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Lumpy skin disease (LSD) Author: Prof JAW Coetzer and Dr Eeva Tuppurainen Adapted from: Coetzer, JAW. 2004. Lumpy skin disease, in Infectious diseases of livestock, edited by J.A.W. Coetzer & R.C. Tustin. Oxford University Press, Cape Town, 2: 1268-1276. Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license. Introduction (Amblyomma hebraeum) and the African blue tick Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a pox viral disease of (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus), have recently cattle with a major socio-economic impact. The disease been shown to play a role in the transmission of LSD is characterized by fever, multiple firm, circumscribed virus. skin nodules, necrotic plaques in the mucous membranes (chiefly of the upper respiratory tract and Skin nodules, the characteristic feature of the disease, oral cavity), mastitis, orchitis and swelling of the appear before or during the second rise in body peripheral lymph nodes. The disease is caused by a temperature, four to ten days after the initial febrile capripox response. virus of which the prototype strain, The nodules, which are randomly “Neethling'” was first isolated in South Africa. Clinically, distributed and range in diameter from 10 to 20 mm, the skin lesions of LSD closely resemble those of involve both the skin and subcutaneous tissues and pseudo-lumpy skin disease caused by the Allerton sometimes even the underlying musculature. The strain of bovid herpesvirus 2 (BHV 2). number of nodules may range from a few to several thousand in severely affected animals. In most cases Very little is known about the susceptibility of wild the nodules are particularly noticeable in the perineum ruminants to LSDV. and on the vulva. Salient features of LSD In severely acutely affected animals the ventral parts of Available evidence suggests that there is only one the body, for example the dewlap and the legs may be immunological slightly oedematous one to two days before the type of LSDV. Cross-protection between LSDV and sheep- or goatpox viruses has appearance of the nodules. been exploited by the use of sheeppox virus for the immunization of cattle against LSD in Kenya and in the Nodular skin lesions may extend into underlying tissue Middle East. Lumpy skin disease virus is remarkably such as tendons and tendon sheaths resulting in stable. lameness in one or more legs. Most affected animals have multifocal, roughly circular, necrotic areas on the The mode of transmission of LSD has not been muzzle and in the respiratory tract (nasal cavity, larynx, established fully, although circumstantial evidence trachea and bronchi), and buccal cavity. These lesions suggests that biting insects play a role in the may also be present in the forestomachs, abomasum, dissemination of infection. The three common African uterus, vagina, teats, udder, and testes. Acute orchitis hard may progress to fibrosis and atrophy of the testes tick species, (Rhipicephalus namely, appendiculatus), the the brown tick bont tick resulting in temporary or permanent infertility or more Lumpy skin disease in cattle is usually more prevalent rarely, sterility. during wet summer and autumn months following an increase in populations of biting flies and tick vectors. Nodules may form in the skin of the udder and teats, and when the parenchyma of the udder is involved, as Prevention and control – how and why it frequently is, the gland is swollen and tender as a A presumptive diagnosis of the disease can be made result of mastitis. Secondary bacterial mastitis may be on the clinical signs. The clinical signs and lesions in severe and complicate the udder lesions. mild cases of LSD can easily be confused with pseudolumpy skin disease (BHV-2 infection). Generally, BHV- Although LSD does not have a high mortality rate 2 infection causes more superficial skin lesions, has a (usually less than 10 per cent), it is of economic shorter course and is a milder disease than LSD. The importance because of permanent damage to hides, diagnosis can be confirmed within a few hours of the prolonged debilitating effect it may have on receipt severely affected animals with consequent losses microscopic demonstration of virus in negatively- resulting from reduced weight gain, temporary or stained preparations of biopsy specimens taken from permanent cessation of milk production as a result of affected mastitis, temporary or permanent infertility or even Immunohistochemical sterility in bulls as a consequence of orchitis, and immunoperoxidase staining of tissue sections, can also abortion in approximately 10 per cent of pregnant be used to demonstrate the virus in acute and chronic cows. skin lesions. Immunity after recovery from natural infection is life- Several conventional and real-time polymerase chain long in most cattle. reaction (PCR) methods are available for the detection of specimens skin by or transmission mucous methods, electron membranes. for example of LSD virus. Where does LSD occur? Periodic epidemics occur in most African countries, The interpretation of serological results may sometimes particularly in those of the sub-Saharan region. be difficult due to low antibody titres in vaccinated Currently there are only four countries in Africa animals and some individuals following mild infection. (Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria and Libya) that has not The virus neutralization test is considered to be the reported LSD. most reliable serological test. Several ELISA’s for the detection of capripoxvirus antigen or antibody have Since 2000, LSD outbreaks have been reported across been developed but currently none of them is the Middle East (Israel, West Bank, Lebanon, Jordan, commercially available. Turkey and Iraq) and it is highly likely that the disease will become endemic at least in parts of the Region. An Control by quarantine and movement control is incursion of LSD was reported for the first time in generally not very effective. In endemic areas control is Turkey and Iraq in 2013, indicating that the disease essentially has a potential for further spread to the European Susceptible adult cattle should be vaccinated annually Union and Caucasus region, as well as to Asia. to ensure adequate protection against LSD. born What triggers an outbreak of LSD? to confined susceptible to cows immunoprophylaxis. are Calves themselves very susceptible and should be vaccinated as soon as possible in the face of an outbreak. The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) categorizes LSD as a notifiable disease and standards are set for safe international trade of live animals and animal products. Find out more The CPD module on LSD describes its history, aetiology and epidemiology, how to recognise it and confirms the diagnosis, its potential for transboundary spread and the challenges to control the disease.