mental illness.
Another term for human personality is individuality.
Personality includes the somewhat general, yet consistent, variations in the ways that individuals adjust or adapt to
problems or perpelxing situations.
Personality can be viewed as an index or measure of adaptation without any particular value being placed on the quality of
personal responses.
Each individual has a biologically based inner nature that is partly unchangeable.
It is desirable to bring out and encourage one's inner nature rather than suppress it.
All people have different personalities.
6.22 Self-concept
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Helping one another helps you and your family be happy.
Learning to get along with others is a way of growing.
A child feels comfortable about his or her emotions.
Children appreciate their uniqueness.
Learning new things from friends helps you grow as a person.
Teachers can use art, dance, and music as therapy techniques for promoting the emotional involvement of children.
The child whose failure to learn is accompanied by emotional problems may be the victim of a continuous cycle of failure to
The child's reaction to failure and to success depends in part on attitude, emotional status, and beliefs and expectations.
A critical remark from parents, friends, or teachers will leave a temporary feeling of deflated self-concept.
You are a unique person and nobody is just like you.
Physical appearences are part of your self concept.
If you have a good self concept and faith in your decisions, you will probably make good use of most changes.
Every person has a need to feel worthwhile and useful.
Self concept is the combination of ideas and feelings that you gain about yourself.
Self concept is always being formed by new ideas that you get about yourself.
Peers help develop self-concepts.
Deciding to accept the fact that you are unique is an important part of building a good self concept.
The self actualizing person follows his dedication to wherever it may lead him.
Realistic self-concept leads to self-acceptance, mental health, and accomplishment of realistic goals.
Self-concept is likely to be most critical during adolescence.
Self concept is learned.
6.23 Psychological stress, tension and anxieties
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Children express their feeling by crying, being sad or angry.
When a person is troubled or upset about sometthing, he/she should try talking it over with a parent or some other grownup.
The inability to cope with stress may lead to a variety of psychophysiological disorders.
If you feel tense or upset it may be due to problems at school or home.
People who are having anxiety reactions are usually tense, irritable, and this can lead to panic.
Your behavior may be altered if you are feeling tense or anxious.
Topic
Subtopic Axiom
3.01 Physical activity is a good way to reduce stress and tension.
3.02 Mental stress, such as worry or anger, and strain can cause headaches.
3.03 When you become excited or frightened, more than the usual amount of epinephrine is given off into your bloodstream. This
extra amount causes the heart to beat faster and more blood to flow to certain muscles.
3.04 Most people face some sort of stress and tension everyday.
3.05 Most peptic ulcers are believed to be brought on by nervous tension because it causes too much acid.
3.06 The cause of some cases of hypertension is thought to be mental stress as it effects hormones which effects narrowing
3.07 People can learn how to cope with tension and stress.
4.01 The inability to cope with stress may lead to a variety of psycho- physiological disorders.
4.02 Anxiety is a symptom which is an indirect or disguised expression of a repressed, unacceptable emotion.
4.03 Anxiety is a sense of apprehension that something unpleasant or harmful is going to happen.
4.04 Anxiety is the chief characteristic of neurosis.
4.05 Individuals diagnosed as having anxiety reactions are tense, irritable, and subject to episodes of acute panic.
6.24 Jealousy
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Jealousy does not necessarily mean love.
Jealousy is marked by hostility toward a real or imagined rival.
Jealousy is an attempt to gain control over people who are important to us.
Insecure people are apt to form more jealous habits.
Jealousy is the most common human emotion.
It is natural for you to show feelings of love, jealousy, and even anger toward othe people.
Controlling jealousy is a part of emotional maturity: (The ability to use emotions in ways that are helpful rather than harmful
to oneself and to others).
Jealousy is felt when you feel that a new baby in your family is getting most of the attention you used to get.
Hostility is the most primitive and common reaction of the jealous individual.
Jealousy is marked by hostility toward a real or imagined rival.
Jealousy is the most common human emotion and the most concealed and disguised.
6.25 Insomnia
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Insomnia is the failure to provide sufficient sleep necessary to maintain health and well being.
Indigestion or over-excitement may lead to insomnia.
Insomnia is often related to conscious fears and worries.
Everyone has occasional insomnia of some sort.
Coffee can cause insomnia.
Without enough sleep you quickly become irritable and less efficient, loss of sleep for even four or five days would be
You need sleep to stay mentally alert and physically healthy.
In it's many forms, insomia probably constitutes one of mankinds most subtle tortures.
Sleeping pills do not produce normal sleep. Instead they depress the central nervous system causing definate sleep
Insomnia is the failure to procure sufficient sleep necessary to maintain health and well being.
Some environmental causes of insomnia are noise, occupation, and jetlag.
6.26 Commitment of the mentally ill.
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Often there is more resistance from the family than from the patient to commitment.
Many persons are placed in mental institutions simply because they are too old or too poor to go anywhere else.
To be committed an individual must go through a screening process.
Commitment occurs when adverse behavior is displayed.
Some feelings are too strong to cope with alone.
There are problems for which you need help from more experienced people.
The earlier a mentally sick person is committed the better are his chances for recovery.
Mental hospitals are able to discharge between 65-85% of the patients suffering from mental illnesses within a few weeks to
a few months after admission.
4.03 Committment usually requires the person's active participation to bring about the desired changes.
Topic
Subtopic Axiom
6.27 Research in mental health.
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There is a massive nationwide effort to reduce mental illness.
Taking poles is a means of collecting data for researching mental health.
Much research is done in the area of mental health using animals.
Basic mental health research is motivated by the hope that it's findings may eventually have useful applications.
The major characteristic of mental health research is it's diversity.
6.29 Fatigue in the worker
4.01 Physical fatigue results from extensive use of one or more muscles.
4.02 Emotional fatigue is commonly associated with hurry, worry, and emotional stress.
6.30 Death and dying
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A child's capacity to understand death depends upon cognitive development and experience.
A child is curious about death.
A child uses grief as an outlet.
Death of one who has been close becomes a painful separation.
Death is marked by a fear of the unknown.
The student should know of ways to protect themselves from the causes of death.
Many children cannot express feelings of death in words, instead they show their feelings in behavior.
Death is the cognitive knowledge of the facts of death as the end of life in the body.
When a person dies, a doctor signs a death certificate and files it with the department of health before the body can be
Death needs to be explained as the end of life of the body.
People should have some ideas about life after death.
People need to know that releasing their grief from a death is better for them.
People need to understnad that death comes to everyone.
Commonly, the initial reaction to awareness of a terminal illness is one of shock and denial.
Preparation for death is a growth and maturation experience for the living.
Our anxieties and natural fears of death have been increased by the rather impersonal ways in which we die today.
6.31 Transplanting
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A problem with all transplants is rejection.
In a transplant, doctors take an organ from one person's body and place it in another person's body.
A transplant may be done when a person has a diseased organ.
Matching blood type reduces the chance of rejection.
The best results in transplants have been with kidneys.
Organs, bone marrow and tissue have been transplanted.
Leukemia patients may receive bone marrow transplants.
Doners must preferably be a blood relative.
People can receive new parts for worn out tissues or organs.
A blood transfusion is a transplant.
Bone transplants can be used to fix or remodel other bones.
Eyes can be transplanted from a person no later than 48 hours after the doner's death.
Limits on organ transplantation will come from their cost and the unavailability of resources and not from factors involving
surgical technique, organ rejection, or oregan availability.
4.02 We can expect increasing use of animal organs for transplants as time goes by.
4.03 The survival rate for people who have had organ transplants will continue to rise in the coming years.
6.32 Artificial body parts
2.01 There are now artificial joints made of plactic or metal.
2.02 Artificial joints can be used to replace real ones that are worn out.
3.01 The parts are expensive.
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A special goal for the future is to develop an artificial eye.
Artificial heart pacemakers can take over the job of the bodies natural pacer.
The parts have to be designed to fit right.
Worn out valves in the heart can be replaced by artificial valves.
There are mechanical aids that can be used in place of a lost limb.
Artificial limbs are made to replace limbs lost as a result of an injury, an accidednt, or an operation.
Mechanical limbs are made of willow wood, fiber, leather, steel, plastic, and aluminum.
Workman coat layers of stockinette cloth with liquid plastic to make the form of a limb and then cut it into sections to make
the joints and attach to it a system of cables, pulleys, and movable parts.
4.04 Great skill is needed to make artificial legs, arms, eyes, ears, and noses.
6.33 Cloning
3.01 Research started with genetic material duplicating.
4.01 Clones are any group of individuals produced asexually from a single ancestor.
6.34 Health problems of old age
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Older people are more likely to have arthritis.
Medical scientists speculate that people could live two hundred or more years if it were not for disease.
Diseases of aging seem to indicate that they are due to chemical alterations within the body.
Many diseases develop with advancing years.
The elderly are more prone to fractures.
6.35 Organ transplants
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When electrical activity of the brain stops, life is gone but the surviving organs can be used.
Organ transplants include the exchanging of diseased or worn out tissue or organs for artificial substitutes or healthy
Organ transplants include cornea and bone marrow as well as whole organs.
The problem with organ transplants is not the surgical techniques but the bodies immune response.
Blood transfusions and skin grafs are organ transplants.
If vital organs stay in the body too long after death the organs can't be used.
Minors may donate their eyes with parental consent.
Freeze-drying at 190 degrees Centigrade can preserve some organs for long periods.
Organ donors in some states are labeled by an identifying stamp on their drivers license.
Organ transplants often fail because the transplanted organ is biochemically perceived as an invader.
Kidney transplants are usually done between family members.
6.36 Eye transplants
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The major reason for transplants are keratoconus and corneal scars.
90% of the donors do not know before death that their corneas might live on to give sight to others.
Eyes should be removed immediately from donors so that they are fresh as possible.
Eye transplants only involve the cornea.
Transplant material comes from people who donate their eyes after death.
6.37 Causes of infant deaths
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7
The student will state the main causes of infant deaths.
Every year 7,000 to 10,000 babies die of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome otherwise known as crib death.
Each year several thousand infants are physically abused and abandoned to die.
Infants must be watched for signs of respiratory tract infections during their first months of life.
SIDS is the leading cause of death of infants between the ages of one and twelve months however little is known about it's
Premature infants have less of a chance to live than full term infants do.
NUTRITIONAL CONCERNS AND HEALTH
7.01 The food pyramid
1.05 Eating some meats each day helps keep people healthy.
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You need two or three cups of milk each day.
Foods from the four food groups give you energy and help you grow.
Eating some breads or cereals each day helps keep people healthy.
Eating some milk or cheese each day helps keep people healthy.
Eating nutritious meals daily helps to keep us healthy.
Besides eating foods from the four food groups we also need water daily.
Eat two servings from the meat group everyday.
Different foods do different things for you.
The four basic food groups are dairy, meat, fruit and vegetables and breads and cereals.
Eating some fruits and/or vegetables each day helps people keep healthy.
You can eat vegetables for snacks.
Many foods are made from milk or with milk.
To be healthy, you should eat foods from each group every day.
Eat four or more servings from the breads and cereals group.
Foods in the milk group are rich in protein and carbohydrates.
Breads and cereals are high in carbohydratees, minerals and vitamins.
Meats are high in protein and fats.
Breads, noodles and crackers are some foods in the bread and cereal group.
There are some fifty nutrients you need in your daily diet.
No one food has all the nutrients you need so that's why we eat different foods.
A diet that is planned around the four food groups is more apt to be nutritionally adequate than one that is randomly chosen.
The amount of food a person needs from each of the four groups depends upon age, size, sex, and the amount of daily
For an adult, the number of servings recommended per day are two from the meat group, two from the milk group, four from
fruits and vegetables, and four from breads and cereals.
4.01 Soda, candy, snack chips and other foods with low nutrient content are not included in the basic four food groups.
7.02 Importance of breakfast
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Eating breakfast everyday helps us to stay healthy.
Breakfast helps you get off to a bright start in the morning.
Not eating breakfast can make us feel cross as well as tired.
Eating breakfast gives us energy until lunch.
Students who eat an adequate breakfast are more alert and accomplish more than those who eat little or no breakfast.
Breakfast helps supply nutrients needed for an adequate daily diet.
People who skip breakfast often overeat or eat non-nutritious foods when they finally do eat.
When you skip breakfast, you do not have the full amount of energy needed for the morning's work.
A balanced breakfast provides needed energy for the day's activities.
School children remain alert, maintain higher morals, perform better, and get better grades if they have eaten breakfast
A breakfast consisting of two eggs and three ounces of meat can supply the protein needed to meet the recommended daily
7.03 Between meal snacks
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If you need a snack, have an apple, orange or something that is healthy for you.
Try not to eat between meals.
Eating between meals may ruin your appetite.
Snack foods from vending machines in schools are being replaced with nutritious foods.
Snacking on high fat, high sugar and high salt foods favor the developemnt of atherosclerosis and hypertension.
Low calorie, nutritious foods should be eaten between meals, i.e., vegetables and fruits.
7.04 Food and mental health
3.01 Without good nutrition, a person is often tired, irritable, nervous and restless.
3.02 Scientists have proven good nutrition to be important to mental and social development.
4.01 The human brain depends exclusively on carbohydrates for its energy.
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In some cases, eating helps ward off depression.
It has been suggested that a lack of thiamine may bring on thoughts of persecution, mental confusion and bad memory.
Stress causes some people to eat excessively due to stimulated hormone production.
It has been suggested that a lack of vitamin B12 may result in a lack of attentiveness, forgetfulness, disorientation, and
mood changhes. (In the elderly, this may be mistaken for senility or psychosis).
4.06 It has been suggested that a lack of riboflavin may cause depression, visual disturbances, disordered thinking and an
inability to concentrate.
4.07 It has been suggested that a lack of niacin may bring on unreasonable fears, anxiety, hallucinations and dementia.
7.05 Values of specific foods
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Fresh fruits and fruit juices give you quick energy.
Fruits, vegetables, milk and cheese help keep your bones, teeth, skin and blood healthy.
Foods that give you energy are bread, potatoes, meat and milk.
Foods do different things for your body.
Some foods help grow big muscles;i.e., eggs, fish and poultry.
Proteins such as meat and milk help form new cells.
Fats such as butter, milk and nuts combine with oxygen in your body and produce energy.
Fruits and vegetables are rich in vitamins and minerals.
Lean meat gives off niacin which keeps your nervous system working properly.
Carbohydrates such as fruits give your body energy.
Liver gives you vitamin A., which will keep your skin and eyes healthy.
Milk builds strong bones.
Some good sources of iron are liver and raisons.
Rice is made up mostly of carbohydrates.
Oranges have a more nutritious value than a Vitamin C supplement because of their trace elements.
One serving of orange juice meets the RDA for vitamin C.
Egg protein is the highest quality protein according to the amount of nitrogen retained and is therefore called the reference
Drinking milk every day prevents bone fragility in old age (as do other calcium products).
7.06 Importance of food minerals
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There are two chief things to help you grow; proteins and minerals along with water make new cells.
Iron is needed by all cells but especially by red blood cells to help carry oxygen.
Iodine helps your cells use oxygen.
A lack of minerals may cause a person to grow slower.
Iodine helps control the rate at which your body uses energy.
Grains, meat, vegetables, fruits, and milk foods are rich in minerals.
Phosphorous is found in lean meats, eggs, beans, peas, milk, and cereals.
Potassium helps your muscles and nerves grow and work.
No food by itself has all the minerals you need.
Calcium helps blood to clot and helps muscles and nerves to work.
The average man has about seven pounds of minerals in his body.
Every cell in the body has minerals of some kind.
Minerals have a three-fold purpose in the body, i.e., formation of teeth and bones, growth of body cells, essential ingredient
in body fluids.
Minerals make up only 5% of your body weight.
There are elements known as trace elements that are needed in small amounts by the body that are crucial to good health.
Iodine is a mineral that can be provided by using iodized salt.
Minerals can be supplied by eating foods from the four food groups.
Calcium is a mineral needed to make strong bones.
Minerals and vitamins are foods which regulate the body processes.
Sodium is a mineral the body gets from salt.
Topic
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7.07 The vitamins
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It is important that your body get all the required vitamins it needs.
Vitamins help your cells, tissues, and organs work the way they should.
Today we know that at least 14 vitamins are necessary for health.
Many of the vitamins you need are found in milk.
You get vitamin A in whole milk, butter, eggs, liver and yellow and green vegetables.
No food by itself has all the vitamins you need.
You need vitamin A for vision.
Thiamine helps your heart, nerves, and muscles work as they should.
Vitamin D helps your bones and teeth become strong.
Food has vitamins; vitamins help you stay healthy.
You get most of the vitamins you need from food.
You need vitamin A to grow, without it your bones and teeth would not grow as they should.
Vitamin D can be made in the skin when the skin is exposed to sunlight.
Most vitamins cannot be made by the body, so must come from foods eaten.
Citrus fruits and many vegetables are good sources for vitamin C.
Always eat a variety of foods in order to get all the necessary vitamins.
Some good sources of vitamin D are milk, butter, egg yolks, and sunshine.
Some vitamins can be destroyed by high heat and water.
Vitamins themselves do not build tissues or supply energy.
Vitamins are organic substances that are found in natural foods.
Vitamins stimulate growth and other body activities.
It is not advisable to take megadoses of vitamins.
It is better to get vitamins from foods than vitamin pills.
Vitamins transform digested food into bones, skin, nerves, blood, muscles and other tissues.
Vitamin C should be consumed every day.
7.08 Vitamin B complex
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Vegetarians have difficulty supplying their bodies with vitamin B12.
The vitamin B-complex group is classified as water soluble.
Some sources of vitamin B1 are liver, pork, whole wheat and milk.
Water soluble vitamins can't be stored within the body; consequently they must be replenished regularly.
Some sources of vitamin B2 are liver, milk, eggs and green leafy vegetables.
It is better to receive the B-complex vitamin from foods than from vitamin pills.
Whole grain products and cereals are the best sources of many of the B- complex vitamins.
These are a group of nearly a dozen related vitamins.
Vitamin B can be leached out of food when cooked in water.
The only source for vitamin B12 is meat.
Thiamin, riboflavin and niacin are the three most important B vitamins.
They are usually found in the fatty parts of foods.
7.09 Health aspects of proteins
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Protein is the most important food for the body.
Protein makes you big and strong.
You need proteins to form new cells.
Protein can be found in meats, milk, eggs and poultry.
Without protein your body parts could not work at all.
Muscle and skin are made up of proteins.
Amino acids are the major constituent of proteins.
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Proteins help supply energy.
Proteins are used for the maintenance and growth of body tissues.
All 25 amino acids must be present for proteins to benefit the body.
The body cannot store excess protein.
There are complete and incomplete proteins.
During starvation the body keeps itself going by oxidizing it's own protein for fuel.
Proteins are composed of amino acids which are mainly carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
There are eight amino acids that are essential nutrients.
The larger your body is the more protein you will need.
Protein can be obtained from milk, cheese, meat, fish, poultry and legumes.
7.10 Fats in human nutrition
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Examples of foods containing fats are eggs, cheese, pork roast, etc.
Eating too many foods with fat is a poor eating habit.
Doctors believe that most people need only a little fat in the food they eat.
Fats and oils are a part of many meats and of most seeds and nuts.
Fats may gather in the walls of blood vessels and meke them narrow.
Cakes, ice cream, chocolates, and candy makes you fat.
The things in food that give you energy are fats and carbohydrates.
Fats provide the body with a source of energy.
Fats are more readily stored than proteins or carbohydrates.
Lincoleic acid is the only fat essential to man.
Fats when not used are usually stored under the skin and around muscles and organs.
Body fats help keep heat in and cold out.
Fats are found primarily in meats, oils, shortening, and margarine.
Overconsumption of fats may result in obesity.
The kinds of fats are saturated, unsaturated and polyunsaturated.
Polyunsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature.
Saturated fats are solid at room temperature.
Fats provide a rich source of fuel for the body.
Fats are digested more slowly than other food.
Fat is the last nutrient to be digested by the stomach.
Fats should make up no more than 20% of your diet.
7.11 Carbohydrates and sweets
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Many foods made from the seeds of plants such as wheat, corn, and rice, contain starch.
To get energy from carbohydrates, cells must also have oxygen.
Sugar is what makes foods sweet.
Carbohydrates are the sugar and starches in food.
Grains, fruits, and vegetables are rich in carbohydrates.
Some foods contain a great amount of sugar such as candy, cakes, and sweet drinks.
Carbohydrates give you energy.
Apples, carrots, oranges, bread are some foods rich in carbohydrates.
Bread, grits, milk, beans, and honey are made up of many carbohydrates.
Foods high in carbohydrates can be stored easily and do not cost very much.
The two kinds of carbohydrates are complex and simple.
Carbohydrates are the result of the process of photosynthesis.
Fruits and vegetables are forms of complex carbohydrates.
Table sugar is a form of a simple carbohydrate.
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Carbohydrates are the most readily used source of energy.
Foods high in carbohydrates such as rice, corn, and wheat can be grown almost anywhere.
Carbohydrates provide the energy needed to run the body.
Sugars are stored in reserves until they are filled and then they are stored as fat.
Carbohydrates refer to three elements, i.e., carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Carbohydrates are essential but their intake should be regulated.
The body requires complex carbohydrates.
When carbohydrates enter the digestive system they are broken down into simple sugars.
Plant foods contain a carbohydrate, cellulose, which humans can't digest.
7.12 Health values of milk
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Milk helps bones get stronger along with teeth.
Drink milk for it has vitamin D.
Children need more milk than most grown-ups.
Calcium helps your muscles and heart work.
Even after you stop growing, your body will need calcium for your blood, muscles and nerves, as well as to maintain your
Foods in the milk group are rich in proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals.
Milk provides many vitamins we need.
Milk and foods made from milk have the richest supply of calcium.
Calcium also helps woulds heal.
Your body needs calcium and phosphorus more than any other minerals.
Milk group foods are milk, cheese, and ice cream.
Milk is the best source of calcium.
Calcium found in milk helps blood to clot and muscles and nerves to work properly.
The importance of milk after full maturation is questionable.
Milk is essential for the proper development of bones and teeth.
It is recommended to consume the minimum of two glasses of milk per day.
Milk and milk products provide about 60% of the fat intake.
Milk is an important food as well as a supply of liquid.
Some people lack the enzyme to digest milk.
Milk is the most nearly perfect food.
Most people require three glasses of milk a day.
Milk provides necessary vitamins and minerals.
7.13 Foods and overweight
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People who are overweight are eating more food than their body can handle.
People who are overweight get tired faster than people who are not overweight.
People who are overweight often make up excuses as to why they are so heavy.
Most people are overweight because they eat too much and exercise too little.
Bad eating habits can result in being overweight.
Successful weight control depends on careful control of food intake.
Eating too many sweets may cause a weight problem.
Heredity does not usually cause a person to become overweight.
Foods high in fat make you overweight.
Obesity is closely linked to high fat diets.
Exercise regularly to burn excess calories.
The rate at which food is burned off is linked to the individual's basic metabolic rate.
Overweight is directly correlated to food consumption and physical exercise.
Overeating can cause such diseases as diabetes, heart disease, and high blood pressure.
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Balanced diets are important for an overweight person who is trying to reduce.
An excess of food is stored as fat.
Food habits become fixed while you are young.
If the number of calories in your daily diet exceeds the number you need you will gain weight.
Being overweight is caused by an excess of fats, starches ansd sweets.
Overweight can be reduced by including complex carbohydrates in the diet.
Overnutrition (obesity) increases the risk of hypertension.
7.14 Problems of underweight
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People who are underweight do not have extra energy to burn off.
Knowing the right kinds and amounts of food to eat can help keep you from becoming underweight.
When a person is underweight because of poor nutrition or illness, his/her condition becomes a problem.
Many people are underweight because they are very active and use up more calories than they take in.
Can be caused by infections in the body or a glandular disturbance.
Might be due to lack of sleep or lack of proper diet.
Eat foods high in calories to gain weight.
More susceptible to sickness and diseases.
The best way to relieve being underweight is increasing caloric intake.
A risk factor that is higher for underweight persons is that of contracting tuberculosis.
Habits learned early in childhood, especially food aversions, may perpetuate underweight.
You have a problem with being underweight if you are 10-15% underweight.
The problems of underweight are more psychological than physical.
The appetite adjusts itself gradually for gaining weight.
Underweight individuals may find it difficult to eat enough to gain weight.
No known pill, shot, or hormone will safely increase weight.
7.15 Food-borne epidemics
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Food may be contaminated by germs if it is handled by people with unclean hands or unclean fingernails.
Food can be contaminated if it is not properly packaged and stored to prevent from spoiling.
Some food-borne diseases are tuberculosis, diphtheria and septic sore throat.
With increased pollution of rivers and lakes, today's public health officials are alert once more for fish that are unsafe to
The World Health Organization helps developing countries fight food- borne diseases.
You should not eat food that looks or smells contaminated.
Many illnesses are caused by harmful bacteria present in contaminated food.
Keeping hot foods hot and cold foods cold will help to prevent contamination.
Such disease as typhoid fever, dysentary and colds can develop.
Roundworms or trichina worms can be found in pork which is transmitted when the hogs eat unsanitary garbage.
Typhoid fever has now been largely conquered by sanitaition.
7.16 Health hazards from foods
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If food is not processed correctly, food can spoil.
High fat diets can be dangerous.
Obesity can decrease one's life span.
Constipation can result from low fiber diets.
Eating spoiled food is very dangerous to one's health.
Infectious hepatitis and other diseases may be spread by unclean food or water.
Persons infected with viruses that produce diseases of the upper respiratory tract (colds) transmit these disease through
Fecal contamination of food is caused by soiled, unwashed hands and flies.
Naturally occuring food poisons are not harmful if the person has a normal healthy diet.
A diet with high fat intake increases the risk of cancers.
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4.05 Many communities are concerned with the extent of food contamination by radioactive fallout from nuclear testing.
4.06 Overconsumption of salt can be related to hypertension.
7.17 Food additives
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Some food additives will improve the taste of food.
Chemicals are being misused by many food manufacturers.
Nature's best foods don't contain chemical additives.
The Federal Food and Drug Administration controls the chemical additives placed in foods.
Food labels must include all additives.
Chemicals may be used to preserve certain foods.
Additives that might cause cancer are banned.
Food additives give color, flavor, texture, stability and spoilage resistance to foods.
Artificial colors and flavors may trigger the symptoms of hyperactivity in children.
The variety of food additives in processed foods has created great controversy in recent years.
Nitrites are used to prevent the botulism spores in smoked fish and cured meats such as bologna, frankfurters, corned beef
Some food additives enhance the aesthetic appeal of a product.
The average diet per year is 1420 pounds of food which includes 115 pounds of salt and 1 pount of 2500 different chemical
Nitrites, which are harmless by themselves, when combined with amines (found in prescription drugs, proteins, beer) can
form nitrosamines which are potent cancer producing substances.
Nutrients have been added to some foods to replace those removed in processing.
Some food additives prevent spoilage of a product.
Artificial colorings are used in ice cream, soda pop, candy and high sugar breakfast cereal and are generally food with little
nutritional value and high sugar content.
Some food additives are of nutritional value to a product.
7.18 Fats and heart disease
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Fats may gather on the walls of blood vessels.
Narrow blood vessels may cause heart disease.
Certain foods, such as beef, butter, eggs, and milk are high in saturated fats and cholesterol.
Coronary heart disease occurs when arteries that supply the heart with blood become narrow or obstructed.
Clogged arteries make the heart work harder.
Atherosclerosis can be slowed by not eating pastries, fatty meats, oils, and eggs not as often.
Eating foods high in saturated fats and cholesterol help cause hardening of the arteries.
Atherosclerosis is the hardening of the arteries.
Being overweight can lead to and be a factor in causing high blood pressure or hypertension.
Artery deposits and plaque formations are largely cholesterol.
Metabolism of fat has been associated with atherosclerosis, heart failure, hypertension and cardiovascular disease.
Cholesterol is a diet associated with heart disease.
Substituting vegetable oils for animal fats will lower the risk of heart disease.
To reduce the risk of heart disease, polyunsaturated fats should be included in the diet.
7.19 Foods and dental health
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Cut down on sweet snacks to prevent cavities.
Brush your teeth after every meal.
In the presence of sugar, bacteria in plaque form acids.
Sweets feed the germs that cause tooth decay and gum disease.
You should floss and brush your teeth after eating.
On a tooth on which there is plaque, acid forms and may eat through the hard outside part of the tooth.
Plaque grows on teeth; it is made up of sugar from foods.
A hole in the tooth is called a cavity.
Acids attack tooth enamel causing tooth decay.
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Plaque build up turns into a hard deposit called calculus or tartar.
Brushing immediately after meals helps to prevent cavities.
An adequate diet helps build and maintain healthy teeth and gums.
Foods containing calcium and phosphorus are especially important while teeth are developing.
Dental cavities are caused by high sugar diets.
Persistant and continous eating of carbohydrates is a prime factor of tooth decay.
Milk or water drunk with a meal will help to wash the carbohydrates off the teeth.
Fibrous foods like apples, oranges, and celery clean your teeth.
Vitamins A, D, and C affect the developing teeth and gums.
7.20 Enriched foods, i.e., breads & cereals
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Many of our grain products are enriched to replace some of the nutrients lost.
Eat four or more servings of whole grain, enriched, or restored products included in the bread and cereal group each day.
Many of our foods today are enriched.
Enriched foods are foods in which vitamins and minerals were added when made.
Enrichment of grain restores most natural vitamins and minerals.
Macaroni and spaghetti are enriched cereal products.
Today, bread, rice and wheat are enriched.
Iron is one nutrient returned to enriched bread.
Enrichment of foods has helped control pellegra in the southern United States.
Enriched means that the refined grain has the vitamins returned to the level present before refining.
7.21 Foot and mouth disease
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Several characteristics of this disease are soft, swollen, and tender gums and loose teeth.
The disease affects gum and bone support structure.
Foot and mouth disease is commonly caused by excessive plaque.
The disease is a major cause of tooth loss among adults.
7.22 Dieticians
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A dietician is a doctor to go to when overweight.
A dietitian makes sure that people in places like schools and hospitals have a proper diet.
To be a dietitian, four years of college is required.
Should be consulted before going on a diet.
Has professional knowledge about nutrition.
Are specialists in preparing diets for weight loss and weight gain.
Dieticians must serve internships.
One thousand additional dieticians are required each year.
7.23 Reducing diets
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A person should lose weight gradually.
An overweight person should see a doctor about how and how much weight should be lost.
To lose weight, a person must take in fewer calories than he needs so some stored body fat is used as energy.
Exercising will help burn excess calories.
Diets still need to be balanced.
To lose two pounds of fat through diet it is necessary to eat 1000 calories less then caloric expenditure each day for one
Drugs can be used but are not necessary for weight loss.
A gradual weight loss of one to two pounds per week is best.
There is an exaggerated idea in the value of merely exercising to lose weight.
A good weight loss diet would be eating the same foods in smaller amounts.
7.24 Nutritional diseases
3.01 Scurvy, which is caused by a lack of Vitamin C, can be prevented by eating foods rich in vitamin C such as oranges.
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Lack of vitamin D, which can be found in dairy products like milk, causes rickets - a deficiency in calcium.
Vitamin K prevents hemorrhaging.
Kwashiorkor is a disease caused by lack of high quality protein affecting growth in small babies.
Pellagra, which is caused by a lack of the vitamin Niacin, can be prevented by eating foods rich in niacin such as liver and
B12 and Folic acid deficiency leads to anemia.
Beriberi, which is caused by a lack of the vitamin thiamin, can be prevented by eating foods rich in thiamin such as pork.
Insufficient iodine, which can be found in salt, produces goiter which is an enlargement of the thyroid gland.
Ricketts is a deficiency of vitamin D and a failure to absorb calcium from the intestine.
Lack of different nutrients can cause different diseases.
Kwashiorkor is caused by a lack of protein.
Obesity is an accumulation of excess fat.
Starvation is not enough food to eat resulting in a disease of the digestive system and metabolic disturbances.
Scurvy is a disease resulting from prolonged subsistence on diets practically void of fresh fruits and vegetables.
7.25 Water and health
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Water is an important aspect to having a healthy body.
Most foods one eats has water in them.
All the things you drink also contain water.
Many germs live in poorly treated water.
The rate of water loss is affected by climate, working, activity, and fever.
Water is considered to be a sixth kind of nutrient because it is involved in almost everthing the body does.
Water is excreted in the form of waste products, perspiration, and exhalation.
You need at least five or six glasses of water a day to replace the water that is lost.
Water is needed for almost every body function (circulation, digestion, etc.).
Many parasites can live in open water.
Most open water in the U.S. is unsafe to drink.
Water is essential to some of the senses.
Infectious hepatitis can be spread by water.
Water is the vehicle for the active agent in the digestive juices.
Infectious diseases can be spread in water.
7.26 Food fallacies
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Many vitamins are not necessarily better than a few.
Butter does not have more calories than margarine.
Children do not outgrow their need for milk.
Some food falacies are based on superstition.
Many fallacies have been formed on the basis of how quickly a food spoils.
Falling for food falacies results in the waste of money and good health.
Toast has the same amount of calories as white bread.
Fallacy: Special foods cure personal health problems.
Many false claims are made by food quacks for so called natural foods.
Honey really does have calories, i.e, it is fattening.
The body does not stock pile vitamins.
Fallacy: You regularly need to take vitamins or other food supplements.
Fallacy: Certain foods have such high nutrition that they are virtually miracle foods.
Consumers must be alert and keep well informed to monitor the food industry which may be motivated by profit.
Eating yogurt does not cause you to live longer.
7.27 Food fads
3.02 Food fads are expensive.
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Fads are practices followed for a short period of time.
One of the greatest dangers is the false sense of value placed in food supplements by people who may be in need of
Dietary fads can be detrimental to a person's health.
Fleckerism was a fad that involved chewing food at a set number of times.
Food fads lead to exclulsion of other essential foods.
Eating only certain foods deprives the body of other needed nutrients.
Starvation diets are very dangerous.
The most widespread and expensive type of quackery is the promotion of vitamin products.
No or low carbohydrate diets, in time, cause the body to burn protein for energy.
7.28 Food poisoning
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The usual room temperature causes rapid growth of bacteria in the food, the food may spoil if not promptly refrigerated.
Leftover food should be put in the refrigerator as soon as possible after a meal.
Keep foods that spoil easily refrigerated.
Wash dishes with hot water.
Sick people should not work where food is being prepared or served.
The health department tests food at restaurants and grocery stores.
Botulism involves a very strong type of poison.
Salmonella and staphylococci are two germs that multiply quickly and are the chief causes of food poisoning.
Certain pesticides can get into human's food supply and cause adverse reactions.
Food becomes poison when certain germs enter the food.
Botulism is the most serious form of illness caused by food.
Common signs of food poisoning are stomach pains and vomiting.
During canning, it is important to kill germs on the jar and the food.
A large proportion of the food borne outbreaks is from poor refrigeration.
Insects can deposit microorganisms on food left open.
Raw or inadequately cooked meat can hold worms or worm eggs.
Food infections result from the ingestion in food of large amounts of viable bacteria which multiply inside the man.
Salmonella bacteria find a favorable growth medium in dairy products, poultry, eggs, custards, gravies, salads, and smoked
Trichonosis comes mainly from pork.
Spoiled foods may cause infections to the digestive tract.
Symptoms of food infection develop slowly, usually 12 to 24 hours or more after the infected food has been eaten.
All milk borne disease is preventable.
Cooking and refrigerating retard salmonella growth.
Salmonella poisoning may occur to a group of people eating at a banquet when foods are not properly refrigerated.
Trichonosis is one of the most common and most important parasitic diseases.
Food may spread microorganisms from the people that prepare the food.
7.29 Calories
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Overweight means weighing more than you should for your age and height.
Calories in the food you eat aids in bodily growth, energy, and repair.
The calorie is a measure of the energy you get from the food you eat.
A calorie is the amount of heat needed to raise one gram of water one degree Celsius.
Calories not used are stored as fat.
Calories are not nutrients.
Apples, oranges, raw carrots, canteloupe are examples of foods low in calories.
Pizza, french fries, chocolate milk shakes are examples of foods high in calories.
Protein, fat and carbohydrates provide almost all of a person's calories.
A teenager of average size requires 100 calories to run 10 minutes.
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4.02 The amount of energy a food provides is measured in calories.
4.03 Most fruits are low in energy value.
4.04 Carbohydrates and proteins yield four calories per gram eaten.
7.30 Physiology of weight control
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Some people eat more food than their body can use.
Underweight means weighing less than you should for your age and height.
The body will burn stored fat when it's immediate supply of energy is used.
Exercise causes more calories to be used.
To lose weight you must decrease calories, increase exercise or both. To gain weight you must do the opposite.
If you eat more than you need the body stores the extra as fat.
The body burns carbohydrates better than protein.
If you eat less food than you need the body will burn stored fats.
No weight change occurs when the body burns the same amount of calories as are eaten.
The number of fat cells a person has is usually determined by age 21.
7.31 Malfunctions in regulation of food intake
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Overweight and underweight are problems having to do with eating correctly.
With diabetes melitus, the person's pancreas cannot produce enough insulin to handle all the sugar in the blood.
Phenylketonuria.
Diabetes
Galactosaemia.
Thyroid deficiency.
Hyperlopoproteinaemias
7.32 Food fibers
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Foods made from grains are rich in carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.
The majority of food fibers are found in the bread and cereal group.
Cellulose is not digested therefore is not a source of energy.
Deficiency of fibers may lead to constipation.
Cellulose makes up the fibrous parts of plants, i.e., leaves, stems, roots.
Can be obtained from vegetabales and grains.
Cellulose helps food and wastes move through the small intestines.
7.33 Organic and natural foods
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Organic foods are grown without pesticides and artificial fertilizers.
More expensive to buy in stores.
May be a gimmick involved.
Difficult to grow organic food on a wide scale.
Have not been sprayed with pesticides.
For vegetarians, legumes and nuts are alternative choices for the meat group.
It is a healthier food without chemical fertilizers.
7.34 Nutritional needs during pregnancy
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76 grams of protein are needed per day.
An adequate diet is an important factor.
A poor diet is associated with an increased incidence of complications.
Milk intake should be increased during the last six months.
50-60% of the proteins taken in should be carbohydrates.
The size of the baby is affected by restrictions in the mothers diet.
Total weight gain during pregnancy should not exceed 30 pounds.
About 300 extra calories are needed.
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4.15 18 m.g. or more of iron are required per day.
7.35 Poverty and malnutrition
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Deficiency diseases are caused by poor nutrition.
Malnutritioned people are weakened with regard to body defense against diseases.
Malnutrition causes disease.
Families in many countries cannot do a good job of protecting their health because they lack food.
Children in a great many countries do not have strong bodies because they are too poor to get the right kinds of food.
Many people in the world today go to bed hungry and wake up hungry.
Some people do not always have enough money to buy enough of the foods they need to keep them from becoming
People suffering from malnutrition have a lack of concentration, restlessness, nervousness, weakness, tiredness and a loss
Food patterns in a country may depend upon the amount of money available to buy food from other countries.
Money may influence a person's choice of food.
Some poor Americans simply receive too few calories to function well.
The main causes of malnutrition are poverty, ignorance and poor environmental conditions in which large sectors of the
populations in the developing countries live.
In the first four to six months, mothers milk is the best possible nourishment and, in addition, it offers protection against the
common infectious diseases.
Some poor Americans lack certain essential food substances, such as vitamins or proteins.
In most parts of the developing countries infants after birth are still breast fed. This practice has great significance and
contributes much to the survival of these children in the very poor conditions in which they live.
Babies at birth are much smaller in the developing countries than in the industrialized ones.
Kwashiorkor, a protein deficiency disease affecting children, has been found among Americans in urban slums and the rural
When food is donated from foreign sources and not locally available a supplementary food program cannot possibly serve
to improve dietary habits of the people. In fact it may produce unfavorable results by making the families and countries
7.36 Artificial sweetening agents
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Eating too many sweet things can cause diabetes so some foods have artificial sweetening.
Sucrose contributes to tooth decay and obesity.
Most sweeting agents are discovered by accident causing them to have imperfect properties as sugar substitutes.
Saccharin, the sugar substitute, used in many products today was found by researchers to cause cancer in rats.
Cyclamates was banned in 1970 becaused it contained carcinogens.
Sweeteners are used most commonly in the diet foods including diet drinks.
Artificial sweeteners primary purpose is to reduce the amount of sugar in the diet.
7.37 Farming the sea
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People are working to make new foods out of one celled sea plants.
Only about 1% of man's food comes from the sea.
Over-exploitation of sea farming is evident in ares where there is a reduction in the average size of fish.
With the decrease of available land for production of animal protein, farming the sea is a possible solution.
The sea supports a great number of animals rich in protein.
7.39 World food needs
3.01 A 1% increase in population can be assumed in creating a 1% increase in the demand for food.
3.02 Kwashiokor is caused by a lack of protein which is comon in many underdeveloped countries of Africa dnd South America
where foods made up of high quality proteins are hardly ever eaten.
3.03 Many parts of the world don't have enough of certain foods for all people.
3.04 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) works to help people throughout the world raise more and better food.
3.05 The worlds food population is threatened by pollution.
4.01 There are many countries in the world that cannot produce enough food to feed the people.
4.02 The U.S. is one of the richest countries when it comes to food. It produces more than enough food to feed far more people
8
PERSONAL HEALTH
8.01 Status of national fitness
Topic
Subtopic Axiom
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More people are exercising today than before.
People believe exercising will help them live longer.
The general publics knowledge of fitness is better than before.
Overweight children in grade school is on the increase due to our high standard of living in the U.S.
Interest in lifetime sports such as tennis, swimming and golf keeps adults in better shape and much more healthier.
New exercise and dance groups are making the elderly feel more important and giving them a purpose in life by showing
them that they can still function.
4.04 Improved athletic participation for girls in high school is making more girls active and physically fit.
4.05 Jogging is helping the physical fitness of millions of Americans due to the media exposure.
8.02 What is physical fitness?
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Physical fitness is getting exercise you need each day.
Good posture so a good days work doesn't wear you out.
Your muscles are strong and firm.
To be physically fit means that you are in the best possible physical condition for you.
You body makes a quick comback from fatigue.
Being physically fit is having a strong, healthy body.
You can take part in games and still not be overtired too soon.
Keeping your body in good condition.
Eating the right kinds of foods.
Exercise that involves active games and stunts which aid in fitness.
Getting enough exercise and rest.
Physical fitness is just one component of a person's total fitness.
Physical fitness is defined differently by different individuals and groups.
Exercise must be reasonably intense and frequent in order to maintain physical fitness.
For doctors, physical fitness is the absence of disease and overall good health.
Neither good health nor physical proficiency alone constitutes physical fitness which is a combination of both qualities.
Physical fitness consists of three elements, i.e., strength, flexibility and stamina.
Physical fitness is a combination of medical fitness or body soundness and dynamic fitness or capacity for action.
Physical fitness can be defined as the ability to perform muscular work satisfactorily under specified conditions.
A physically fit person is free of disease and can move and perform efficiently in whatever he/she does from marathon
runner to housewife.
4.10 To coaches and athletes the term implies good coordination, strength and endurance.
8.03 Values of physical exercise
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Running, jumping, and playing games leads to a healthy child.
Physical exercise helps to keep you healthy.
Physical exercise can help build strong muscles.
Different games they play are fun, builds up their muscles, and gives them a good appetite.
Children should be told some healthy things they can do in the morning.
Physical exercise can be fun.
Exercise helps get muscles ready for hard play or work.
Your posture is usually good.
You feel better, sleep better and eat better.
Exercise makes your heart and lungs work better.
Active play and exercise promotes growth.
Exercise helps you to be healthy by developing larger and stronger muscles that flex readily and have good muscle tone.
You can do a good day's work at school and not feel worn out.
All your muscles including the heart are stronger and firm.
It can help your muscles get larger and stronger.
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You need a certain amount of exercise each day in order to stay healthy.
Loosens your muscles so you can bend them, twist and do other things easier.
It can help prepare your muscles, lungs, and heart so you can play hard for a long time.
Improving the cardiovascular system increases blood flow to all parts of the body reducing recovery time from exercise.
Physical exercise can improve your health and well-being.
Conditioning exercises tone your muscles making you more attractive physcially.
Active people enjoy better health and live longer than those leading sedentary lives.
It can help you combat the mental/emotonal streses of present day living.
It can provide you with a foundation for engaging in recreational living.
Studies show U.S. farmers who are active during their working day have half as many heart attacks as their city neighbors
Physical exercise can give you the ability to perform daily tasks without undue fatigue.
8.04 Can a person exercise too much?
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Do not exercise hard right after eating.
Just after an illness a person should not over-exercise.
We must not exercise too much because we may harm the organs of the body (muscles and nerves, heart).
Exercising without eating regularly is bad.
Too much exercise can make you tired and lead to exhaustion and fatigue.
Exhaustion and fatigue lead to possible injuries.
Too much exercise makes you overtired which increases the chances of getting sick.
When starting a running program it is best to start slow and work your way up to avoid injuries that occur when your legs are
too weak to take the long run or fast pace.
4.02 A person who is inactive during the week at his office job and tries to do too much on the weekend with no warmup or
conditioning will put tremendous strains on his muscles causing injury.
4.03 Pain while exercising is a sign your body is doing too much too fast.
4.04 Isometric exercises are forbidden for any person with a weak heart because it stops blood flow. That is why snow shoveling
causes so many heart attacks.
8.05 Prevention of physical fatigue
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Eating the wrong foods, and not eating enough can cause physical fatigue.
Children need a great amount of sleep(11 hours or so) each night.
A person needs rest so he does not get tired.
You should sleep long enough to feel rested in the morning.
Rest helps you to have energy, which gives you power to do things.
You need more sleep while growing, than when grown up.
It is important to have a regular bedtime, with about ten hours of sleep as a fourth grader.
A proper amount of exercise is needed.
Good sleeping habits and proper rest reduce physical fatigue.
Proper eating habits and good nutrition reduce physical fatigue.
Relaxation can prevent physical fatigue.
Do not overexert muscles when beginning an exercise program.
Proper diet and vitamin intake will make your body healthier and delay fatigue.
A feeling of discomfort or weakness is a natural protective mechanism calling for rest.
Training can improve the strength recovery rate after exhaustion in exercise.
Training can improve the circulatory and respiratory systems by delaying the fatigue stage. This is because of the
improving strengh of the heart which can then put out more blood on each beat.
8.06 Exercise and weight control
2.01
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Exercise and eating = weight control.
You should adjust your exercise to your weight.
If you are overweight or underweight your eating habits and exercise need some changing. See your doctor.
You may become overweight if you don't get enough exercise.
Topic
Subtopic Axiom
3.01 Exercise can burn off excess fat stored in cells.
3.02 With proper exercise and diet your weight can be controlled.
4.01 As exercise increases from sedentary to light there is a decrease in caloric intake, but the trend reverses through the
categories of medium, heavy, and very heavy work.
4.02 The best weight loss plan is a program of systematic and progressive exercise to complement the diet.
4.03 Exercise tends to regulate the mechanism that controls the appetite.
4.04 The obese adult should have a complete physical examination by a physician before beginning an exercise program.
4.05 Exercise enhances body composition, i.e, the body is more muscle and less fat.
8.07 Exercise and convalescence
1.01 A child who has a cold must realize that staying home for a few days will keep the cold from getting worse, and also prevent
the spread of cold germs to others.
2.01 Convalescence is a recovery of a past illness.
2.02 You should not exercise directly after illness.
2.03 Exercise can help build back strength that you lost during illness.
3.01 Exercise can increase your recovery after most illnesses.
3.02 People with some illnesses are required to exercise.
4.01 Exercise helps the elderly live independent, healthy, productive lives due to better health.
4.02 Exercise improves overall health and general attitude of the convalescents.
4.03 The body recovers more quickly from disease by resting rather than continued exertion.
4.04 With new programs, there is a growing concept of changing ideas with special needs of elderly and retired.
4.05 Exercise during convalescence is of therapeutic importance as one grows older.
8.08 Exercise and menstruation
3.01 It is not necessary to stop exercising when menstruation occurs.
3.03 Girls may exercise during menstruation.
4.01 The main concern of menstruation is the loss of iron which is needed to synthesize hemoglobin, the oxygen carrying
component in the blood.
4.02 Olympic records have been set at every stage in the mensttrual cycle and it is thus difficult to justify the apprehension
associated with menstruation and athletics.
8.09 Age and capacity for exercise
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A person should pick exercises for his own age limit.
The number of exercises done is usually based on the age and condition of the individual.
A regular program for your age group should be set up.
The younger you are the greater the capacity of exercise you are able to do.
A certain amount of exercise is needed at every age.
The older a person gets the smaller the capacity of exercise you are able to do.
Resiliency and resistance to injury tend to diminish with age.
The maximum oxygen intake for a person increases during the formative years to maturity and then gradually declines
throughout adulthood.
The older you get the amount of work you are able to do is limited because you can not get your heart rate as high as when
you were young without chance of heart malfunction.
Clogging of arteries occurs as you get older limiting the blood flow and the amount of exercise that can be done.
Stamina training is the most vital form of adult exercise.
Strength, stamina, and flexibility diminish with age.
Exercise of an easy, flowing, rhythmic nature is encouraged for elderly people rather than movements demanding quick
bursts of strength and speed.
Isometric exercises for the elderly are very dangerous.
Calisthenics should fully stretch the muscle before any sport or endurance activity in adulthood.
8.10 Nutritional needs in exercise
1.01 Food gives you energy.
2.01 Water is an important nutrient for exercising.
2.02 You need carbohydrates and fats for the energy to exercise.
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Some foods eaten before exercise can cause problems.
Most foods build up strength, so you can exercise correctly.
Certain foods provide nutritional needs during exercise.
You need food regularly to exercise properly.
Certain foods, such as fruits, gives you energy which gives you power to exercise.
Athletes must eat good foods.
Vitamins help your body work properly.
When fats and carbohydrates do not give your body enough for energy, proteins help supply the energy material you need.
Iron makes it possible for hemoglobin to carry oxygen.
Water is needed to form new cells and replace lost water to cells after exercising.
Without the help of vitamins, most other nutrients could not be used very well by the cells of your body for energy or
Carbohydrates are important nutrients because they give your body material for energy.
Proteins and fats also serve as energy sources during exercise.
Normally a balanced diet from all four food groups will supply all the vitamins and minerals needed while exercising.
High fat diets tend to produce greater fatigue. This is not advisable for endurance activities.
The higher the activity level of an individual, the higher the caloric intake to maintain his/her weight.
The primary source of fuel for physical exercise are carbohydrates.
8.11 Posture and body mechanics
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Joints allow your arms and legs to move along with other parts of your body.
Your skeleton has bending places called joints.
There are many small joints in your backbone.
The joints in your backbone move when you bend.
When walking, point your toes ahead and rest your weight on the outside of the foot.
Correct posture is sitting way back in a chair with your feet on the floor.
When standing, hold your body erect with head high and chin pulled in, feet pointing forward; When sitting, hold your upper
body erect and sit in a chair of the correct size.
Posture is the way you hold your body.
How you feel affects your posture.
Adequate food, rest and sleep make good posture.
If you have good posture you can stand and sit for a long time without getting tired.
Exercise improves posture.
To have good posture, you need strong muscles.
The shoulders should be relaxed and fall evenly.
Weight should be evenly distributed on both feet.
Head and neck should be centered between the shoulders.
While standing, the body should be as tall as possible without strain.
Strength in the lower back is a result of good posture and reduces chance of lower back pain from injury.
Good standing posture should show erectness, good body alignment, good balance and ease of stance.
A person with good body posture who shows it in his appearance usually has a healthier body.
Poor posture is related to poor flexibility.
Good posture is basic to every other position.
8.12 Drugs and athletic performance
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An athlete is hurting himself more than helping himself when he takes drugs.
Smoking makes the heart do more work.
Smoking makes your lungs work less efficiently.
An overdose during athletic performance can cause death or serious illness.
Alcoholic drinks lead to less skillful use of muscles.
Some drugs help relax an athlete during performance.
Topic
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A person's alertness and coordination are reduced.
Erogenic acids at the professional level are legal to use but are strictly an independent moral decision.
No drug can safely make the athlete better than he/she normally would be.
Amphetamines produce prolonged alertness and decrease awareness of fatigue.
Cortisone as a pain killer given to injured athletes deadens nerves so the player can play with pain is being questioned as
being safe for the athletes.
The use of certain ergogenic acids is considered illegal in amateur athletics.
Sedatives and tranquilizers are used on athletes to reduce tension and anxiety.
Masking the signs of fatigue is harmful to the stressed athlete.
Steroids are used to increase muscle mass by increasing protein retention and calcium utilization within the muscle.
Athletes have begun to use anabolic steroids to attempt to increase strength and weight.
8.14 Importance of sleep
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You may feel cross when you do not get enough sleep.
The student shall become acquainted with what happens, in the body, during sleep.
The student shall become informed of how sleep, or lack of sleep effects the brain.
The student will become aware of how much sleep they need each day.
Sleep helps you feel good.
You may make mistakes at school when you don't get enough sleep.
Sleep helps you grow.
Most children need eleven hours of sleep at night.
Certain people have trouble sleeping.
There are two kinds of sleep; i.e., sleep with dreams and sleep without dreams.
When sleeping the body is less sensitive to pain, light, and sound.
Sleep refreshes the mind and body.
Sleep-deprived people become irritable.
During sleep, parts of the brain are less active.
The average person requires sleep just as he does food.
During sleep, breathing and the heartbeat slow down.
An infant sleeps almost all of the time, awakening usually only for feeding.
When your body is rundown and without adequate sleep you are more susceptible to infectious disease.
Emotions are affected by lack of sleep.
Important way of overcoming normal fatigue.
You might have hallulcinations with improper amounts of sleep.
Without enough sleep, you quickly become irritable and less efficient.
Do not use drugs to help you sleep unless they are prescribed by a physcian.
You must determine the proper amount of sleep for your own needs.
With enough sleep the cells of your body are able to regain the strength they may have lost during the day.
Lack of sleep usually results in a loss of coordination, impaired vision, and retardation of the thought processes.
During sleep, your dreams often sort out the problems of the day.
It is estimated that people spend about one third of their lives in sleep.
Normally adult people have a pattern of daytime wakefulness and nocturnal sleep.
Long and short sleepers have substantially differing personalities and lifestyles.
During sleep, most of the measurable physical functions slow down.
The gradual decrease in total hours of sleep per 24 hours can increase the ability to remain awake.
When you feel sleepy it is nature's message that your body needs recuperation and rest.
The duration of sleep is related to the occupation of the individual.
During sleep, growth and regrowth take place rapidly since cells are being restored faster than they are being worn out.
Newborn infants spend 16-17 hours asleep per day.
Topic
Subtopic Axiom
8.15 Exercise and the relief of tension
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The student will know the best exercises to use for relief of tension.
The student will have a basic understanding of why exercise relieves tension.
Exercise not only aids in physical health, but also in mental health.
Exercise releases tension mostly when it is combined with a good diet, sufficient rest, and proper medical attention.
Exercise reduces fear in individuals.
Dance is a form of exercise which releases tension.
Yoga is a form of exercise which releases tension.
When you are upset, take a swim or go for a bicycle ride or walk.
There is a strong relationship between physical activity and social and mental health.
Regular exercise helps you feel better, rest better, and eat better.
Such physical activity can help clear the way for you to think through your problems.
Exercise will release hesitations, doubts, and fears.
Exercising to prevent tension will also decrease disease susceptibility.
Doctors actually prescribe an activity program for their patients with problems of tension and anxiety.
You are more apt to improve your mental health if you develop skills in both pasive and physical activities.
The Deep Diaphramatic Breath facilitates mental activity by increasing lung capacity and the amount of oxygen in the blood.
You should include sports or exercise into your daily schedule to help maintain emotional balance.
8.16 Exercise and scholastic achievement
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The student will know that exercise can help scholastic achievement.
Exercise can be a positive approach to academics.
Pressures may be relieved by exercise which can help students in studies.
Exercise in physical education helps you achieve physically, mentally, emotionally, and socially.
Regular exercise improves the amount of energy you have which can get you through school and much more.
Regular exercise helps you feel better, rest better, and eat better; which helps your scholastic achievement.
The healthy body can stimulate the need for a healthy mind.
There should be an equal balance between education of the mind and education of the body.
8.17 Structure and function of organs and
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The student will understand how these organs keep us healthy.
The student will understand that everybodies body is a little different.
The student will become aware of ways to keep these systems healthy.
You have a nose for smelling.
Nerves go from your eyes, ears, nose, and tongue to your brain.
The student will become aware of ways they can help the organs do their work.
The student will know where these organs are located in their own bodies.
Messages from the senses go to the brain.
Your sense of touch is your skin.
You have two eyes for seeing.
You have a tongue for tasting.
You have two ears for hearing.
The student shall become acquainted with what work these organs do in the body.
The student will know what the main organs of the body are.
The blood carries nutrients and oxygen to body cells and carries away carbon dioxide and other wastes from the body.
The ocular muscles are the extrinsic muscles of the eyeball which aid in holding it in place and control its movement.
The cardiovascular system is a closed system of circulation.
The brain is the central exchange of the nervous system.
The digestive system begins at the mouth and ends at the anus.
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Sweating results in a reduced concentration of water in the blood.
The human body, like all living things, can reproduce.
The endocrine glands produce many hormones.
The organs of taste are the taste buds distributed mainly over the tongue.
Along with the skeletal muscles, the bones make it possible for the body to move about.
The stomach and other organs of the digestive system change food into a form the body can use.
Digested food passes through the thin walls of the small intestine and is carried by blood to all parts of the body.
The heart propels blood throughout the body.
The kidneys remove liquid waste products and water from the blood.
The ear is considered the most complex of the organs.
The skin covers the outside of the body; it keeps out dirt and harmful bacteria.
The circulatory system helps to regulate body temperature, to fight infection and to remove bodily wastes.
The skeletal system is made up of living cells.
In the bodies organs, different tissues work together for a specific purpose.
The skin receives the bodily sensations of touch, pressure, pain, heat, and cold.
The endocrine system serves to maintain homeostasis and it also functions to control body growth and to stimulate the
development of secondary sex characteristics.
The skeletal system serves as the hard framework for the body and it also helps to protect certain vital organs, to produce
red blood cells, and to store fats and certain minerals.
The respiratory system serves to continually deliver oxygen to your blood.
The nervous system serves to maintain homeostasis and to provide you with consciousness, memory, emotions, and
Several kinds of tissue may combine to form one organ.
Your heart, blood vessels, and blood are examples of organs that work together to form a system of the body.
The reproductive system serves it's main function as continuance of the species. It also functions to produce certain
The sensory organs serve to receive much of the information interpreted by the brain.
The ears play the major role in maintaining equilibrium.
The muscular system helps to provide movement, to provide heat, and even to form some of the internal organs of the
The muscular system serves to help support and to protect the body as a whole.
The circulatory system serves to provide the body with a continuous supply of oxygen, nutrients, and other essential
The respiratory system helps regulate your normal body temperature and to produce sound.
There is an interdependence between the structure and the functioning of each part of the skeletal system.
The urinary system serves to excrete most of your bodily wastes and also regulates the composition of your blood.
The digestive system serves to primarily break down food substances so that these substances can be absorbed into the
A group of organs is called a system.
Chemical digestion consists of metabolic reactions that break down the carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins of food into
molecules usable for body cells.
The small intestine is subdivided into the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum.
Organs may be defined as structures composed of two or more tissues capable of performing certain functions.
The gonad that produces gametes are paired testes in the male and the ovaries in the female.
The receptor organs provide the sensitivity and function to generate nervous impulses throughout the body.
The large intestine is about 1.5 meters long.
Body systems represent combinations of organs of similar or related functions which work together as a unit.
The neurons of the nervous system exhibits irritability and conductivity.
There are ten major systems of the body, i.e., antegumentary, skeletal, muscular, circulatory, endocrine, digestive,
respiratory, urinary, reproductive and the nervous system.
The autonomic nervous system consists of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems.
The pancreas extends across the posterior abdominal wall from the duodenum to the spleen.
8.18 Isometric exercise
2.01 Isometric exercise is a method of exercise that involves little or no visable movement.
2.02 Isometrics are helpful for those that are limited in their range of motion.
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Most isometric exercises require no special equipment.
To perform isometric exercises a person pushes against an immovable object.
Isometric exercise contracts (tightens and shortens) the muscles.
Promotes muscular strength, agility, flexibility, muscle tone, and good posture.
Based upon the principle that as long as the muscle fibers are contracted, a person does not have to move an object to reap
the benefits of the activity.
In this exercise, a person either pushes or pulls on an object which he cannot move.
Person can exercise one group of muscles against another.
Isometric exercise does not require maximal contraction.
A 2% gain per week is expected when tension varies from 50% to maximum and the duration of the contraction lasts at least
five seconds.
The concept of isometric exercises evolved in the early 20th. century.
Isometrics contract opposing muscles with little shortening of the muscle fibers.
Isometrics are helpful for those that are limited in their range of motion.
Individuals can increase the tone of muscle fibers to a large degree.
Isometric training involves exercising against a resistance greater than the force that can be applied.
8.19 Isotonic exercise
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Isotonic exercises are also known as progressive resistance exercises.
Isotonic exercise is when the muscle contractions move an object.
Isotonic exercises don't require very much equipment.
Isotonics are done in sets and repetitions.
It increases muscular strength more than isometrics.
Walking, writing, bending or almost any other type of movement you make must actually be considered a form of isotonic
Isotonic exercises such as weight lifting, help to promote musclular strength, agility, flexibility, muscle tone, good posture,
and many other aspects of physical fitness.
For the muscle fibers to increase size and strength, they must have some resistance placed on them. Because of this, the
most widely used isotonic exercise is lifting weights. The more weight you life, the more resistance is placed upon the
This form of exercise involves contractions of the muscles that are strong enough to move an object.
Lifting weights is a classic example of isotonic training.
Isotonics are given in sets and repititions and are based from 6 to 15 repititions as maximums.
Isotonic resistance is increased periodically as strength increases.
The frequency of isotonic training should be three times per week.
Isotonic training involves the actual movement or lifting of a constant resistance through the range of motion of the joints
It increases muscular strenghth and hypertrophy to a larger degree than isometrics.
8.20 Fitness fads
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People expect to lose weight by doing exercises which aren't that strenuous.
Jogging is a fad which is becoming quite popular.
People are often obsessed with the idea of being physically fit and use a variety of methods to obtain this goal.
Belt type trimmers only make the skin tighter.
Pounds will always be reduced if the exercise is done actively enough but people usually want to lose weight without doing
anything too strenuous.
4.03 There is no evidence for spot reducing.
4.04 A money back guarantee is one of the many gimmicks that advertisers use.
8.21 Lifelong care of the eyes
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Protect the eyes against injury by using goggles, face masks, helmets, and light reflectors.
At some point in your life you may need to get glasses in order to see better.
Have adequate lighting while reading or watching T.V.
Injuries to your eyes should be treated immediately.
Tears help wash the eyes when something is in them.
Cataracts is a common eye disease.
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Moisture is important in the eye.
Don't rub your eye when something is in it.
You should never put anything in your eyes unless told to by a doctor.
Be alert to the dangers of pointed sticks, b.b. guns, etc.
Smog can irritate the eyes.
Eyes should be examined once a year.
Look ahead to prevent eye accidents.
Never look directly into the sun.
Wear safety goggles if there is any danger of flying chips or sparks.
Wearing glasses when needed will help prevent any further problems.
A person should go to the opthalmologist if they have an eye disorder.
Watch television at a comfortable distance.
Rest your eyes from time to time.
If an eye becomes angrily inflammed, medical advice should be sought at once.
Great care should be taken if foreign bodies get into the eye and should be removed at once.
The diet for the preservation of eyesight should contain the proper amounts of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and minerals in
a balanced form and adequate amounts of vitamins.
4.04 The delicate eyes of growing children should not be subjected to eyestrain.
4.05 Good lighting affects our sight now and helps preserve our normal sight.
8.22 Sudden loss of vision
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The main known causes are accidents, infections, cataracts, and glaucoma.
Treatments for infections by antibiotics has helped materially in preventing blindness.
Industry has provided more adequate safety equipment.
A bad blow to the head while in a fight or from falling can cause loss of vision.
Seeing eye dogs are obtainable to many of the blind.
Nervous blindness occurs in persons suffering from neurasthemia, that is, a condition of the nervous system where there is
a high susceptibility to fatigue from mental or physical exertion.
In certain cases of tobacco and of alcoholic blindness, the diet of the patient is found to be deficient in vitamin B.
People who have smoked strong dark tobacco for a long time and in large amounts may suddenly lose their eye sight.
Persons taking quinine in large doses and sometimes in small doses, such as patients suffering from malaria or influenza
may lose their sight suddendly.
In both acute and chronic forms of kidney disease the patients may have an attack of temporary blindness lasting from
twelve hours to 2 or 3 days.
8.23 The cross-eyed child
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Prompt medical care can prevent later unpleasant or crippling effects.
Strabismus is the proper name for being cross-eyed.
Glasses can correct vision.
Other children are often cruel and make fun of cross-eyed children.
Crossed eyes are caused by abnormal action of the eye muscles.
Strabismus affects about 1% of the population.
Child often becomes dependent on good eye.
Can be corrected with an operation.
Children should have eyes tested and checked as early as possible.
Most crossed eyes will not spontaneously disappear, but will require correction by surgery or glasses.
Approximately one third of the children with retinoblastoma (a highly malignant eye cancer) are brought to the doctor because
of the complaint of crossed eyes.
4.03 Blindness resulting from disuse damages the crossed eye of the cross- eyed child so often that 1% of our population is
handicapped with a poor eye from this cause.
4.04 One form of crossed eyes, resulting from childhood farsightedness will disappear as the maturing eyes become less
4.05 If one eye crosses and is not used for a prolonged time during childhood, it will lose vision.
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8.24 Injuries to the eye
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Always be extra careful whenever using pointed or sharp objects.
Over 500,000 people receive injuries to their eyes each year.
All injuries should be treated by a doctor immediately.
Place only prescribed medications in your eyes.
Most eye injuries or accidents could be prevented according to authorities on safety.
Many people do not wear protective covering for their eyes during potentially dangerous activities.
Keep sharp objects and household cleaners out of childrens reach.
Cinders and grit are baest removed in emergencies with bathing the affected area in water.
Looking directly at the sun can cause injury to the eyes.
You cannot be too careful in guarding against injury to your eyes.
Objects thrown at someone may cause an eye injury.
Chemicals can get into the eyes and cause serious damage.
Fireworks can cause sparks to get into the eyes and burn them.
Excess of vitamin A causes eye hemorrhages.
Vision is often much affected and with atrophy may be seriously or permanently damaged from lead poisoning.
Workers in electric arc welding may have temporary eye trouble, characterized by pain, sensitiveness to light, headaches,
and conjunctivitis due to ultra violet light.
8.25 Different kinds of glasses/contact lenses
2.01 When a person is nearsighted, glasses or contact lenses can be made to aid the eye.
2.02 A person who is farsighted can be helped with contact lenses or glasses; these aids bend light rays so that a clear picture is
formed on the retina.
3.01 Contacts provide more peripheral vision than glasses.
3.02 Contact lenses are one step in medical technology that helps people in everyday living.
3.03 Soft contact lenses don't correct farsightedness.
4.01 Plastic lenses are as safe as safety glass.
4.02 Federal law requires all eye glasses to be made of safety glass.
4.03 Hyperopia can be reversed with contact lenses.
4.04 Contact lenses will correct myopia.
4.05 Glasses with convex lenses will help people with farsightedness.
4.06 Contact lenses aid for comfort and safety during sports.
4.07 Concave glasses correct for nearsightedness.
4.08 Bifocals are useful for distance and for reading.
4.09 Sun glasses are sometimes prescribed to people with fair skin and light colored eyes.
8.26 The eye examination
1.01 If glasses are needed, the eye doctor makes a prescription for lenses. The child's parents take the prescription to a special
place that makes glasses for people.
1.02 Each eye is tested separately on an eye chart to check for signs of eye disease.
1.03 The eye doctor looks into the eyes with a special machine to see if they are healthy.
2.01 An examination should be done once a year.
2.02 The eye examination is done by a ophthalmologist.
4.01 Visual acuity is recorded as a fraction, i.e., the numerator indicates distance to the chart and the denominator is the distance
at which the normal eye could read the line.
4.02 The eyes should be examined once a year to detect early disorders.
4.03 Visual field measurement is useful in examination of patients with suspected intracranial disorders.
4.04 5% of the males have inherited deficiencies in recognition and distinction between red and green.
4.05 An ophthalmoscope is used to see through the pupil to the retina.
4.06 Intraocular pressure measurement should be performed routinely in persons over 40 years of age.
8.27 Stuttering
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Stuttering varies from culture to culture and from one socioeconomic level to another within a culture.
Stuttering is a disorder in the rhythm or fluency of speech.
The first signs of stuttering are repetitions of sounds, syllables, words or phrases.
Parents are first to diagnose stuttering in nearly all cases.
A child's speech pattern changes after they have been diagnosed a stutterer.
8.28 Wax in the ears
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The doctor will use an otoscope to see if wax must be removed.
Tiny glands produce wax in the ears.
The hairs and wax keep dust and insects from going to inner parts of the ear.
Wax build up may cause deafness.
Syringing is a common method for removing ear wax.
Cercuminous glands secret wax.
Impacted cerumen is excessive wax in inner ear.
Excessive ear wax may cause a minor hearing loss.
Wax in the ears can easily be removed by a doctor.
8.29 Eye disorders
2.01 Sometimes the eyeball is too long from front to back; this causes light rays to focus in front of the retina. A person whose
eyeball is like this is nearsighted.
2.02 Farsightedness means not clearly seeing things that are close.
2.03 An eyeball may be too short from front to back. This condition is called farsightedness.
2.04 Nearsightedness means not clearly seeing things that are far away.
3.01 Astigmatism is caused by irregularities in the surface of the cornea.
4.01 Tunnel vision is peripheral loss in both eyes.
4.02 Nearsightedness focuses the image in front of the retina.
4.03 Farsightedness occurs when the image is focused behind the retina.
4.04 Double vision is a result of diplopia.
4.05 Color blindness is the incapability of distinguishing between certain colors.
4.06 A blind spot that affects vision is a scotoma.
8.30 Sunbathing and sunburn
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On cloudy days you can get a sunburn.
Put lotion on burned areas.
The redness of skin comes from the swelling of the capillaries.
Wear clothes to cover your arms and legs if you are going to be out in the sun for a long period of time.
In severe sunburn there may be fever and swelling of the skin.
If you are out in the sun for long periods of time without proper clothing, a painful burn from the sun may result.
Do not count on lotions to protect you for prolonged periods.
A way to take care of the skin is to avoid sunburn.
When you are going to be out in the sunshine for long periods of time, wear a hat or cap to protect your head.
The skin produces vitamin D when exposed to sunlight.
Sun rays are most intense between 11:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m.
Excessive sunbathing is bad for the skin.
Increase the time out in the sun by about one third each day.
Getting your tan gradually is the safest way.
Overexposure to the sun can cause an aging, leathery appearance and wrinkling.
You should take aspirin for the pain and to control inflammation from sunburn.
The destruction to blood capillaries is a result of sunburn.
Skin cancer doubles for every eight degrees in latitude that we move toward the equator.
Sunbathing lotions help to prevent sunburns.
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4.06 Too much radiation from the sun can be harmful.
4.07 Melanocytes are the pigments in the skin that react to the ultra violet rays.
8.31 Acne
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Acne usually causes no permanent damage.
Acne is not contagious.
Blackheads are hard plugs of dried oil.
Acne is more common to youth than older people.
If acne is severe it is advisable to see a dermatologist (skin doctor).
Acne cannot be entirely prevented or cured.
Acne occurs mostly on the face but may appear on back, shoulders, and neck.
The cause of acne is not agreed upon by all authorities.
Acne is made up of blackheads, whiteheads, and pimples.
Endocrine glands hyper-activates skin oil glands to enlarge folicles, therefore acne develops.
In people with acne, their hair and scalp is often oily.
Genetic factor is the most important single cause of acne.
Acne first appears at age eight or nine.
Mild forms of acne clear up by age twenty and severe cases persist into the thirties.
The size and activity of sebaceous glands are affected by hormonal changes during adolescence.
8.32 Fungus infections
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Athletes foot is common among teenagers.
Athletes foot is caused by a fungus.
Athletes foot is highly contagious.
A person should consult physician if athlete's foot does persist.
Treatment is cleanliness and antifungal creams.
Infection causes cracks in the skin, skin is red and sores between toes.
A sign of athlete's foot is itching.
The fungus thrives in a moist environment.
8.33 Warts
2.01 If the wart grows on the bottom of the foot, it is called a plantar wart.
2.02 There are little ridges that grow up from the dermis to the epidermis. If these little ridges keep on growing they form a small,
hard lump on the skin. This lump is called a wart.
2.03 If you want something done about a wart, you should see a doctor.
2.04 Sometimes warts go away by themselves.
3.01 Warts can spread from person to person but usually spread from one area to another on the same person.
3.02 Warts are caused by a viral infection.
3.03 Warts may be spread by contact between individuals.
3.04 Most warts eventually disappear without treatment.
3.05 Warts develop mostly on the hands, fingers, and feet.
4.01 There is no known way of preventing a reoccurrence of warts.
4.02 Warts may last any length of time.
4.03 Warts are often overtreated and most of them disappear in time if left alone.
4.04 Plantar warts in girls are frequently caused by the habit of performing gymnastics and dance in bare feet.
8.34 Burns
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Before getting into a tub of hot water, test the temperature.
Tell someone immediately so they can get the necessary help.
Burns can be prevented by being careful around hot objects.
Burns are classified in three different degrees.
The application of grease and/or oil should not be done for the treatment of a burned victim.
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There are many instances in which first aid can be used for treating cuts, burns, or bruises.
Burns can result in psychological difficulties.
Sunburn is a first degree burn.
If you have a small burn with no blisters, soak it in water until there is no pain when you take it out.
Blisters appear on second degree burns.
Application of cold water is the most common treatment for a burned victim.
Several layers of skin may be damaged in third degree burns.
The least serious of the three types of burns is known as a first degree burn.
In a first degree burn, the skin becomes painful and reddened.
Burns are among the most painful of all injuries.
They are classified by the depth or degree to which body tissue has been burned.
A third degree burn, the most serious of the three, involves severe and possibly permanent damage to the tissue. (Much of
the skin in the damaged area may have been burned away).
Safe habits will decrease a large number of extensive burns.
Fires and chemicals can cause serious burns on the human body.
It is important to keep burns clean and covered.
Untreated burns can cause serious infections.
8.35 Psychogenic skin disorders
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Some doctors believe that physical and emotional stresses may bring on acne.
Medication and psychotherapy in understanding the person's problems is the only solution.
People can learn to overcome psychogenic skin disorders.
Itching, scratching and rubbing are the three major causes of psychogenic skin disorders.
The mind can cause skin disease.
8.36 Skin infections
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Let a physician look at it.
Keep the area cleansed.
Infections are caused by germs and bacteria.
Infections should be treated by a doctor.
Skin is made up of layers of cells.
Vitamin A helps keep your skin healthy as do riboflavin and niacin.
A dermatologist specializes in treating skin problems.
Contagious infections should be kept away so they do not spread.
A mass of boils, close together and with several cores, is a carbuncle.
Infections may be caused by direct contact or indirect contact with others.
Boils generally occur where the skin and hair roots are irritated or chafed.
Leprosy is an infectious disease more common to other countries than to the U.S.
A simple boil has a single core and may be no more than a pimple.
Leprosy is caused by a kind of bacteria that may affect a person's skin, causing the skin to swell.
Impetigo infection is caused by bacteria, extremely contagious and appears on the hands, face, and neck.
Bacteria and fungus are major causes of skin infections.
Infection should be kept covered and not touched by other parts of the body.
Skin infections are red and easily irritated.
8.37 Causes of dental illness
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Not eating properly causes dental illness.
Not brushing regularly or properly causes dental illness.
Not using a fluoride in your toothpaste causes dental illness.
Not seeing you dentist on a regular basis causes dental illness.
Not flossing regularly causes dental illness.
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Plaque is a sticky, colorless film of harmful bacteria that forms constantly on everybodies teeth.
If tooth decay is left untreated, the acid continues to break down the tooth and progresses into the pulp or inner part of the
Over abundance of sugar can cause dental illness.
Tooth decay is caused by germs and sugar which form an acid. It is this acid which produces tooth decay.
An improper diet will harm the building and maintainence of healthy teeth, gums, and jawbone.
A diet without enough calcium causes the teeth to become pitted or poorly shaped.
Structure of teeth, sweets eaten, bacteria, saliva in your mouth and hereditary factors cause decay.
All causes of tooth decay are not known.
Peridontis, trench mouth and gingivitis are signs of dental illness.
People with poor diets are more likely to have poor dental health.
People with bad mouth habits like smoking, chewing on objects, sucking your thumb have a greater chance of dental illness.
8.38 Sugars and dental decay
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Stay away from sweets as much as possible to prevent tooth decay.
Cavities are a form of dental decay.
Tooth decay is the most widespread disease in this country.
Sugar is a main cause of dental decay.
In the presence of sugar, bacteria in plaque forms acids.
Avoiding excessive amounts of sweets can help prevent decay.
Teeth should be brushed after eating sweets to avoid decay.
Children that eat candy and not the right foods have a higher chance of tooth decay than children who do not.
Tooth brushing or rinsing of the mouth with water immediately after eating refined sugars helps prevent tooth decay.
8.39 Fluoridation of water supplies
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Flouridation of water supplies helps prevent cavities.
Flouridated water has no other effects on the body.
Many municipalities flouridate their water supplies.
By adding about one part sodium fluoride to one million parts of water, communities have decreased the average number of
dental caries.
3.02 Experiments have proven the effectiveness of fluoridation in the prevention of dental decay, especially among growing
8.40 Fluoridated toothpastes
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Brushing with flouridated toothpaste helps prevent cavities.
You can tell if a toothpaste has fluoride in it by the statement from the American Dental Association (ADA) on the package.
Fluoride can be added to toothpaste or it can be put directly on a person's teeth by a dentist.
Not all toothpastes have fluoride.
8.41 Prevention of dental decay
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Snack on fruits and vegetables--not sweets.
Floss your teeth after every meal to prevent tooth decay.
Get regular dental checkups to prevent dental decay.
Brush after every meal to prevent tooth decay.
Brush the top teeth, the side and check the surfaces.
If you cannot brush your teeth, swish water around in your mouth.
The best kind of toothbrush is one that has a flat surface, soft bristles, and is small enough to reach all areas of the mouth.
Calculus (hardened plaque) will not form if plaque is removed daily.
Flouride toothpastes should be used for prevention.
Progress is being made in reducing the number of cavities because people are learning new ways to remove plaque.
People should stay away from heavy sugar foods.
People should examine their mouths for signs of dental illness.
Care should be taken of both gums and teeth.
People should have a dental checkup semi-annually.
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Flouridated water will aid in prevention of dental decay.
You need an adequate diet to build and maintain healthy teeth, gums, and jawbone.
It is smart to avoid many sugary drinks and sweets.
It is important to use a soft bristle toothbrush with a flat small head while brushing.
Correct any malfunctions of the teeth and gums like periondontal diseases or malocclousion.
Regular fluoride treatment once a year.
8.42 Diet and oral hygiene
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Drink 2-3 cups of milk each day.
Eat three balanced meals every day.
Diets have an effect on a persons dental health.
Certain foods help to cleanse the teeth.
Calcium and phosphorous helps your bones and teeth grow.
It is important that you have calcium and vitamin C for good growth of your teeth.
It is important not to eat too many sweets and avoid eating sweets between meals.
The gums and jawbone are affected by your diet.
Without calcium, teeth may be pitted or poorly shaped.
It is better for children to have fruits than candy.
Milk, meat, vegetables, and cereals are important for children in their younger years for good straight white teeth.
DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION
9.01 Life expectancy in the U.S.A.
3.01 The gap in life expectancy between the sexes has widened. In 1900, newborn girls could be expected to live two years longer
than newborn boys. In 1975, girls could be expected to live 7.8 years longer.
3.02 In 1900, whites could be expected to live 14.6 years longer than other Americans. By 1975, this difference had fallen to 5.3
3.03 Life expectancy varies from country to country because of differences in public health and standards of living.
3.04 New drugs, machines, and surgical operations add years to the lives of many patients.
3.05 During the stone age a person might have been expected to live about 20-25 years.
3.06 The average life expectancy at birth has increased by mre than 25 years--from 47.3 years in 1900 to 72.5 years in 1975.
3.07 Current records show that the length of time any one human being has ever lived has never exceeded 113 years.
3.08 In the United States, a person born today can be expected to live to be about seventy.
4.01 Better medical facilities and increased knowledge has lengthened life expectancy.
4.02 Age expectancy in the United States is largely due to the better medical facilities.
4.03 The decrease of infant mortality has been the main factor in the average increased length of life.
9.02 Conquest of individual diseases
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Doctors can treat some chronic diseases by surgery or operations.
Doctors can treat certain diseases with medicines.
Some diseases caused by germs can be treated with vaccines.
The first vaccine was used in 1776 to help control small pox.
Some chronic diseases are treated by X-rays.
Antibiotics can cure bacterial infections that once were often fatal.
Surgery enables doctors to remove diseased tissues that threatens the rest of the body.
Vaccines have been developed for infectious diseases such as polio, smallpox, and flu.
Conquering disease involves three chief elements, i.e., diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
Increased knowledge about microorganisms in modern times has enabled scientists in the United States and other advanced
countries to control many infectious diseases.
Polio has almost become extinct due to the Salk vaccine.
Development of vaccination and immunizations help to fight off germs.
A decline in measles and mumps due to vaccinations.
More evidence has been found which has been associated smoking with heart and lung disease.
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4.05 Transplanting of kidneys has helped many people with kidney disease.
9.03 Downward trend of death rates
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One of the most dramatic ways in which man has improved the quality of his health is by preventing and controlling many
Knowledge of the causes of infectious diseases and the steps necessary to prevent infection have become a part of the
Medical science promises to reduce mortality from chronic disorders such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer.
Better medical facilities are available.
An awareness for better health and prolonged life by individuals.
9.04 Decline in tuberculosis deaths
2.01 There is a health law that says a person who has TB is not allowed to work where food is prepared or served.
3.01 Some health department clinics are mainly for finding and treating certain diseases such as tuberculosis.
3.02 Treatment and preventive action have greatly reduced the number of tuberculosis cases in the developed countries,
including the United States.
3.03 Doctors give a drug to a child who lives with someone who has tuberculosis, even if the youngster has a negative skin test.
3.04 Almost all tuberculosis patients can be treated successfully with drugs. The drugs stop the bacteria from multiplying and
allow the body's natural defenses to work against the disease.
3.05 During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, man began to develop many new medicines and treatments to cure or
prevent diseases such as tuberculosis.
3.06 Skin tests show whether a person has a tuberculosis infection, but they do not necessarily indicate the disease.
3.07 In some cases doctors perform surgery to remove the afflicted part of a tubercular lung. The remaining part continues to
function normally.
4.01 Mass screening programs.
4.02 Modern preventative measures, e.g.,(chest x-rays).
4.03 Discovery of antibiotics.
4.04 Recognition of the symptoms of tuberculosis.
9.05 Leading causes of illness
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Smoking and drinking can cause chronic disease like cancer, emphysema, cirrhosis of the liver and alcoholism.
The environment around you can cause illness.
Sometimes rats carry germs that cause bubonic plague.
Poor eating habits can cause many types of disease. This is caused by eating too much or too little of the right things.
Insects carrying disease germs can cause illness.
Air pollution causes some types of chronic disease.
Heredity can cause some types of chronic disease including diabetes.
Germs cause many types of disease including some chronic ones.
A chronic disorder more common to adults is bronchitis.
A chronic disorder that is more common to adults than to youth is an ulcer.
A chronic disorder that is more common to adults and affects the lungs is emphysema.
Today the greatest disease problems in many countries are those directly or indirectly related to the inadequate quality or
quantity of food.
Main contagious diseases in the United States are vereral diseases, scarlet fever, streptococcal sore throat, chicken pox,
measles, hepatitis, tuberculosis, salmonellosis, mumps, and german measles.
Worry and tension can lead to headaches, ulcers, and other illnesses.
Many diseases are caused by tiny livng things such as bacteria or viruses that invade the body.
A chronic disorder in which the walls of certain arteries become hardened and lose their ability to stretch is called
Some diseases are caused by substances that harm or irritate the body, such as cigarette smoke or automobile fumes.
9.06 Hereditary bleeding diseases
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Hemophilia, the bleeding disorder, is caused by lack of essential blood clotting components in the blood.
Females are unlikely to get heredity bleeding diseases.
Males seem to inherit hemophilia more than females.
Parents with hemophilia will pass on hemophilia to their children.
A person with hemophilia could die if they receive a cut and it is not treated right away.
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Some blood diseases may not surface until later on in life.
Hemophilia is an abnormal condition of males inherited through the mother, the disease causes a tendency to bleed
Through blood transfusins, large amounts of blood which people have lost through bleeding can be replaced.
Inheritance of hemophilia can affect personality in many different aspects.
The National Hemophilia Foundation is a voluntary health organization provided for families with the disease.
It is possible to inherit a serious blood disease called hemophilia.
Knowledge about the different varieties of hereditary bleeding diseases have made it possible to alleviate at least in part
some of their severity.
4.02 Hemophilia is caused by a sudden change in the chemical structure of a normal gene situated on an X chromosome.
4.03 Females are relatively safe from hereditary bleeding diseases.
4.04 A mother with hemophilia passes the trait on to all of her children.
9.07 Diabetes
2.01 Urine tests are done by dipping a plastic strip with five colors into the urine sample. If the color change occurs, there is an
indication of a condition in the body that needs to be studied.
2.02 The pancreas is an endocrine gland which produces insulin.
2.03 Too much sugar in the urine is a symptom of diabetes. This is found by a urine test.
2.04 The cause of diabetes is unknown.
2.05 Treatment controls diabetes but does not cure it.
2.06 Diabetes is a disease in which the body is not able to use sugar.
2.07 Insulin regulates the use of sugar in the body.
2.08 Lack of insulin causes diabetes.
2.09 Symptoms of diabetes include excessive urination, great thirst, hunger, and loss of weight and strength.
2.10 Diabetes can lead to many serious complications.
3.01 Obesity has a positive correlation with adult onset obesity.
3.02 A person with diabetes is unable to produce enough insulin.
3.03 Social and emotional problems may be a result of diabetes.
3.04 Diabetes is considered to be caused by heredity as it may be passed from parents to children.
3.05 Diabetes may be able to be treated by eating a diet that is low in sugar.
3.06 Once diabetes has developed it must be continually watched and controlled with drugs and/or diet.
3.07 The American Diabetes Association is a voluntary organization to aid those families affected by diabetes.
3.08 Diabetes can affect many other bodily functions.
3.09 Diabetes may start early in life or not until later on in life.
4.01 Treatment usually controls but does not cure diabetes.
4.02 Diabetes is a chronic disease.
4.03 In a diabetic person the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin.
4.04 Diabetes contributes to health problems such as blindness, atherosclerosis, CHD and stroke.
9.08 Muscular dystrophy
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The muscles which are first affected on children are the calves.
No effective treatment has yet been developed for muscular dystrophy.
Muscular dystrophy is a serious muscle disease which is inherited from parents to children.
Muscular dystrophy causes muscles to become weak and waste away.
A person with M.D. experiences weakness and total helplessness at a young age.
Muscular dystrophy is not a disease of the nervous system but a disease of the muscles due to an unknown cause.
There is no known cure for muscular dystrophy.
Muscular dystrophy usually affects children but older people may develop it.
Treatment for muscular dystrophy usually involves therapy of the muscles affected.
As the muscles waste away the victim becomes so weak that he is confined to a wheelchair and then to bed.
Muscular dystrophy is the progressive weakening and wasting of the muscles.
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9.09 Is cancer hereditary?
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Only a few kinds of cancer have been proven to be hereditary.
Some cancers, including those of the breast and colon, occur among blood relatives at a higher than average rate.
Some people inherit a tendency to develop certain types of cancer.
There may be many different causes of cancer.
Our heredity controlling molecules (nucleic acids) are prime targets of cancer research.
Some factors associated with the occurrence of cancer are radiation, sunlight, chronic irritations, aging, genetics, and intake
of chemicals.
It is difficult to determine the amount the environment affects cancer in comparison to hereditary effects.
The inheritance of a predisposition or susceptibility to certain cancer is possible.
An intestinal polyposis, a benign condition which becomes malignant is definately inheritable.
The occurrance of breast cancer or leukemia in which several family members develop the same type of disease is likely
the result of heredity.
Retenoblastona, a rare tumor of the eye, is inherited.
Some degree of inherent instability in the cells of some persons makes them more than ordinarily prone to the development
of cancerous growth.
9.10 Allergy and heredity
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An inherited tendency toward allergy apparently does not follow any strict genetics law.
Allergies are considered chronic diseases.
If both parents have an allergy, each of their children have a 75% chance of developing one.
Such allergies as asthma, hay fever, eczema, perennial allergies rhinitis, and certain kinds of allergic headaches tend to run
In a family a person may or may not be allergic to the same things his other family members are allergic to.
Studies have shown that a person whose family has a history of allergies may have a good chance of having some kind of
Anyone can develop an allergy after repeated exposure to some offending allergen however, it is thought that some
individuals inherit the tendency or predisposition.
4.02 Familial tendency to asthma may reflect an increased genetic susceptibility.
4.03 One of the most severe hereditary allergic conditions is angioneulratic edema, which may cause death if it occurs in the
9.11 The Rh Blood factor
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Persons lacking Rh factor are called Rh-negative.
Rh is named after a rhesus monkey.
The Rh factor is inherited.
Persons who have the Rh factor are known as Rh-positive.
Rh incompatibility can sometimes be prevented.
The first birth is usually not affected by the Rh factor, it is the subsequent births that are affected.
If the mother forms Rh antibodies, they destroy the babies red blood cells.
If a Rh+ mother has an Rh- baby, and the babies blood enters the mother's blood stream the mother will produce antibodies
Erythroblastosis is a disease of newborn infants associated with the Rh factor.
This protein is found in the red blood cells of about 85% of the people.
Rh incompatibility occurs in approximately one of every eight marriages.
Erythroblastosis fetalis, a disease of the newborn only occurs when an Rh- mother carries an Rh+ fetus.
9.12 Hereditary defects
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Traits are passed on from generation to generation by tiny protein structures called genes.
Physical deformities can be inherited.
Problems with the growth of the mind may be due to heredity.
People may inherit the tendency to develop cancer and such diseases as diabetes, tuberculosis, and mental illness.
Hereditary defects involve recessive allels.
Pedigrees can give insight into patterns of inheritance of a trait and give a basis for prediction.
Down's Syndrome may be an indirect hereditary defect.
Truely hereditary birth defects are transmitted by parental germ cells.
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Muscular dystrophy may be inherited.
Some birth defects are thought to result from extremely complex interactions of genes and environment.
A number of birth defects can be diagnosed by identifying abnormalities of structure or number of chromosomes.
Weak vision is known to be caused by a hereditary defect.
Albinism may be a hereditary defect.
Hemophilia is a disease caused by heredity.
There are some types of anemia that are hereditary in nature.
Hereditary defects occur when two individuals both carrying the same recessive allele have a child.
Hereditary defects are manifested in homozygous pairings.
9.13 Sickle-cell anemia
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There is no known cure for this noninfectious disease.
It affects the ability of the blood to carry oxygen.
The majority of affected families are black.
It is a genetic disorder.
Sickle-cell anemia kills many people before they reach the age of thirty.
Sickle-cell anemia is considered to be a disease of the blood.
It is not contagious.
Inheritance from both parents causes extensive cell sickling.
Death occurs in about 50% of the population of such persons before the age of 20.
The condition of sickle cell anemia results in a twisted, sickle-shaped red blood cell.
Inheritance of the gene from one parent causes a mild condition with scattered sickle shaped cells.
9.14 Leading communicable diseases
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Mumps can cause secondary problems.
Polio was once a crippling disease.
Tetnus is a fatal disease.
Measles, if not treated properly, is serious.
Venereal disease is now on the rise.
9.15 Epidemic intelligence
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Most diseases that used to cause epidemics are under control.
An epidemic is an outbreak of a disease among a large number of people.
Today, there are few epidemics.
The school nurse reports any outbreaks or diseases to the Board of Health.
Epidemics are hard to control.
WHO keeps track of world outbreaks.
Epidemics wipe out populations.
Diseases that are truly epidemic are caused by germs which pass from one person to another.
The methods of fighting epidemics are to immunize people to the disease and to treat and educate them about proper health
Knowing the cause of a disease and how it spreads aids in preventing epidemics.
An epidemic is an outbreak of disease which attacks many people at about the same time.
9.16 Desirable immunizations
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You should get shots to protect you from such virus-caused diseases as polio, mumps and measles.
The immunization levels in the United States is falling.
Vaccination immunizes people against smallpox.
Mumps has secondary implications without immunization.
Whooping cough is critical without immunization.
Tetanus can be fatal without immunization.
There are some diseases for which there is no vaccination.
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Immunization adds to the bodies natural defenses against disease.
A vaccine has been developed for German measles.
Vaccines can be given by a shot or orally.
The Sabin vaccine is used to immunize a person against polio.
Passive immunity is achieved through the injection of antibodies that have already been produced by some other animal or
A triple vaccine (DPT injection) and a concurrent oral polio vaccine (OPV, or Sabin vaccine) should be given in a series.
Active immunity is produced through the injection of weakened or killed antigens, which stimulate the body to produce
antibodies against a specific disease.
4.04 Immunizations should be started at the proper age.
4.05 The current practice is to begin active immunization during the second month of life.
9.17 BCG vaccination
4.06 BCG is made from a specially bred and weakened strain of the tuberculosis germ.
4.07 It is believed that when the germ is injected, the body builds up disease fighters or antibodies that act as a protection against
the disease.
4.08 BCG was named for it's discoverers; Bacillus or Albert Calmette and Camille Cuerin.
4.09 In some countries, the vaccination with BCG is required by law and the U.S. recommends those exposed to tuberculosis be
9.18 Poliomyelitis
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It is a communicable disease caused by a virus.
There are vaccines that can prevent polio.
Another name for poliomyelitis is polio.
It destroys tissue in the spinal cord and can cause crippling and death.
The exact agency of transfer from case to case remains a mystery.
There have been epidemics in the United States.
This is infantile paralysis involving the central nervous system.
Polio is a crippling disease without immunization.
Poliomyelitis is a communicalbe disease caused by one of the three types of poliomyelitis viruses.
The polio viruses, if they gain entry into the central nervous system, can cause death or malfunction of the nerve cells.
Early signs of poliomyelitis are fever, headache, sore throat, nausea, muscle pain, and weakness.
Commonly, they do not enter the central nervous system but cause an infection centering around the digestive tract.
There is a 2-10% fatality rate in paralytic cases and the paralysis may be permanent.
9.19 The Salk (polio) vaccine
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The vaccine cause your body to make antibodies to fight against polio.
It contains disease germs that are alive, but greatly weakened.
The mass immunization in the U.S. in 1954-56 confirmed it's protective value.
It was the greatest triumph of this century.
One of the vaccines available is the inactivated polopvirus vaccine (IPV) developed by Jonas Salk.
The intensive administration of polio vaccines has affected a marked reduction in the incidence of polio in the U.S.
The immunization of every child is extremely important because the viruses are still present in this country.
The IPV is very effective and highly accepted.
One vaccine that can be taken comes in the form of a sugar cube.
9.20 Insects and disease
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People may get germs from insect bites.
Insects that carry diseases are called pests.
People may get germs from food on which insects have crawled on.
Control of these insects are important.
The louse transmitted typhus fever.
Fleas transmit diseases.
Sanitation is important.
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Mosquitos spread malaria.
Insects spread some of the most deadly diseases known to man.
Fleas and lice put the germs inside a person's body when they bite.
The germs that cause typhus and bubonic plague are carried by fleas and lice.
Certain insects get the germs when they bite a person who has the disease.
9.21 Flies and diseases
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Flies carry bacteria.
Proper sanitation is important.
River blindness and African sleeping sickness is transmitted by a fly.
Sleeping sickness is carried by the tsetse fly, one of the fiercest biters of all flies.
Botflies can cause swollen sores by getting larvae under the skin of man.
Tiny flies called eye gnats which hover around the face and eyes can cause serious disease of the eyes.
Horseflies and Deer flies are among the worst biters causing pain and also they spread tularemia or rabbit fever.
Black flies not only irritate by their presence, but also produce itching bites.
9.22 Mosquitoes and disease
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Mosquitoes lay their eggs in water that is still or moving very slowly.
Some mosquitoes carry yellow fever.
Mosquitoes can carry certain diseases and give them to people.
Wet areas must be cleared.
Mosquitos breed in dark, damp places.
Sprays must be used to kill disease carrying mosquitos.
Mosquitoes carry disease between animals as well as human beings.
Of the 200 different kinds of anopheles mosquitoes, only about forty carry malaria.
A few of the anopheles mosquitoes carry a disease called filariasis or elephantiasis.
9.23 Malaria
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Malaria is caused by a germ called protozoan.
The disease is transmitted by the anopheles mosquito.
Chills, fever, and sweating are symptoms of malaria.
Most of these germs are found in water.
Protozoans are larger than other germs.
In some parts of the world, certain mosquitoes carry a disease called malaria.
There are two stages of malaria, one affects the blood, the other affects the liver.
Malaria is a reoccuring disease.
Malaria is transmitted by a mosquito.
Malaria is a tropical disease.
Malaria is not transmitted in the U.S. but brought it.
The prevention of malaria is primarily through mosquito suppression.
Malaria is still a major problem in many tropical and sub-tropical areas.
Malaria is transmitted only by a certain species of mosquitoes called anopheles.
An untreated case of malaria may last for years and have repeated cyclic attacks.
9.24 Diphtheria
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Diphtheria is a disease of the nose and throat.
Harmful bacteria that is in your body causes diptheria.
Diphtheria is a communicable disease.
A shot is give to become immune to diphtheria.
Houseflies may contaminate food with diphtheria.
Food may be contaminated with diphtheria by unclean heands or unclean fingernails.
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Diphtheria is a food borne germ.
Children in the U.S. are routinely immunized against diphtheria.
This is an acute contagious disease of children.
Prompt administration of antitoxin is important.
Infection is transmitted in saliva droplets.
Immunity is tested by the Schick Test.
Disease germs that cause diphtheria are carried in milk and other foods.
Toxoids are used to provide active immunity to diphtheria.
Most children receive a combination DPT shot that offers protection from diphtheria.
Danger from diphtheria comes from the false membrane that grows over the nose and throat causing an obstruction that
impeeds breathing.
4.05 Diphtheria is a highly contagious disease of the respiratory tract that is caused by a bacillus bacteria.
9.25 Tetanus
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Tetanus can make you very ill.
There is a vaccine to protect you against tetanus.
Tetanus may be the result of a deep cut.
You must get a tetanus shot for any bad, open wound such as steping on a rusty nail.
The toxin is deadly.
Disease caused by certain bacteria usually entering the body through wounds.
Children in the U.S. are routinely immunized against tetanus.
Tetanus is world-wide.
Disease characterized by violent spasms, muscle stiffness and at times ends in death.
In man, stiffness of the jaw is usually the first symptom.
All serious wounds should be treated by a doctor and tetanus boosters are often necessary.
Tetanus is caused by a germ that is usually found in soil treated with animal manure, decaying vegetation or generally
unclean conditions.
4.03 Tetanus is often called lockjaw.
4.04 Tetanus is not a communicable disease but is a serious health hazard that affects nerve tissue and can cause death.
9.26 Pneumonia and influenza
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Pneumonia is worsened by air pollution.
A shot is given to become immune to pneumonia and influenza.
Penicillin is given by doctors when a victim has pneumonia.
Influenza is an airborne disease.
Pneumonia and influenza spread from person to person.
Pneumonia can be helped with the use of certain drugs.
Pneumonia is sometimes a complication of influlenza.
Pneumonia and influenza was the leading cause of death in the U.S. in 1900; it was the fifth leading cause of death in 1975.
Pneumonia is an infectious disease characterized by inflammation in one or both lungs.
Pneumonia is widely prevalent in all regions of the world.
Influenza epidemics have occurred with different strains.
Influenza also occurs in the respiratory system.
Pneumonia usually results from an infection that spreads downward into the lungs from the nose and throat.
Noisy breathing, cough, fever, and chest pain are pneumonia symptoms.
Since influenza is caused by several viruses, there is no total immunity.
Influenza is caused by viruses and is very contagious.
9.27 Smallpox and vaccination
2.01 The procedure for a vaccination is by taking material from a cowpox sore and innoculating a smallpox victim with it.
2.02 Smallpox is spread from person to person with no way to cure it.
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The first vaccination for smallpox was done by Edward Jenner in 1798.
Before the first vaccine for smallpox in 1796, there was no way to stop the disease and it killed many people.
There is a vaccine for smallpox.
Smallpox causes little sores to form on the face and body.
Smallpox has been eradicated.
It can be helped with the use of certain drugs.
A very contagious disease characterized by fever and blisterlike eruptions on the skin that often leave permanent scars.
Smallpox was the first disease to be conquered through immunization.
Modern medical research has developed and refined many vaccines that provide immunization against many diseases that
once infected or killed millions.
4.03 Smallpox is caused by a virus.
9.28 Infectious mononucleosis
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It is a blood disease that occurs primarily in adolescents.
Death is rare.
It is caused by a virus.
Relatively close contact is needed to be spread.
Symptoms of mono resemble other diseases but a simple blood test gives a clear diagnosis.
Mono is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus.
9.30 Diseases from animals
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Bubonic plague starts among rats.
Dogs, cats, squirrels, horses, cattle, wolves, and bats can carry rabies germs.
People may get germs from a bite by an animal.
People who drink milk from a cow infected by tuberculosis may also get tuberculosis.
Hoof and mouth disease.
Ringworm.
9.31 Rabies
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Rabies is an infection of the brain and spinal cord.
A person must get a rabies vaccine when bitten by a rabid animal or they will eventually die.
The rabies vaccine is a series of shots.
Laws require people who own pets to have their pets receive rabies shots.
Pasteur discovered how to prevent the disease called rabies.
You can get rabies if you are bitten or scratched by an animal with the disease.
Rabies is very dangerous.
It is almost always fatal without treatment.
Shot treatment is painful.
It is transmitted to man by saliva of the animal.
The incubation period varies with the number and size of the bites.
It is a virus disease of the central nervous system.
All animal bites should be washed and treated by a physician.
Rabies is called hydrophobia.
Most communities require pets to be vaccinated against rabies to protect citizens.
If an animal has rabies, it will usually die within two weeks.
9.32 Sexually transmitted diseases
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Gonorrhea is about twenty times as common as syphilis.
A person who thinks he/she may be infected with venereal disease should see a physician or visit a public health clinic at
There are many types.
Many cases are not reported or not diagnosed.
Each disease is caused by a specific microorganism.
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Both gonorrhea and syphilis can lead to serious physical damage if left untreated.
One of the major health problems at this time is venereal disease. Two common venereal diseases are gonorrhea and
V.D. is spread by intimate personal contact with a person carrying the germs.
Freedom in sexual activity may contribute to the problem.
Syphilis is a venereal disease caused by a certain type of spiral- shaped bacteria.
Gonorrhea is a disease caused by a type of bacteria.
One cannot be immunized against these diseases.
Venereal diseases can reoccur but can be cured if treated early.
Veneral diseases are communicable and passed by sexual contact.
Venereal diseases are the number one communicable disease in the U.S.
9.33 Pre-marital blood examinations
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Some states are not requiring this test.
The most effective way to control syphilis is by blood testing programs.
Blood tests are necessary to determine Rh factors of marriage partners.
Blood tests are required by law to obtain a marriage license.
Blood tests are necessary to determine if either or both of the partners have a venereal disease.
Blood tests are given to determine possible genetic problems that may cause problems in fetal development.
9.34 Pre-natal blood examinations
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Treatment of the mother before the fifth month of pregnancy can prevent congenital syphilis.
Many hospitals routinely test every admission.
Examinations of blood can reveal hidden infection.
Pre-natal blood tests indicate the presence of anemia.
Blood tests are an important part of pre-natal care.
9.35 Infectious hepatitis
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It develops during the course of bacterial infections.
It develops during infectious mononucleosis and tuberculosis.
During the incubation period there are no symptoms.
Complete recovery may take as long as 4 to 6 months.
It causes a person's liver to work improperly.
There is no specific treatment for hepatitis.
Infectious hepatitis is a viral infection of the liver.
Infectious type is spread by direct contact from person to person.
Treatment is done by way of diet regulation and direct treatment of displayed symptoms.
At present, there is no vaccine to prevent hepatitis.
Spreading results from contaminated food or water.
9.36 Encephalitis
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Encephalitis is called sleeping sickness because it makes people constantly drousy.
Encephalitis may cause death.
Encephalitis may damage the brain.
Encephalitis is a disorder of the nervous system.
There is no cure for encephalitis at this time.
Fairly effective vaccines are available but there is no specific treatment.
One symptom is paralysis of muscles about the eye.
They are occasionally transmitted to man by insects.
Encephalitis can cause damage to the pituitary gland.
Encephalitis is a virus disease of the brain.
Chronic encephalitis can cause personality changes.
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4.04 Encephalitis can be acute or chronic.
9.37 Trichinosis
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Roundworm invasion is into muscles of the diaphragm, tongue, chest, shoulders and thighs.
There is no effective treatment.
A parasistic roundworm is the cause in humans.
Best measures are proper meat inspection and thorough cooking of pork.
Trichina worms can spread from intestines to blood vessels to muscles.
Trichina worms enter animals as a cyst in the muscles.
Trachina worms are one of the most dangerous parasitic round worms.
Trachina worms enter human intestines and later mate and multiply.
9.38 Whooping cough (pertusis)
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A shot is given to become immune to whooping cough (pertussis).
When the body detects live germs it builds antibodies to fight off the germ.
When given whooping cough vaccine your body reacts as if the killed whooping courgh germs were live ones.
Whooping cough is caused by harmful bacteria.
Females are more susceptible than males.
One attack usually confers a lifelong immunity.
Children in the U.S. are now routinely immunized against whooping cough.
It is characterized by severe coughing and forceful intake of breath.
A vaccine is available.
It is an acute contagious respiratory disease.
Whooping cough can be helped with the use of certain drugs.
The disease starts when annoying cough and mucus form in the trachea after two weeks.
Whooping cough is caused by a bacteria that affects the trachea and bronchi.
Whooping cough is generally most dangerous in Fall and Winter and is spread by droplet infection.
Whooping cough can be prevented by taking a few simple precautions.
Immunization schedule for whooping cough should be a series of three shots one month apart from age 6 weeks to 2 months
9.39 Sulfa and other antibiotics
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Penicillin is given to cure many illnesses.
Many medicines are used to keep people from getting sick.
Antibiotics should be used only when a doctor give permission.
Sulfa drugs are effective in fighting streptococcus bacteria germs but not all germs like those that cause the common cold.
Some people are sensitive to sulfa drugs and can develop side effects such as allergic reactions, headaches, upset
stomach, and drowsiness.
Penicilin is a well known antibiotic that fights bacteria.
Antibodies lock into the invading antigen.
Can cause bacteria to clump together making it easier to remove them from the bloodstream before they reach into the
Antibodies are proteins that are capable of inactivating specific invaders.
9.40 Streptococcal infections
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It is hard for you to swallow.
The germs that cause strep throat may make your throat swell and feel sore.
The germs which cause strep throat might spread from the throat to other parts of the body.
Another illness caused by germs is strept throat.
Strept throat may lead to an illness called rheumatic fever.
Strept throat and meningitis are forms of strept infection treated with sulfa drugs.
The incubation time is from one to three days and the disease is communicable for ten days after infection.
The best means of prevention is avoidance of infected persons.
A streptococcal infection of the tonsils, the spongy lymph glands located in the back of the mouth, on either side of the
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4.04 Strept disease is transmitted by direct contact with a carrier or an infected person, by contact with the clothing or bed linen
of an infected person or by droplet infection.
4.05 Symptoms include fever, headaches, nausea, pain and redness of throat and swelling of the lymph glands of the neck.
9.41 Prevention of infections
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Wash your hands before you eat or handle food.
Use you own towel and washcloth.
Wash hands after handling animals.
Keep your fingers and pencils and other objects out of your mouth.
Wash your hands after you use the toilet.
Use only your own handkerchief, glass and toothbrush.
Take vaccines to help your body be strong enough to fight off the germs in case you do come into conntact with them.
Doctors may give a shot to keep you from getting ill.
Get enough rest; your body needs to regenerate.
Clean all cuts by washing them with warm water and soap, some sort of antiseptic, and a bandage.
Be immunized by a doctor with a vaccine.
Have a regular medical checkup.
It's an individual's responsibility to protect themselves from infections.
Since disease producing micro-organisms are present everywhere, any wound can become infected.
Eat properly; nutrients in food keep your body heealthy.
Vaccination is a way of preventing some infectious diseases and passive immunization can be used to provide temporary
Proprietary medicines, such as cold remedies and aspirin, do little to control the infection process although they often make
the sufferer more comfortable.
4.03 Be sure that one has been protected from certain communicable diseases by the proper immunizations.
4.04 Simple precautions such as cleanliness and protection from contact with infected persons may limit the number of infecting
agents in contact with the body.
9.42 Other infections
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An infection in the ears may keep you from hearing properly.
An infection in the nose, like a cold, may temporally interfere with your sense of smell.
One cause of eye disorders is infections.
Still another illness is the measles.
An infection in your throat may spread into your ear and cause pressure and pain in the ear.
Another illness caused by germs is chicken pox.
Leprosy: a bacteria that is spread by direct or indirect contact and causes numbness in the skin and swelling.
The symptoms of chickenpox are fever, headache and rash.
Cholera is a bacterial infection of the small intestine that is transmitted through food or water that is contaminated.
Typhoid fever, dysentary and cholera are spread through water.
Direct contact is the most frequent method by which one individual infects another.
Microorganisms can be spread by the droplets that are constantly projected into the air by sneezing, coughing, breathing and
9.43 Natural body defenses against diseases
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Most germs that come into your body with food are killed by the stomach.
White blood cells kill some germs.
These white blood cells also form a wall around germs keeping them from spreading.
If you breathe in germs, they are likely to be coughed up.
Your body needs food to grow, food for energy and food to keep you healthy.
The body has a system of cells and tissues that fight invaders such as bacteria and viruses.
Serums or vaccines are weakened or killed microorganisms that are injected into the body and cause antibody production.
When harmful germs enter the body, these cells and tissues manufacture antibodies which attack and destroy the invaders.
Eat properly: nutrients from food help cells function properly.
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3.05 Antibodies are made in the lymph vessels and nodes and in the spleen; the antibodies react chemically with the invaders and
cause their destruction.
4.01 Tears help wash away foreign material and contain bactericidal substances.
4.02 The hairs of the nasal passages keep foreign particles from irritating sensitive nasal membranes.
4.03 Cilia of the trachea and lungs prevent foreign particles from irritating the tissue.
4.04 The skin defends the body from disease and injury by acting as a physical barrier.
4.05 The saliva is bactericidal.
9.44 Bronchitis
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It's a disorder of the bronchial tubes or air passages in the lungs.
Wheezing, coughing and shortness of breath occur with bronchitis.
The cells in the lining of the air passages produce too much mucus, the body responds by coughing to try to bring up the
A chronic disorder common to adults.
When cigarette smoke gets into the air passages of the lungs, the lungs usual defenses against foreign substances are
Cigarette smoke contains gases and harmful particles.
Cigarette smoking is the most important of the causes of chronic bronchitis in the United States.
Characterized by inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchi and their smaller subdivisions, the bronchioles,
which constitute the lower portion of the airways to the lungs.
9.45 Heart and other cardiovascular diseases
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People who have heart trouble should consult their doctor before taking other medicines.
Amphetamine use may damage the heart by overworking it.
Too much fat in the diet may help cause a certain kind of heart disease for some people.
High blood pressure can lead to heart disease.
Nicotine use can raise blood pressure which may eventually damage the heart.
Heart and cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death annually in the United States.
Strokes are the third leading cause of death annually in the U.S.
Heart diseases are also believed to be brought on by smoking.
Gonorrhea may cause long term damage to the heart.
In a stroke, blood supply to part of the brain is lowered or cut off due to a clot or the artery is pinched off by abnormal
When an artery leading to the heart is blocked, certain heart parts don't get enough blood.
It is believed foods high in saturated fats and cholesterol helps cause hardening of the arteries.
As hardening of the arteries becomes worse the passageway within the artery becomes narrower. Narrowing can cause less
blood to reach the heart and can cause a heart attack.
In the United States, cardiovascular disease is responsible for 60% of all deaths.
Chronic and degenerative diseases can affect entire systems of the body but are most frequently associated with the
cardiovascular system.
Contributing factors to heart disease include over-eating, obesity, sedentary living, smoking, alcohol, diabetes, stress and a
family history of heart disease.
In Western Countries, cardiovascular disease is the most drastic killer of modern times.
Congenital defects can affect all structures of the heart or it's emerging vessels.
9.46 Cancer and treatment of cancer
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Some kinds of radiation are used to kill cancer cells.
Too much radiation from the sun can cause skin cancer.
A person with a serious disease such as cancer should only see a real doctor for help; quacks can not help you.
Some cancer can be cured if treated right away by a doctor.
A cancer is a group of cells that grow and work in the wrong way and keep other cells from working in the right way.
Some certain chemicals called carcinogens trigger complex interactions within cells.
Some cancers can now be successfully treated by certain medicines.
Surgery, x-ray, and chemicals are used to combat cancer.
The key to treatment is to diagnose cancer at an early stage when it can be completely removed or treated.
Cancer is not a single disease but a group of several hundred diseases with a common characteristic.
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Research in recent years has demonstrated that cigarette smoking is a causative factor in the development of cancer.
Certain organisms called viruses may cause cancer.
Cancer of the mouth can also be caused from smoking.
Deaths from lung cancer may be ten times higher in smokers than in nonsmokers.
It is not understood why certain substances in cigarettes cause cancer.
A cancer cell's genetic control of orderly function is drastically changed.
Cancer is the second leading cause of death annually in the U.S.
The key to successful treatment of cancer is to diagnose it at a stage when it can be completely removed from the body or
destroyed leaving no malignant cells behind.
Cancer is characterized by the abnormal growth and spread of cells.
Cancer is second only to heart disease as a killer of American men and women.
A cancer is a tumor but not all tumors are cancers.
Most patients with cancer require careful management by their physician.
9.47 High blood pressure
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Taking amphetamines, cocaine, or nicotine will raise a person's blood pressure.
Doctors sometimes have people take depressants who have high blood pressure.
Doctors have learned that noise can cause high blood pressure.
High blood pressure can lead to heart disease.
A high stress level can cause high blood pressure.
The symptoms of high blood pressure may include headaches, a tired and weak feeling, and a shortness of breath.
Hypertension is thought to be brought on by mental stress.
Causes of high blood pressure can be hardening of the arteries, overweight and kidney disorders.
Certain medicines and avoiding certain foods may relieve high blood pressure.
Twenty-two million Americans suffer from high blood pressure.
Hypertension is a disorder in which a person has chronic high blood pressure.
The blood pressure is really two measures, i.e., systolic and diastolic.
Systolic pressure is the pressure of the blood being pumped into the body.
Modern drugs are extremely useful in controlling high blood pressure.
High blood pressure or hypertension is anything at or over 145/90.
Diastolic pressure is the pressure when the heart relaxes in preparation for the next beat.
High blood pressure can cause serious harm to arteries of the kidneys and other organs.
There is a tendency for an increase in systolic blood pressure with age.
About 22 million people in the U.S. have hypertension in one form or another.
After 50 years of age, approximately one half of the population has this disease to some degree.
Hypertension is rarely found in persons under twenty years of age but is common above that age.
Hypertension is often associated with atherosclerosis and is believed to augment it.
9.48 Chronic ulcerative colitis
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There is comfort usually only when food is in the stomach.
Ulcers sometimes erupt blood vessels, causing bleeding and vomiting of blood.
The common symptom of a peptic ulcer is a chronic pain deep in the stomach.
Emotional stress appears to contribute to the formation of ulcers.
A chronic disorder more common to adults than youths.
An ulcer is an open sore on the lining of the stomach caused by excess gastric acid.
Condition in which the large intestine is inflammed and extensively ulcerated.
Symptoms include severe, often bloody, diarrhea, moderate fever and general atrophy of the body and weight loss.
If inflammation persists and becomes severe, the colon is surgically removed.
A bland diet accompanied by medication to slow the diarrhea is the usual treatment in mild cases.
Cause is unknown.
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9.49 Arthritis and rheumatism
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Arthritis is a disease for which there is no cure.
Arthritis is a very painful disease.
The first symptoms of arthritis include early fatigue, fever, morning stiffness, and swelling in the small joints of the hands
There is no cure; the best treatment is rest, heat, aspirin, and massage.
Over fifty varieties of arthritis exist.
Arthritis is a painful disease that causes joints to become swollen and hurt.
The cause is unknown, possibly a virus that attacks weakened joints.
Generally, the affected joints become more deformed and swollen and in extreme cases can be rendered useless.
It is a disease that has a great tendency to recur.
First symptoms include early fatigue, fever, morning stiffness and swelling in small joints.
Arthritis is a chronic, disabling, systemic inflammation of the joints.
Affected joints become more deformed and swollen and in extreme cases the limb can be rendered useless.
9.50 Varicose veins
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Some people inherit weak valves which can't withstand the backflow pressure of blood.
The walls lose their elasticity and become permanently flabby.
Blood overloads the veins and buldges their walls outwards.
The veins of the legs are equipped with one way valves which prevent blood flow to the heart and don't allow blood to flow
Veins carry blood back to the heart. The pull of gravity tends to create a backflow of blood.
Abnormal swollen or dilated veins of the human body.
Overweight and pregnancy are contributing factors in varicosed veins.
Are a result of the breakdown of the valves in those veins found just below the skin.
Hemorrhoids are varicose veins of the rectum.
Most often, varicose veins affect the superficial portions of the lower limbs.
9.51 Migraine headaches
1.01 Causes of headaches may be too much sun, worry, fever, not enough sleep, not enough food, eye problems, too much
noise, blood problems, head injury, not enough air, and brain disorder or damage.
3.01 There is no way to prevent migraines.
3.02 Affect a specific area of the head and progress in a characteristic sequence.
3.03 Migraine is considered a serious chronic disorder.
3.04 Occur in 5-10% of the population; more commonly in females.
3.05 Treatment is to immobolize the patient in a darkened room and make them as comfortable as possible.
3.06 A migraine sometimes appears on only one side of the head.
3.07 Migrains can be a family disorder or brought on by certain food, lights, or fatigue.
4.01 Caused by vasodilation of the arteries of the brain.
4.02 Begin with a dull building pain and progress to symptoms of confusion, depression, temporary blindness, abdominal pain or
4.03 Treatment consists of immobilizing patient in a darkened room and making him/her as comfortable as possible.
4.04 Early awareness and treatment of an impending attack can lessen severity.
9.52 Cerebral palsy
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They can help a person talk by working with the muscles around the face and mouth.
People who have cerebral palsy may not be able to use some of their muscles to do things.
They may put braces on the legs to help a person walk.
Doctors and other health workers may work with the arm and hand muscles to help a person hold things.
Cerebral palsy is caused by damage to part of the brain.
With CP, the part of the brain that makes your muscles move doesn't work.
The damage to the brain usually can not be corrected.
The brain can be damaged at birth or as the result of an accident later on in life.
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a disorder of the nervous system caused by damage to the brain.
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Somepeople with CP have trouble using certain muscles; thus may have problems in speaking, seeing, or hearing.
People with CP can be trained to help them get along with whatever disorder they may have.
The symptoms depend on the degree of brain damage.
The most common symptom is the loss of coordination due to the imbalance of the opposing muscle groups.
Things such as Rh blood factor, maternal kidney disease, and high fever infections of an infant can lead to cerebral palsy.
Cerebral palsy is non-contagious and non-curable.
Wide variety of physical defects that result from brain damage occurring before or shortly after birth.
Symptoms of the disease depend on the degree of brain damage.
Treatment consists of lessening the severity of the muscular defects through supportive bracing and physical therapy.
9.53 Epilepsy
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A cure has not yet been found for epilepsy.
Barbiturates are used often to treat people with epilepsy.
Epilepsy is one disorder of the nervous system.
There are three kinds of epilepsy.
Epilepsy is thought to be congenital.
Epilepsy is sometimes detected through the use of an electroencephalograph.
75 to 90% of persons with epilepsy can be helped.
There are three main types of epilepsy, i.e.; grand mal, petit mal, and psychomotor.
9.54 Allergies and treatment
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An allergy is unusual sensitiveness to certain substances such as a particular kind of pollen, food, hair, and/or cloth.
A chronic disease which causes coughing, sneezing and water eyes.
May be caused by dust in the air or other things in the environment.
Can be brought on directly or indirectly by the effects of pollens, foods, drugs, hair, feathers, bacteria, fungi, smoke,
vapors, oils, insects, heat, cold, or light.
Symptoms can be brought about by inhalation, ingestion, infection, injection, or contact.
ACTH compound can give valuable relief to allergies.
Medicines may be used to treat the symptoms of an allergy.
Allergies are the most widespread of the chronic disorders among young people.
Treatment involves avoiding known or suspected allergies.
Allergic reactions include swelling of the skin, dizziness, stomach trouble, and shortness of breath.
Small amounts of an allergin can be injected into certain tissues over a length of time to decrease the bodies sensitivity to
Once a person has a reaction to a medicine, he/she may need to wear a tag and carry a card stating which medicine he/she
is allergic to.
An allergic reaction to insect venom comes about after a person is exposed to that substance a second time.
Many people are also allergic to diferent medicines such as aspirin, penicillin and the sulfa drugs.
Some people grow out of their allergy but most people remain allergic throughout their lives.
Allergies are more common today than ever before.
Generally, allergic people develop the allergy early in life.
An allergy can usually be detected but it cannot be cured.
9.60 Leukemia
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Leukemia is characterized by a large excess of white blood cells.
People suffering from leukemia may be aided by transplants of bone marrow from the bones of others.
The exact cause of leukemia is unknown.
Leukemia is sometimes referred to as cancer of the blood.
Leukemia almost always leads to a severe anemia or lack of red blood cells.
Leukemia interferes with the normal production of red blood cells by the bone marrow.
9.61 Kidney stones
3.01 Kidney damage can come about by kidney stones.
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Kidney stones may reach a large size without pain if they stay in one place.
Sometimes a kidney stone may pass out of the body with the urine.
Sometimes a stone may pass down from the kidney to the bladder, remain there, and continue to grow.
Waste products, expecially those containing calcium and nitrogen may form kidney stones.
Kidney stones may block the flow of urine through the urinary tract.
9.62 Goiter and thyroid disease
2.01 The thyroid hormone controls the rate at which the cells of a person's body use food and oxygen. By controlling these, the
hormone controls the rate at which cells grow.
2.02 Too little of this hormone causes you to slow down.
2.03 Too much of this hormone causes you to be overactive.
3.01 The thyroid gland is located in the neck and secretes a substance that helps regulate the rate at which the body uses it's
4.01 The cause of goiter is usually the lack of adequate amounts of the element iodine in the diet.
4.02 Goiter is one of the most common types of thyroid disorders.
4.03 Certain types of goiter may be inherited.
4.04 A large goiter may cause respiratory difficulty.
4.05 Goitor is the general name applied to a visibly enlarged thyroid gland.
9.63 Multiple sclerosis
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Each person with multiple sclerosis seems to develop symptoms in a different way.
In multiple sclerosis the normal covering of the brain and spinal cord break down and is replaced by other types of tissue.
How quickly multiple sclerosis becomes bad depends on how much damage is done to the brain and spinal cord.
Multiple sclerosis affects the brain and spinal cord.
Some symptoms of multiple sclerosis are poor vision, speech problems, loss of balance and numbness in certain parts of
Helpful treatment of multiple sclerosis in physical therapy programs.
Multiple sclerosis is a degenerative disorder of the nervous system.
The symptoms of multiple sclerosis are tremors, inability to maintain balance, partial or total blindness, generalized muscle
weakness, numbness of various parts of the body.
4.04 Multiple sclerosis is characterized by destruction of th myelin sheaths that serve as insulation for the nerve fibers.
4.05 Physicians are uncertain of the causes for the initial destruction of the myelin sheath.
9.64 Asthma
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People with asthma may often be short of breath and cough often.
Asthma is caused when tubes in their lungs become narrow so they carry less air than at other times.
Asthma may be caused by being allergic to something.
Can be passed on through generations.
Treatment consists of desensitization, removal of the affecting substance, or various drugs for severe cases.
Asthma may occur at any age but most frequently occurs in childhood.
9.65 Anemia
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Nutritional anemia may be caused by poor nutrition.
Treatment depends on removal of the cause, like excessive bleeding or toxins, and an iron supplement.
A form of anemia (hemolytic) occurs in the newborn child whose father is Rh positive and whose mother is Rh negative.
A cause can also be attributed to overactivity of the spleen which results in an abnormally high rate of red-cell destruction.
Red blood cells that are sickle shaped cannot carry normal amounts of oxygen to the body cells.
Found most often in undernourished children, women during pregnancy, or in people with gastrointestinal problems.
Because hemoglobin becomes diseased, it may change the normally doughnut shaped red blood cell into a sickle or quarter
moon shape.
Doctors will make a blood count to find out if you are anemic.
Anemia is a disorder in which there is an insufficient hemoglobin content in the blood.
Anemic persons may look pale because their blood is not as red as normal blood.
Iron deficiency is the most common type of anemia.
A major symptom of anemia is tiredness.
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9.66 Appendicitis
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The appendix is a small projection from the large intestines.
Appendicitis is caused when the appendix is infected.
When appendicitis occurs the appendix is removed.
The appendix may swell, become very painful and burst because of infection.
The disease is much more common among civilized people than primitive ones.
White blood cell count goes up and temperature elevates slightly.
Appendicitis could even cause death.
Typical symptom is pain around the umbilicus with nausea and vomiting.
If appendicitis is not taken care of the infection could spread to other parts of the body.
Appendicitis can occur when the opening to the appendix is plugged.
Appendicitis is a very common and dangerous disorder.
The condition that develops when the appendix bursts is called peritonitis which, can prove fatal.
9.67 Kidney disease
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One way to treat uremia is by using an artificial kidney machine.
Certain poisons or blood transfusions using mismatched blood can damage kidneys.
The condition of waste products building up and acting as a poison is called uremia.
In some cases of uremia both kidneys will malfunction.
Anything that poisons the rest of the body is likely to injur the kidneys.
Kidney transplants are occuring more and more frequently.
One group of kidney problems is called nephritis.
Very high blood pressure may injur the kidneys.
9.68 Hodgkin's disease
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Hodgkin's disease is a disease resembling leukemia.
Persons with Hodgkin's disease are marked by continuous enlargement of the lymph nodes.
If detected early enough Hodgkin's can be cured but later stages are fatal.
Hodgkin's principally occurs between the ages of 20 and 40.
The cause of Hodgkin's is unknown.
9.69 Diet and heart disease
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Fat may gather on the walls of blood vessels and in time narrow them and cause heart disease.
Foods rich in fat are meat, milk, cheese, butter and nuts.
Doctors believe that most people need only a little fat in the foods they eat.
Too much fat may help cause a certain kind of heart disease for some people.
A person should be careful not to eat too much food that has alot of fat in it.
Saturated fats and cholesterol may build up in the arteries which supply blood to the heart muscle--this is called hardening of
the arteries.
4.01 Eating habits are related to atherosclerosis.
4.02 Heart disease is often caused by a combination of things such as smoking, overeating, eating foods high in animal fat, and
not exercising.
9.70 Emphysema
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Emphysema is a disease of the lungs.
In emphysema, the air sacs in the lungs are destroyed. They may even break.
It causes a person to have trouble breathing.
It may be caused by cigarette smoking or air pollution.
The heart must work harder to pump blood through the damaged lungs.
Stale air and smoke is trapped in larger sacs.
Emphysema is characterized by changes in the lung tissue which make breathing very difficult.
Over 90% of those who have emphysema smoke.
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4.03 Emphysema is thought to be caused by long standing infections of the bronchial tubes.
4.04 Emphysema is rare in boys and girls of high school age.
9.71 Parkinson's disease
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This disease mainly affects the muscles in the hands, legs, and face.
There is no cure for Parkinson's disease as of yet.
Parkinson's disease may result from not having enough of certain chemicals in the brain or by hardening of blood vessels in
Parkinson's disease is noninfectious and involves brain damage.
Parkinson's disease usually affects only a person's muscle and not his level of intelligence.
Parkenson's disease usually affects certain nerve cells within the brain system.
Parkenson's disease occurs late in life.
Parkenson's disease is a disorder of the central nervous system.
People with Parkenson's disease usually have difficulty controlling the muscles of the face, arms, and legs.
9.72 Hemorrhoids
4.06 There are three basic treatments for hemorrhoids, i.e.; medical management (oral drugs), surgical removal of the vein, and
injection to reduce the size of the hemorrhoids.
4.07 Usually occurs during most active adult years.
4.08 Hemorrhoids are caused by man's upright position.
4.09 Emotional embarrassment often accompanies hemorrhoids.
4.10 Pain is cuased by clotting of the blood (thrombosis) in the veins of the anal canal.
9.73 Stroke
3.01 Most adults have a gradual narrowing of the inside diameter of the veins and arteries. This, with high blood pressure help
causes a stroke.
3.02 Stroke results in damage to the brain.
3.03 Strokes are blood clots of the areas of the brain.
3.04 Critical reduction in the blood flow through major arteries cause the hemmorrhage.
3.05 A stroke is dramatic and sudden.
3.06 Stress can cause strokes.
4.01 High blood pressure is a leading cause of stroke.
4.02 Treatment for stroke and/or threat of stroke includes appropriate drugs, blood vessel surgery and rehabilitation procedures.
4.03 Psychological tension increases the chance of stroke.
4.04 The amount of cholesterol in the blood stream has a direct effect on chances of stroke.
4.05 Cigarette smoking increases a persons chance of stroke.
9.74 Diseases of the gallbladder
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The body can function without a gallbladder.
Gallstones occur more often in older obese women than anyone else.
Gallstones is one of the most common gallbladder disorders.
Gallstones can be removed if pain or damage is severe.
Gallstones blocking the bile duck can cause damage to the liver.
Cholesterol and excess bile acid are major causes of gall stones.
Carcinoma (cancer) of the gall bladder is rare.
Seriousness of gall stones increases with age.
Common symptoms of gall stones are abdominal pain in right side, vomiting and fever.
9.75 The ulcer problem
2.01 When a person is angry, the amount of acid in his stomach increases and the inside lining of the stomach can become
2.02 As much as two-thirds of the stomach can be removed. The stomach will eventually stretch to almost its original size and will
function effectively.
2.03 Damage inside the stomach which is a sore is called an ulcer.
3.01 Noise pollution can cause ulcers.
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When damaged, poorly chewed food can irritate it more causing further damage.
Some liquid can ease the pains of an ulcer by coating the open sore.
Toxins produced by bacteria can cause ulcerations.
Ulcers generally heal with scar formation.
Internal lining of the stomach becomes damaged and forms an open sore.
Prolonged tension increases stomach acid leading to a possible ulcer.
Ulcers can result from pressures of adapting to our environment.
Antiacids and removal of highly seasoned food is recommended.
Ulcers are more common in men.
There are several types of ulcers; the most common are peptic ulcer, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer.
Symptoms are occassional pain on the left side.
9.76 Glaucoma
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Glaucoma can easily be treated and taken care of.
Like blood pressure in the body, the eye must maintain a certain pressure for good health.
Glaucoma is an increase of pressure inside the eye to a point that causes progressive harm to vision.
Red and painful eyes demand the attention of an oculist.
Occurs most often in adults.
Glaucoma is the cause of about one eighth of all causes of adult blindness.
In glaucoma, pressure builds up in the eye and damages the retina.
If diagnosed early, it can be controlled by the use of eye drops.
Only a small portion of the population is tested for glaucoma because persons who do not need glasses seldom go to an eye
Glaucoma is characterized by abrupt onset of pain, perception of halos around light sources and vomiting.
Chronic glaucoma is treatable but not curable.
9.77 Cataracts
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A cateract is removed from within the eye by a delicate but painless operation.
Most cateract patients prefer contact lenses.
Cateracts can occur at any age but the greatest number are found in older people.
Stronger glasses will not help cateracts.
The older you are, the more easily your cateract can be removed during surgery.
9.78 Causes of hearing loss
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TV, radio, and record players which are too loud may cause hearing loss.
Shouting in another person's ear can cause damage.
Car honking, brakes squeeling, and sirens screaming may also cause damage.
Living or working in a very noisy place over a long period of time can cause a hearing loss.
Working in noisy places may cause hearing loss.
Sometimes a disease or defect in some part of the ear keeps sound waves from traveling through the ear as they should.
Noise from rock bands can cause temporary hearing loss.
The faster the vibrations, the higher the sounds.
The stronger the vibrations, the louder the sounds.
Pollution could cause or worsen hearing loss.
Permanent or partial loss of hearing may be inherited.
A cold, ear infection, or impacted wax in auditory canal can cause temporary hearing loss.
Exposure to very loud sounds destroys cells in the inner ear, thus a hearing loss.
Abnormal bones in middle ear causes catarrhal.
Some deafness is caused by untreated childhood infections.
Blowing your nose too hard may cause a hearing loss.
A sharp blow to ears may cause hearing loss.
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4.05 Too much wax in the ears may cause a minor hearing loss.
4.06 Inflammation of all or a part of the middle ear can cause hissing or ringing noises.
4.07 Hearing loss could occur from damage due to accidents.
9.79 Ear infections in childhood
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The doctor uses an otoscope to check for infection.
When you are having ear problems you should tell an adult in your family.
Sometimes a bad cold can make your ears not hear as well as they should.
Ear infections may keep you from hearing properly.
Some infections may cause permenent hearing loss if not treated by a doctor.
An infection in your throat may spread through a canal to the ear and cause pressure and pain.
Upper respiratory infections cause inflammation to the lining of the middle ear.
Pus and hearing loss is a sign of hearing problems.
If the middle ear ruptures, myringitis can result.
Infection in the ear may cause pressure within the ear.
Eustachian tube obstruction is a common ear problem in children.
Maximum acuteness of otitis media occurs between 6th and 7th year of childhood.
The health of the cleft is important for controlling infections in a child's ear.
An inflammed tympanic membrane can be an indicator of an ear infection.
9.80 Hearing tests
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Hearing tests may or should be given to children in kindergarten and first grade.
The machine used to check hearing is called an audiometer.
The tuning fork test compares the patients acuity.
Hearing test consists of listening to a range of tonal frequencies at specific intensities.
Otological examinations identify any pathology problems.
Hearing tests should be given in the school to detect any hearing disorders.
Voice tests are used for repeating simple words or numbers.
9.81 Periodontal diseases
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Not taking care of your teeth properly will result in gum disease.
Plaque adhering to the teeth and next to the gum tissue may lead to gum disease.
Periondontal disease is a graoup of diseases that affect the tissues, gums and bones supporting the teeth.
If early stages of the disease are neglected, the gums become soft, bleed easily, and teeth loosen and may fall out.
Young people may also suffer from periondontal disease.
Periondontal disease occurs most frequently at middle age or older.
When gum tissue moves away from the teeth, there is no longer any protection from decay to the roots of the teeth.
Pain when chewing may be a symptom of gum disease.
Peridontal (gum disease) is the major cause of tooth loss in adults which starts during the younger years.
Periodonititis and pyorrhea are similar in which teeth are loose and even bone structure are gone if left untreated.
If gums change color, look shiny, swollen, and are loose near the teeth and bleed easily when eating or brushing, you may
have gingivitis (commonly known as inflammed gums).
Periondonititis is the next stage after gingivitis if which left untreated, causes loss of teeth.
Signs of periodontal diseases include soft, swollen or tender gums and bleeding from the gums.
The most common disorder in periodontal disease in adult life is loss of teeth.
People cutting down on grinding teeth, bad tongue habits, chewing on hard objects such as toothpicks, pencils, will have less
trouble with periodontal disease.
9.83 World-famous epidemics
3.01 In 1957-58, Asian flu caused a world wide epidemic.
3.02 The Hong-Kong flue caused a world wide epidemic in 1968-69.
3.03 In 1976, health authorities in the United States discovered a new strain of influenza. Investigators suspected that this strain,
called swine flue, was related to the one that caused the great epidemic of 1918-1919.
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3.04 One of the worst global epidemics of influenza occurred in 1918-1919. About 20 million persons, including more than 500,000
Americans died in this epidemic.
4.01 In the decades immediately following World War I, malaria was regarded as the principle health hazard in Palistine.
4.02 Outbreaks of small pox are reported almost annually in Afghanistan.
4.03 Measles, whooping cough and chicken pox are frequently epidemic in Turkey.
4.04 Tuberculosis is one of the foremost problems facing the Israeli state.
9.84 Tuberculosis
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TB is a chronic disease of the lungs which causes a person to cough.
A skin test and a chest X-ray are ways to check for TB.
The germs are spread by impure food and drink.
TB is a disease caused by bacteria.
Another name for tuberculosis is TB.
Tuberculosis is a chronic relapsing disease.
TB tests are important for the control and treatment.
Some people get positive reactions without the disease.
There is no completely effective vaccine.
Symptoms include coughing, difficulty breathing and expectoration of blood.
Infection most commonly occurs when the bacteria are inhaled into the lungs.
Tuberculosis is a major cause of death in countries and regions with a low standard of living.
The principle source of infection is bacteria carried by the respiratory discharges of infected persons.
The usual site of infection is in the lungs, but any part of the body may be infected.
Tuberculosis is a chronic infection by a rod-shaped bacterium, mycobacterium tuberculosis.
MOOD AND BEHAVIOR MODIFIERS
10.01 The problem drinker
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Alcohol is harmful to your health.
Alcohol is addicting.
Too much of a drug can make a person unhealthy mentally and physically.
The drug that affects problem drinkers is alcohol.
A person who has had some alcohol may feel calm, dizzy, or sleepy.
Different people behave differently after drinking too much, or the same amounts, of alcoholic beverages.
People with alcoholic problems may get sick, pass out, have accidents, get into fights, or commit violent acts upon others.
Drinking too much may result in a coma.
Besides changing a persons behavior and causing accidents, drinking may also damage a persons health.
Alcohol is a factor in many car and pedestrian accidents.
People who abuse alcohol may not be able to move quickly if they have to.
Many people who depend on alcohol do not get enough to eat nor may they want to eat.
Many times people don't know they have a drinking problem.
A problem drinker is a person who is intoxicated often enough to prevent him from living a normal life.
Ulcers and heart disease may be symptoms of heavy, long term use of alcohol.
Millions of adults in this country use alcoholic beverages in some form.
Alcohol can keep a person from thinking clearly by altering the working of the brain. This in turn can interfere with the working
of the rest of the body.
The more alcohol a person drinks, the more it slows the working of his mind and body.
Drinking alcohol too often may result in a physical and psychological dependence.
A person may drink too much so that he mey forget his problem.
Alcoholics Anonymous can help problem drinkers.
Drinking large amounts of alcohol too often may lead to cirrhosis of the liver.
More people have problems with alcohol than any other drug.
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Alcohol leads to half of the traffic accidents in which someone was killed.
Anyone who drinks and then gets into fights or arguments easily is probably a problem drinker.
Alcohol is a depressant which slows down reactions of a person.
Anyone who can't fall asleep at night without having a drink is a problem drinker.
Particularly hazardous is the use of alcohol as a psychological crutch to hide problems or everday life.
The problem drinker hurts not only himself but his family and community.
Excessive use of alcohol by the problem drinker is the single most important highway safety issue today.
Alcohol is the first mood modifier used by most drug addicts.
10.02 Social effects of alcohol
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Some people are disliked by others after they consume a large quantity of alcohol.
A person who has drank alcohol may do silly things.
Many people become sleepy after drinking alcohol.
A person who has drank alcohol may talk alot.
A person may loose all ambition after drinking alcohol.
Alcohol can make a person act silly, do foolish things, become quarrelsome, clumsy, or act different from normal.
Alcohol acts like a stimulant first and then a depressant.
Drunkenness is met with disapproval.
People who abuse alcohol may become careless.
Very often young people drink because it makes them feel grown up.
Alcohol often gets people into arguments and fights.
Alcohol makes some feel pepped up.
Alcohol gives confidence to the shy person.
When drinking you give away your most valuable possession, i.e., self control.
Alcohol is a social lubricant.
Peer pressure causes people to feel the need to drink to belong.
Alcohol is often used as an adaptive mechanism in society.
Your drinking brings satisfaction to other drinkers.
10.03 Narcotics
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A person can become dependent on narcotics both physical and psychological; This is called addiction.
Heroin, morphine, codeine and methadone are examples of narcotics.
Prescription drugs are generally more powerful than over-the-counter drugs and must be used with special care.
Narcotics are very dangerous and should never be used without doctor's permission.
One danger in taking narcotics is that they cause sleepiness.
Some narcotics stop pain and are used during certain medical operations.
A helpful drug can also be harmful if it is not used in the right way.
Narcotics affect the abusers brain, nerves, digestive and muscular systems.
Addiction of the analgesic property sets narcotics apart from sedatives, depressants, and tranquilizers.
Law enforcement agencies classify marijuana and cocaine as narcotics.
People abuse narcotics for the feelings they create.
Narcotics make you sleepy which can lead to an automobile accident if used while driving.
A narcotic drug is one which when taken properly produces sedation or relief from pain.
Taking too many narcotics can cause you to go into a coma which can lead to death.
All narcotics are derivatives of the opium plant.
10.04 Drug addiction in adolescence
1.01 Certain drugs can lead to addiction.
1.02 Take only the amount of medicine as should be taken.
1.03 If you use things with drugs in them alot you may come to depend on them.
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Drugs are especially harmful when people depend on them.
Some people use drugs to change how they feel.
No one should take another person's prescription drug.
Research indicates that children ages six to nine, are experimenting with alcohol, tobacco and other drugs at an increasing
The main responsibility for keepig you from abusing drugs lies with you.
Alcohol is the number one drug use problem of young people.
There are two kinds of drug dependence; one is physical and the other is psychological.
Children should never take drugs unless supervised by an adult.
A drug is any prepared substance that if taken into the body, causes changes in it. (Changes include the way the brain
works, the respiratory system works, a persons emotions, etc.)
Some people abuse drugs for social reasons.
Addiction may be caused by social pressures.
Once a person becomes drug dependent it is hard for them to stop abusing drugs.
Some drugs cause only psychological dependence.
There are two kinds of drug dependencies--physical and psychological.
The body of an addict requires repeated and larger doses of a drug.
An addict can also be psychologically dependent on a drug.
Drug dependence may lead to a life of criminal activity.
Drug addiction often puts adolescents in psychiatric hospitals because their mental states have been affected by the drug.
The increase in drug use by adolescents is related to availability.
Drug addiction is becoming more and more common at younger ages.
Amphetamines and barbituates are the most serious problem in the high school.
10.05 The problem drinker
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A person who drinks too much alcohol may feel sick.
People on drugs may not know what they are doing.
No one knows for sure what effects a drug will have on a person.
It will in general lead to crime, accidents and poor health.
The cost of narcotics might be $25 to $100 or more a day.
Addiction can ruin your appearence and so affect a normal social life.
Many addicts drink because of loneliness.
Drug addicts will have contacts with users, pushers, etc.
Addicts often break the law in some way for money for a new fix.
10.06 Treatment of drug addiction (not alcohol)
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Help can be given by a doctor or by others who understand the problem.
To help a person stop using a drug, a doctor may try many things.
In order to solve a dependency problem, people must first realize and admit that they have a problem.
Much has come from research on addicts.
Talking things over with people who are close to him may help a drug dependent person and may uncover the reason he is
taking the drug.
For heroine addicts, controlled amounts of methadone will prevent withdrawal symptoms.
Special organizations are available for people with dependency problems.
For those who become drug-dependent, skilled treatment is needed.
Removal of a psychologically drug dependent addict will cause anxiety and irritability but no physical dependency.
Absolute withdrawal may cause death.
Multiple drug dependencies cause multiple withdrawal symptoms.
Reduced amounts of the addictive drug may be used to bring the addict down.
Often withdrawal will reduce tolerance levels.
10.07 Marihuana
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Pot, grass and weed are other names for marijuana.
By smoking a lot of marijuana, a person can build up a tolerance for it.
Marijuana is a weak hallucinogen.
Smoking marijuana can affect vision.
It can be a factor in car accidents.
Like tobacco, marijuana is a drug.
Marijuana is usually used by smoking it as a cigarette.
Marijuana is known to relax the user.
A decrease in performance ability has been experimentally confirmed.
Usually marijuana changes a person's mood and thinking much like alcohol does.
Excitement or depression may occur when using marijuana.
Smoking marijuana can make some users feel anxious or confused.
THC is the drug in marijuana which causes changes in the body and can affect the emotions.
Causes a loss of time acknowledgement and a loss in the sense of how fast things are moving.
The drug's effects on the emotions and senses vary widely depending on the person's individual reactions and on the
amount and strength of the marijuana used.
The long term physical effects of using marijuana are not yet known.
Marijuana does not cause physical dependence.
Marijuana is a mild hallucinogenic drug, but it is legally classed with the narcotics.
Some people turn to other drugs when the effects of marijuana are no longer satisfying.
Some scientists think that the drug can cause psychological dependence if users take it regularly.
Marijuana is a drug that is helpful in treating some diseases.
Hashish or hash is several times stronger than the usual variety of marijuana.
An intoxication occurs, decision-making, short-term memory and motor skills are impaired.
Medical studies of marijuana are still incomplete as to it's good and bad effects.
Marijuana is derived from the hemp plant, cannabis sativa, and is one of the least powerful hallucinogens.
Marijuana produces a temporary increase in pulse rate and blood pressure, reddening of the whites of the eyes, coughing due
to irritation of the smoke, and dryness of the mouth and throat.
10.08 Tobacco and health
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Cigarettes are habit forming.
Nicotine makes the heart work harder which is dangerous to some people.
Cigarettes are made from tobacco which when smoked gives off a drug called nicotine.
Smoking is a way of taking in a drug.
Cigarette smokers have more health problems than non-smokers.
Cigarette smoking is harmful to the body.
Cigarette smoking irritates the nose and throat, speeds up the heartbeat, raises the blood pressure, and replaces oxygen in
the blood with carbon monoxide.
Pipe smoking and cigar smoking are not as harmful as cigarette smoking but are associated with cancer of the lips, tongue,
Particles and smoke slow down the work of the cilia.
Microscopic particles and tar are carried into the lungs with smoke.
Some people smoke because they think it's pleasurable and believe it relaxes them.
The habit of smoking is an addicition. Once started, it is quite difficult to break.
Nicotine will also lead to a tolerance increase.
It is harder to stop smoking tobacco than marijuana because nicotine use develops a greater psychological dependence.
Smoking affects the lining of the lungs and the respiratory system.
Smoking causes shortness of breath, an unpleasant cough, sinus headaches, and a general loss of energy.
There is a lower chance of heart attack if one does not smoke.
Peer pressure encourages smoking.
Nicotine causes a person's blood vessels to become narrow.
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Smokers tend to have more colds than do nonsmokers.
Smoking seems to be one of the hardest habits to break.
Tobacco smoking destroys the air sacs in the lungs.
Diseases caused by smoking include coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, peripheral blood vessel disease, chronic
bronchitis and emphasema.
4.02 Carbon dioxide, oxygen and carbon monoxide, which are found in cigarette smoke, reduce the oxygen carrying capacity of
4.03 Cigarette smokers tend to die at earlier ages and have a greater incidence of certain diseases.
4.04 Accidents rates are higher for smokers than nonsmokers.
10.09 Tobacco and lung cancer
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The lungs may become unhealthy after smoking.
Cigarette smoking may cause a disease called lung cancer.
People who have never smoked show the lowest death rate from lung cancer.
When normal lung cells are damaged, cancer cells may develop.
Lung cancer may start a long time before it is discovered.
If you smoke and don't inhale, you are safer from lung cancer than if you do inhale.
The more cigarettes a person smokes, the higher the lung cancer death rate.
Cigarette smoking leaves cancer causing chemical to spread through the body.
A person who smokes a pack of cigarettes a day puts a cup of tar into his/her lungs each year.
Only one out of every twenty lung cancer victims can be saved.
Cigarette smoke weakens the lungs' usual defenses against foreign substances.
In 1964, The United States Public Health Service published a report linking smoking and lung cancer.
The risk of developing lung cancer increases with duration of smoking.
Cigarette smoking is much more important than occupational exposures in the causation of lung cancer.
Average smokers have ten fold risk of developing lung cancer than the non-smokers.
Loss of ciliar function in the bronchials is the cause of cancer.
Once the cilia are past a certain repair point they are irreversibly damaged.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the U.S.
10.11 Effects of tea and coffee
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Without realizing it, coffee and tea drinkers become addicted to these beverages.
Some people can not handle the effects of caffeine.
Moderation should be the rule, even in taking these comparatively harless beverages.
Caffeine is a drug.
Large doses or repeated doses of these beverages may be dangerously overstimulating.
Caffeine, contained in coffee, tea, and the cola beverages, is, is small doses, mildly stimulating.
Once addicted, a heavy coffee drinker may find it difficult to give up the habit.
Drinking coffee and tea may damage the heart.
Caffeine quickens the heart beat.
Drinking coffee and tea may cause sleeplessness.
Drinking coffee and tea may cause a person to be upset.
When people drink coffee, tea, cocoa, or cola drinks they are using a drug, i.e., caffeine.
A normal dose of cafeine from a single cup of coffee or tea will relieve drowsiness, muscle fatique, and stimulates thinking.
Nobody knows for sure how the drug will affect him/her.
For most, moderate amounts are not harmful.
Caffeine abuse occurs with overconsumption of the common caffeine containing beverages.
Heavy coffee or tea drinkers (5 or more cups a day) may show symptoms of sleeplessness, irritability, and lack of
May make a person feel cranky and nervous.
They may speed up the working of the nervous system.
There is little harm in moderate use of these beverages.
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3.05 People with heart problems may be told not to use tea or coffee.
4.01 The caffeine in tea and coffee has been found as a treatment for hypertensive headaches by decreasing vascular tension
of cerebral vessels which in turn reduces cerebrospinal fluid pressure.
4.02 Coffee has more rapid stimulation than tea.
4.03 Coffee enhances the circulatory efficiency of the heart by mild stimulation and in the kidneys it is even more desirable as it
stimulates their flow and increases the output of waste products.
4.04 Tea has caffeine which produces a stimulant effect which causes mental alertness.
4.05 Tea unlike coffee does not cause insomnia or nervousness nor does it irritate the stomach lining. In fact, it's mild
astringency may help cure mild gastrointestinal irritaitions.
10.12 The barbiturates
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Barbiturates are used to bring about sleep, to relieve high blood pressure, and to treat epilepsy.
The most well-known and the most dangerous kind of sedative is the kind called barbiturates.
Barbiturates are often in the form of sleeping pills.
Barbiturates have been developed in the 20th. century.
There is great danger in combining barbiturates with alcohol.
Barbiturates are sometimes referred to as goofballs, sleeping pills, and downers.
Physical dependence can result from using barbiturates without medical guidance.
Large doses cause slurred speech, confusion, unbalanced walking, and even unconsciousness.
It is most unsafe to take barbiturates without medical advice and prescription.
Large amounts cause efects similar to intoxication from alcohol.
Barbiturates may cause a person's body and mind to depend on the drug.
Barbiturates can cause accidents.
If the drug is not available to the addicted person, the person suffers violent withdrawl sickness.
Overdoses can cause death.
Barbiturates should never be combined with alcohol.
It is most unsafe to take barbiturates without medical advice or prescription.
This drug slows down the central nervous system.
The most common depressant prescribed by doctors.
In the U.S., pentobarbital and amobarbital are the most commonly used and abused barbiturates.
Barbiturates have been chemically synthesized only in the last century and were originally for medical purposes.
Barbiturate overdose currently is the most frequent method of suicide among American women and accounts for more than
3,000 known deaths a year.
4.04 Barbiturate addicts who are deprived of their drug undergo acute withdrawal symptoms, more severe than those associated
4.05 The barbiturates are widely used for such medical purposes as the treatment of insomnia, control of epileptic seizures, and
daytime sedation.
10.13 Tranquilizers
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Tranquilizers may be used to change a person's mood and calm a nervous upset.
Tranquilizers are depressants which may be used to treat high blood pressure, epilepsy, sleeplessness, or mental illness.
Tranquilizers make up a large part of legally made drugs that become illegal drug traffic each year.
Doctors sometime give tranquilizers to patients to help calm them down.
Tranquilizers can cause death when taken with alcohol.
Tranquilizers have the affect of quieting the nerves, reducing anxieties and tensions.
Valium is a common tranquilizer that is used very often.
The drugs make the person feel at ease, but do not put him or her to sleep as depressants.
Tranquilizers should be used exactly according to directions.
Physical dependence can result.
Tranquilizers can lead to accidents.
Minor tranquilizers are a class of drug closely related to sedatives or depressants.
These drugs should be used exactly as a doctor prescribes.
If overused, they can cause damage to vital organs like the brain, kidneys, liver, or heart.
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4.01 At any given time in the U.S. as many as 15 million may have prescriptions for tranquilizers.
4.02 The lethargic, tranquil attitudes and lack of coordination often induced by the drug have been responsible for many
automobile accidents.
4.03 To date, six tranquilizers have been found to be capable of addiction.
4.04 When tranquilizers are given simultaneously with alcoholic, narcotic, or hypnotic drugs, they intensify the effects of these
4.05 In recent years, tranquilizers have proved to be effective agents for alleviating anxiety without causing undue sleepiness.
4.06 Tranquilizers have much less potential for abuse and they are nonaddicting.
4.07 Tranquilizers reduce excessive excitability in the nervous system and are useful in medical treatment of a variety of
10.14 Depressants
1.01 Because of the way they relax a person, they are used as sedatives and as aids in helping people sleep.
1.03 Depressants are medically useful drugs which are often abused.
1.04 Depending on the drug and the person's health, depressants may be used to stop pain, to ease coughing, to stop diarrhea, to
relieve high blood pressure, or to treat epilepsy.
1.05 If sedatives are prescribed by a doctor, they should be used only for the purpose for which they were intended.
2.01 Ability to think, concentrate, and work is impaired.
2.02 Three very common depressants are alcohol, barbiturates, and narcotics.
2.03 Alcohol is the most widely used depressant.
2.04 Brain activity is slowed down under the influence of depressants.
2.05 Depressants can cause death when taken with barbiturates, tranquilizers, or heroin.
2.06 Depressants can cause brain damage.
2.07 Depressants can cause death when too much is taken.
2.08 Depressants can lead to accidents.
3.01 Depressants slow down or reduce the activity of the central nervous system particularily the brain.
4.01 All depressants under the sub-heading of sedative hypnotic can lead to the classical physical addictive syndrome that
includes tolerance and the suffering of withdrawal symptoms if the drug is removed.
4.02 In small doses, depressants produce sedation or sleep but in larger doses they can produce coma and death.
4.03 Withdrawal symptoms from depressants often include flushes, diarrhea, body weakness, nausea, vomiting and convulsions.
10.15 Hallucinogens
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Effects of hallucinogens are called hallucinations, which are sights, sounds, or feelings that are not real.
At the present time no hallucinogens are legal or used medically, but they are being studied for possible use.
The effects of LSD in the circulatory system are a faster pulse rate, a faster heart beat, and a rise in blood pressure.
Hallucinogens can lead to accidents.
Hallucinogens may cause death when taken with alcohol or other drugs.
Hallucinogens can cause death when too much is taken.
A user of LSD never knows when a bad trip will occur.
Hallucinogens can damage the mind.
Hallucinogens can cause a person to want to kill himself.
The larger the dose of a hallucinogen the worse the effects on the body.
Some people who have used LSD have become mentally ill.
The most powerful hallucinogen is LSD.
People on a trip may see colors as being brighter and hear sounds much louder.
Effects of hallucinogens are unpredictable.
The imagery and emotional feelings from hallucinogens may be very pleasant or they may be terrifying.
The effects from hallucinogens depends to a large extent on nondrug factors such as the expectations, mood, attitudes, and
personality of the individual.
4.03 The results of hallucinogens vary widely from person to person or for the same person from time to time.
4.04 Hallucinogens provoke changes of sensations, self-awareness and emotion.
10.16 Narcotics in medicine
1.01 Certain narcotics may be used to treat severe pain, to stop coughing, or to control diarrhea.
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Because narcotics have many dangerous side effects, their use is tightly controlled by law.
Codeine is used in certain cough medicines.
Many narcotics are given by injection into the veins.
Doctors use narcotics with extreme caution.
Narcotics are used mainly to stop pain but they cause clouding of the mind and changes in mood.
Narcotic use in medicine can cause addiction.
Morphine and codeine are used by doctors to produce sleep and relieve pain in operations and in serious illness.
Some narcotics have medical uses when prescribed by doctors or used properly in non-prescription drugs.
Morphine and demoral are widely used for pain relievers.
The direct effects of narcotics in general include lowered blood pressure, increased blood sugar, decreased activity in GI
tract, lower body temperature, and constriction of the pupils.
4.03 Heroine is still used in Great Britain but has been outlawed for medicinal use in the U.S.
4.04 One of the most active and promising programs now under way to help heroin addicts involves the use of the long acting
narcotic called methadone.
10.17 Alcoholism
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Alcoholism itself is an illness.
Alcoholics sometimes develop deficiency disorders resulting from malnutrition because they eat little during periods of
There are about ten million alcoholics in the United States.
A disorder often found among alcoholics is cirrhosis, a hardening of the liver.
Some people may use drinks with alcohol too often and therefore become alcoholics.
One of the greatest dangers of drinking alcoholic beverages is the possibility of developing a dependence upon alcohol.
Alcoholism occurs when a person can't control their ability to stop drinking.
Alcoholics are found in all walks of life.
Alcoholism causes problems with personal health and interferes with the mental and social functioning of the person.
Alcohol can be an addicting drug.
Most of the time alcohol prevents an alcoholic from leading a normal life.
The American Medical Association classifies alcoholism as an illness characterized by a loss of control in the use of alcohol.
Alcoholism is treatable.
Alcoholism begins in a gradual way.
Alcoholism begins when people start to depend on alcohol as a means of dealing with stress and frustration.
Alcoholics are troubled people who need help.
Blackouts may occur--in a blackout, the drinker walks, talks, and does things in a state of consciousness but can't
Alcoholism is not necessarily determined by the amount or frequency of alcohol consumption.
Dramatic differences in rate of alcoholism are found among certain ethnic groups that have had distinctive cultural patterns
of alcohol use.
4.03 Cultural customs, controls, and parental practices are significant factors in determining the frequency of alcoholism.
4.04 Most authorities agree that alcoholism is caused by several interrelated factors, which vary from person to person.
4.05 Alcoholism becomes visible only after a fairly long period of exposure to high levels of alcohol consumption.
10.18 Prevention and treatment of alcoholism
1.01 Most large cities have detoxification centers at which alcoholics may be given medical and nursing assistance.
1.02 Many people who are alcoholics can be helped to control their problem if they seek help soon enough.
1.03 The National Center for Prevention and Control of Alcoholism, is a governmental agency that helps to control alcoholism
through agency programs.
1.04 If a cured alcoholic takes even one drink, he is in danger of falling back into his old drinking habit.
2.01 The alcoholic is accepted as someone who is ill.
2.02 Older children can teach their younger brothers and sisters about alcohol.
2.03 Police should try to catch people who sell alcohol to minors.
2.04 The alcoholic needs support from their family and medical profession.
2.05 Alcoholics must learn to deal with the real world and the problems that come up.
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Doctors should try to help their patients become less dependent on alcohol.
Antabuse is a drug used to treat alcoholics.
There are professional organizations that provide services to the alcoholic and their family.
Between one-third to one-half of the alcoholics who seek help recover from alcoholism.
Alcoholics annonymous has helped many alcoholics stop drinking.
Parents should keep alcohol out of the reach of their children.
About 28,000 A.A. groups throughout the world.
People who have alcohol problems can be helped.
Between one third and one half of those who seek help from alcoholism recover from it.
The organization is made up of alcoholics and former alcoholics.
The person must want to be helped to be able to recover.
Help may be obtained from a psychiatrist or other medical doctor, social worker, or clergyman.
Other related organizations are Al-Anon and Al-Teen.
AA holds meetings and gives out information to help members share possible solutions to the problem of alcoholism.
Only about one fifth of all alcoholics ever join Alcoholics Anonymous.
Ideally, treatment programs should provide medical, psychological, and social work resources and should involve the support
and participation of the alcoholic's family, employer, and other significant persons.
Antabuse is a tablet taken daily that produces a toxic reaction if any alcohol is consumed.
Early treatment of alcoholism is the key to stopping it from becoming a big problem.
Society has tried to control drunkeness and alcoholism by legislation.
The alcoholic is suffering from an illness.
Alcoholics must stop drinking completely.
Before 1930 the only help for an alcoholic came from a psychiatrist, sanitarium or a state hospital.
10.19 Legalization of marihuana
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New laws recognize that marijuana is not a narcotic.
In the past marijuana was classified legally as a narcotic.
Many people argue that marijuana should not be considered dangerous and that it's use should be made legal.
Many states have diminished laws for possession of marijuana.
At the present time, studies are being conducted to find out more about the short-term effects of taking different amounts
Non-smokers may be annoyed by the smoke from nearby smokers.
Both the illegality of marijuana and it's relative newness to Western society leave an unusually large range of uncertainty
with respect to the consequences of long term use.
Not enough is known about marijuana to legalize it.
Under the licensing model the state would license distribution and sale of marijuana. A bill for this was introduced in 1971 in
The medical model of legalization would be legalizing it for medical use only but this is not possible.
If it were legalized authorities would prescribe the strength to be sold at retail and also a suitable warning on every package
of marijuana regarding it's possible effects on the health of the user.
10.20 Rights of the non-smoker
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Private businesses such as airlines and restrauants have no smoking sections.
You can avoid being by people who do smoke.
You can chose to smoke or not smoke.
Most public buildings maintain a non-smoking code.
Some states are trying to pass laws to abolish smoking in all public and private buildings.
10-15% of Americans are allergic to tobacco smoke.
Second hand smoke leaves a distasteful stench on all clothing.
While known to be harmful to the body, one should not smoke just because his/her friends are smoking.
People who are near smokers may cough or sneeze and their eyes may water or burn.
Smoking in enclosed areas does pollute the air.
Second hand smoke is a harmful air pollutant.
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Most people suffer from discomfort from heavy concentrations of tobacco smoke.
If a person does not want to smoke, he should say no when asked.
Sometimes an innocent individual will be burned by a cigarette.
When one member of the family smokes the whole household may be affected.
A smoker should always ask a non-smoker if they mind if they smoke.
You have a right to clean air while eating in a public restaurant.
Smokers should respect the wishes of non-smokers when visiting their homes.
Non-smokers have the right to breathe air that is free from tobacco smoke.
The non-smoker has rights which includes laws that prohibit smoking in certain public places.
Non-smokers can join groups such as ASH (Action on Smoking and Health) and GASP (Group Against Smokers' Pollution).
In early 1975, at least 160 proposals to control public smoking had been adopted or were pending in thirty-nine state
10.21 Problem drinkers in industry
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Problem drinkers have a hard time holding a job.
Problem drinkers cause problems on assembly lines because reaction time slows down.
Problem drinkers cause financial problems for their families.
Problem drinkers miss days of work because of drinking.
Problem drinkers may cause damage to a companies reputation because of socially unacceptable behavior.
Problem drinkers affect co-workers, i.e., being late or absent makes other workers work get slowed down.
Alcoholics are believed to cost business, industry, civilian government and military 10 billion dollars a year in lost work time.