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Chapter 11 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM FUNCTION OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. FUNCTION OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • Secretion of hormones or chemical messengers that coordinate and direct activities of target cells and organs • Major glands of endocrine system – pituitary - thyroid - thymus – pineal - parathyroid - adrenals – pancreas - gonads © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. HORMONAL CONTROL • Negative feedback – occurs when there is a drop in the level of a hormone – triggers a chain reaction of responses to increase hormones in the blood © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. PITUITARY GLAND • Located at the base of the brain and connected to the hypothalamus • Divided into anterior and posterior lobes • Known as the master gland because of its major influence in body’s activities © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. HORMONES OF THE PITUITARY GLAND • Divided into two lobes – anterior pituitary lobe is larger and produces seven hormones – posterior pituitary lobe is smaller and consists primarily of nerve fibers and neuroglial cells © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLANDS • Thyroid glands – Located in the anterior part of neck – Secretes 3 hormones: • Thyroxine • Triiodthyronine • Calcitonin © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLANDS • Parathyroid glands – Four glands attached to posterior surface of thyroid – Stimulate an increase in number and size of osteoclasts (specialized bone cells) © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. THYMUS GLAND • The thymus gland is both an endocrine gland and lymphatic organ • The thymus secretes a large number of hormones © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ADRENAL GLANDS • Two adrenal glands located on top of each kidney; each has two parts – Cortex - secretes 3 groups corticoids • Mineralocorticoids • Glucocorticoids • Sex hormones – Medulla - secretes • epinephrine • norepinephrine © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. GONADS • Gonads - sex organs – Ovaries - female sex organ • ova • estrogen and progesterone – Testes - male sex organ • sperm • testosterone © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. PANCREAS • Located behind stomach • Functions as: – Exocrine gland • Secretes pancreatic juices into small intestine to become digestive juices – Endocrine gland • Produces insulin and glucagon © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. PINEAL GLAND • Attached to the third ventricle of the brain • Produces the hormone melatonin – Amount of light affects the amount of melatonin secreted – Causes body temperature to drop © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. OTHER HORMONES PRODUCED IN THE BODY • There are many hormones produced throughout the body originating from many different glands and organs • Prostaglandins are hormones secreted in various tissues throughout the body © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. DISORDERS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • Endocrine gland disturbances may be caused by: – Disease – Infection – Hyperactivity – Hypoactivity © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. PITUITARY DISORDERS • Hyperfunction of Pituitary – Gigantism – Acromegaly • Hypofunction of Pituitary – Dwarfism • Diabetes Insipidus – Caused by posterior lobe dysfunction © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. THYROID DISORDERS • Blood tests are done to diagnose – Hyperthyroidism • Due to overactivity of thyroid gland • Hypersecretion of thyroxin – Hypothyroidism • Due to inflammation of thyroid gland • Thyroid isn’t able to secrete enough thyroxin © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. PARATHYROID DISORDERS • The parathyroid glands regulate the use of calcium and phosphorus • Hyperfunctioning – Kidney stones – Calcium taken from bones • Hypofunctioning – Tetany - low levels of calcium affects the nerves © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ADRENAL DISORDERS • Hyperfunction of the Adrenal – Cushing’s syndrome • Hypofunction of Adrenal Cortex – Addison’s disease © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. STEROID ABUSE IN SPORTS • Effects of steroid abuse: – Liver changes – Decreased spleen production – Atrophy of testicles – Breast enlargement – Cardiovascular disease © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. PANCREATIC DISORDERS • Diabetes mellitus – Ineffective secretion or use of insulin – Type I - juvenile diabetes – Type II - adult diabetes • Treatment – Glucose monitoring – Weight reduction - Diet - Medication © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. PANCREATIC DISORDERS • Tests for Diabetes Mellitus – Urine samples – Blood samples • glucometer (glucose monitor) • glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.