Download Geology-Earth Materials

Geology-Earth Materials
Unit Introduction
• What are Earth materials and why are
they important to us?
•
Objective
• 1 Relate atomic and molecular structure to the traits
of minerals and include the major mineral groups.
• 2 Identify the major elements of the Earth’s crust.
• 3 Identify common minerals and ores and their uses.
Include: quartz, calcite, talc, gypsum, fluorite,
feldspar, biotite, muscovite, hematite, galena, halite,
pyrite, magnetite, sulfur, and graphite.
• 4 Identify Virginia’s major rock and mineral resources
and their uses.
Enduring Understanding
• Minerals are the building blocks of rocks.
Earth Materials
• Often the most common terms we use
for the materials that make up our
planet are used interchangeably.
There is a difference between a
“mineral” and a “rock” although we
may find each in nature right next to
each other. A brief review of atomic
structure, elements, and compounds
will help us begin this unit
Atomic Structure
• Element is a substance that cannot be
broken down into simpler substances
by physical or chemical processes
– All matter is made of elements
Periodic Table
http://www.webelements.com/
Atomic Structure
• 92 Elements occur naturally on Earth
and in stars and others have been
produced only in laboratories
– They are identified by a 1 or 2 letter
symbol
Atomic Structure
• Atom is the smallest particle of the
element that has all of it’s
characteristics
Atomic Structure
• Atoms are made of combinations of
protons (+)and neutrons in the
nucleus and electrons (-) orbiting
around the nucleus
– Electrons have very little mass
Atomic Structure
• Atomic Number is the number of
protons in the nucleus
Atomic Structure
• Mass Number is the number of
protons and neutrons of a specific
isotope
– Isotopes have the same number of
protons, but different numbers of
neutrons
Mass Number = (Number of Protons) + (Number of Neutrons
Atomic Structure
• Atomic Mass is the weighted average
Mass Numbers of all the isotopes
Combining Elements
• Some elements are quite content to
remain alone, but most will attempt to
combine with other elements to form
the various the common objects and
substances we see every day.
Combining Elements
• Compound is a substance that is
composed of two or more elements
that are chemically combined.
– Water (H2O) is a compound
Combining Elements
• An element’s tendency to react with
other elements depends mainly on the
number of electrons in it’s outermost
energy level (shell). Atoms like to have
their energy levels filled and will find
other atoms to combine with and
either take, give up, or share electrons
to do so.
Combining Elements
• The energy levels go 2-8-8-32 etc
• These are called valence electrons
Combining Elements
• Elements form bonds when this
electron exchange takes place
Covalent bonds are formed when the
atoms share valence electrons
http://www.visionlearning.com/library/
module_viewer.php?mid=55
Combining Elements
• Molecule is two or more atoms held
together with covalent bonds; O2, H2
are common examples
Combining Elements
• Ionic Bonds are formed when one or more
electrons are exchanged (not shared) between
atoms. When this occurs the atoms become
positively or negatively charged (ions) and
attract each other; NaCl is a common example
Combining Elements
• NaCl is a common example
Uses for Earth Materials
• Nearly every single thing we use today comes
from Earth directly or indirectly. The following
is a list of minerals and ores
Uses for Earth Materials
• Name of mineral/ore
Use(s)
Quartz (mineral)
Glass, watches
Uses for Earth Materials
Feldspar (mineral)
Toothpaste
Uses for Earth Materials
• Calcite (mineral)
Neutralizing acids
Uses for Earth Materials
Mica (mineral)
Lampshades,
insulation, makeup
Uses for Earth Materials
Pyrite (ore)
Iron ore
Uses for Earth Materials
• Name of mineral/ore
Magnetite (ore)
Use(s)
Iron ore
Uses for Earth Materials
Hematite (ore)
Iron ore
Uses for Earth Materials
Galena (ore)
Lead
Uses for Earth Materials
• Graphite (ore)
Lubricant
Uses for Earth Materials
Sulfur (ore)
Rubber,
medicines
Uses for Earth Materials
• Bauxite (ore)
Aluminum
Uses for Earth Materials
• Coal (sedimentary) Energy
Uses for Earth Materials
• Name of rock
Use(s)
• Gravel/stone (all) Road
construction
Uses for Earth Materials
• Limestone
Concrete
Uses for Earth Materials
• Granite
Building
materials
Uses for Earth Materials
• Name of rock
Pumice
Use(s)
Lava soap
abrasion
Uses for Earth Materials
Quartzite
Building
materials
Uses for Earth Materials
Slate
Roofing,
pool tables
Homework
• Read Ch 4
Minerals