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Mark Important Points in Margin Date: ___________ Reactions of Non-Metals Unit: Reactions/Descriptive Chemistry Knowledge/Understanding Goals: reactions involving NH3, H2S, H2O2, and nonmetal oxides NH3 (ammonia) Synthesis: N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) Ý 2 NH3 (g) Made by the Haber process: 450°C and 200–600 atm pressure. Ammonia is continuously removed, which keeps pulling the equilibrium to the right. Ammonia can form a complex ion with metal ions, such as: Ag+ (aq) + 2 NH3 (aq) → Ag(NH3}2+ (aq) Ammonia acts as a weak base, forming the ammonium ion as its conjugate acid: NH3 (aq) + H+ (aq) Ý NH4+ (aq) In redox reactions, NH3 always acts as a reducing agent (N is oxidized). H2S (hydrogen sulfide) Hydrogen sulfide acts as a weak acid: H2S (aq) + H2O (ℓ) Ý HS− (aq) + H3O+ (aq) H2S acts as a reducing agent. (S is oxidized, usually to elemental sulfur.) Use this space for additional notes. Chemistry II Copyright © 2009–2017 Mr. Bigler. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. Page 1 of 3 Mark Important Points in Margin Reactions of Non-Metals H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) H2O2 is a strong oxidizing agent. In water, H2O2 disproportionates, meaning half of the oxygen molecules are oxidized O2 and the other half are reduced to H2O: 2 H2O2 (aq) → O2 (g) + 2 H2O (ℓ) Carbonate Ions Carbonate and hydrogen carbonate ions in solution react with acids to produce water and CO2: H+ + CO3− (aq) → CO2 (g) + H2O (ℓ) This happens in weak acids such as NH4+ as well as strong acids. Use this space for additional notes. Chemistry II Mr. Bigler Page 2 of 3 Mark Important Reactions of Non-Metals Points in Margin Nonmetal Oxides and Oxoacids Nonmetal oxides react with water to form acids: SO3 (g) + H2O (ℓ) Ý H2SO4 (ℓ) N2O5 (s) + H2O (ℓ) Ý 2 HNO3 (ℓ) N2O3 (g) + H2O (ℓ) Ý 2 HNO2 (aq) P4O10 (s) + 6 H2O (ℓ) Ý 4 H3PO4 (s) In the reverse reactions, oxoacids decompose into the nonmetal oxide and water. For these reactions, the oxidation number of the central atom in the nonmetal oxide (i.e., the one that’s not oxygen) is always the same in the acid as it was in the oxide. Oxoacid Strength oxoacid: an acid containing a polyatomic ion with oxygen, such as HClO4 or HNO3. 1. The higher the oxidation number of the central atom, the stronger the oxoacid. E.g., HClO4 > HClO3 > HClO2 > HClO 2. The greater the electronegativity of the central atom, the stronger the oxoacid. E.g., HClO > HBrO > HIO Oxoacids decompose into water and a nonmetallic oxide: H2SO4 Use this space for additional notes. Chemistry II Mr. Bigler Page 3 of 3