Download Test 2 Notes 3

Test #2 Questions
1. What are the three functions skeletal muscle? Movement, Heat Production,
Posture and Support
2. What are the characteristics of skeletal m.? 1-Irritability (capable of responding
to stimuli), 2-Contractility (shorten in length: contract), 3-Extensibility
(extend), 4-Elasticity (fibers returning to normal position after relaxing or
contracting)
3. What are the fibrous cords or bands that connect m. to bone? Tendons (sinew)
4. What do the tendons blend into? The periosteum of the bone
5. What is an aponeurosis? Broad flat tendinous sheath that attaches m. to bone
& sometimes m. to m.
6. What are the four connective tissues that cover skeletal muscles? Endomysium,
Perimysium, Epimysium, Fascia
7. List in order from most specific to general the tissue coverings of skeletal m. &
what they bind together?
Endomysium- surrounds individual m. fibers (most specific)
Perimysium- surrounds fasciculi (bundle of m. fibers)
Epimysium- surrounds the entire m. (bundle of fasciculi)
Fascia- covers the muscle and attaches to the skin
8. What are the different types of m. groups in regard to movement?
Agonist- the primary mover of a joint
Antagonist- opposes the movement of the agonist
Synergist- mm. work together
Flexors- flex a joint
Extensors- extend a joint
9. What is the muscle movement in regard to agonist vs. antagonist? When one m.
contracts the other m. relaxes
10. What are the different fibers arrangements for m.?
Parallel: strap-like; good endurance, strong; contracts over a long distance
(cx. Rectus abdomius m.)
Convergent: fan-shaped; focuses force of contraction on single pt.; powerful
muscle (cx. Gluteal m.)
Sphincter: close body openings; “kiss muscle” (cx. Obicularis oris m.)
Pennate “feather”: fibers converge on a tendon
Unipennate: converge from one side
Bipennate: converge from two sides
Multipennate: converge from multiple sides & points (classic: Deltoid)
11. Why is skeletal m. called red m.? b/c of the large blood supply to the m.
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12. What are the two types of neurons that supply skeletal m.?
1. GSE (General Somatic Efferent): motor neurons
2. GSA (General Somatic Afferent): sensory neurons
13. What do the sensory neurons tell the m.? Tells the state of contraction
(propioreceptors)
14. What is the name of the synapse b/t two muscles? neuromuscular junction
(myoneural junction)
15. What chemical diffuses across the neuromuscular junction? ACH (Acetyleholine)
16. What is the name of the receptors that receive the ACH? Nicotinic (responds to
nicotine but not enough in cigarettes)
17. What is a motor unit? Single motor neuron and all of the fibers it innervates
18. How do muscles increase energy for work? Recruit increasing # of motor units
19. What is muscle tone? The constant state of contraction; the more exercise the
better the shape of a muscle- working out more, increases tone
20. What is a spasm and what is it cause by? Too much tone- nerve irritability can
cause increase in nerve impulses to muscles which causes spasms
21. What is flaccid? Too little tone
22. What is the difference between origin and insertion?
Origin: Fixed end of m.; less movable end; stationary end
Insertion: Movable end; attached to the bone that moves the most
*This can be confusing b/c movement end can be both depending on the fixed
end; the origin and insertion can flip-flop (**has to cross two joints)
*proximal and distal ends always remains the same
23. What are the 7 different methods used to name mm. and an example of each?
1. shape-Trapezoid 2. location-Pectoralis 3. **Attachment sternocleidomastoid 4. Size- Maximus 5. Direction of fibers-Rectus (straight)
6. Muscle action-flexor/extensor 7. Relative position, location- profundus
(deep)/superficialis(surface): A lot of the mm. use combo, of these classes
(**_ signifies best)
24. Name the 11 muscles of facial expression? p1. 20,21
1. Epicranius Frontalis m. 2. Orbicularis Oculi m. 3. Nasalis m.
4. Procerus m.
5. Orbicularis Oris m.
6. Zygomaticus m.
7. Levator labii Superoiris m. 8. Risorius m.
9. Depressor Anguli oris m.
10. Depressor Labii Inferioris m. 11. Levator Palpebrae Superioris m.
25. What nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression except one? Which one?
All CN VII Facial; except Levator Palpebrae Superioris m.-CNIII
Occulomotor b/c actually located in orbit of the eye
26. What are the attachments of the bones of the face? All attach bones of the face
to the skin of the face
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27. What is the function of mm. of the lace?
1. EFM-wrinkles the forehead and pulls eyebrows superiorly
2. OOM- closes the eye or squints the eye
3. NM- widens the nostrils; flares the nostrils
4. PM- pulls eyebrows medially and down “serious m.”
5. OOM- puckers the mouth “kiss m.”
6. ZM- pulls angles of the mouth up and out “smile m.”
7. LLSM- raises the angle of the lip “Elvis m.”
8. PM- draws the angles of the mouth laterally
9. DAOM- depresses the angles of the mouth down “frown m.”
10. DLIM- pulls lower lip down “Pout m.”
11. LPSM- raises upper eyelid
28. What are the four m. of mastication? Give origin, insertion, action. p1. 48
1. Temporalis m.: 0: Temporal fossa, temporal lines—I: Coronoid process of
the mandible—A: elevates mandible; closes the mouth
2. Masseter m.: 0: Zygomatic arch—I:Inf. Portion of the ramus of the
mandible—A: elevates the mandible; closes the mouth
3. Medial Pterygoid m.: 0: sphenoid bone—I: medial aspect of the
mandible—A: elevates mandible and moves it laterally
4. Lateral Pterygoid m.: 0: sphenoid bone—I: Lateral side of the condylar
process of the mandible—A: protracts the mandible
29. All muscles of mastication are innervated by what nerve? V3-Mandibular
branch of the trigeminal nerve
30. What is the acronym for the nerves that innervate the extrinsic ocular muscles?
S04, LR6, All else three
31. What are the extrinsic ocular muscles and what is their action? p1. 79
1) Superior Oblique: rotates the pupil down and out- innervated by CN IV,
the Trochlear nerve.
2) Lateral Rectus: pulls eyeball laterally, innervated by CN VI Abducens
3) Other Rectus m. (MediaL Lateral, Superior): innervated by CN III
Oculomotor n.
4) Inferior Oblique: Points the pupil up and out, innervated by CN Ill
32. What do intrinsic ocular muscles do? Change the size of the pupil
33. What are the extrinsic mm. of the tongue innervated by? All by CN XII
34. What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue? Give 0, I, A. p1. 53
a. Genioglossus m. “mandible to tongue”
0: mental spine of the mandible
I: undersurface of the tongue
A: depresses and protracts tongue (stuck out)
b. Styloglossus m. p1. 53
O: styloid process of the temporal bone
I: lateral side and undersurface of the tongue
A: elevates and retracts the tongue (whole tongue)
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c. Hypoglossus m.
0: body of the hyoid bone
I: side of the tongue
A: depresses the sides of the tongue
35. What are the seven muscles of the neck? PL 21 Know 0,1, A. Know nerves that
innervate. p 21
a. Platysma m. CN VII “shriek m.”
0: fascia of the neck
I: Inferior border of the mandible
A: depresses the mandible and opens the mouth; lowers the lip, tenses
the skin on the anterior neck
b. Sternocleidomastoid m. CN XI, C(Cranial Spinal Nerves) 2,3; pL
22,23
0: manubrium (sternum head) and clavicle (clavicular head)
I: mastoid process of the temporal bone
A: flexes neck, extends head; if only on side contacts (turns head to
side)
c. Scalene mm. Cervival nerves (p122,25) Three subparts:
i. Anterior Scalene m.
0: TP’s of C3-C6
I: Medial aspect of ribs
THERE IS A PAGE MISSING HERE!!!!
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Omahyoid m.: superior border of scapula to body of hyoid bone (inferior and
superior belly)
Action for all: Depresses the hyoid bone
36. What is the brachial plexus? The nerve plexus which innervates the mm. of the
arm and forearm; it is located b/t ant. and medial scalene mm.
37. What is located bit the anterior and medial scalene mm? Phrenic nerve:
innervates the diaphragm for breathing.
38. What does omo- mean? Shoulder
39. What are the muscles of respiration? Know action and innervation. Pl.182, 283
a.
Diaphragm m.: innervated by the Phrenic nerve (C3, C4, CS keeps
thediaphragm alive)- Dome shaped m.
Contracts on inspiration- flattens the m.—increases thoracic space—
decreases intrapleural pressure (inspiration= active) Exhaling=
passive
b. External Intercostal m.- elevates the ribs, increasing width of thoracic
cavity for inspiration
c. Internal Intercostal mm.: 2 parts
Interchondral part: elevates the ribs for inspiration
Intercostal part: decreases the width of thoracic cavity for active
respiration
*The external and Internal Intercostal mm are innercated
segmentally.
40. What muscle are you eating when you eat ribs? External Intercostal mm.
41. What muscle do people with asthma have a problem with? Intercostal part of
the Internal Intercostal mm.- Asthmatics don’t have a problem breathing inhave a problem breathing out
42. What muscle are beef fajitas made from? The diaphragm of the cow
43. Why do men have an Adam’s Apple? Because during puberty the thyroid
cartilage expands to allow the voice to deepen.
44. What nerves are the muscles of the abdominal wall innervated by? ilioinguinal
and iliohypogastric nerves
45. What are the muscles of the abdominal wall? Pl. 232,233,234,235,245,246. Know
attachments.
a. Rectus Abdominis m.: straight m. fibers; run vertically
0: Pubic crest and Symphysis pubis
I: costal cartilage of ribs 5-7 and xyphoid process
A: flexes the vertebral column
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b. External Abdominal Oblique: most superficial abd. m.; fibers run
obliquely
0: Lower 8 ribs
I: iliac crest and linea alba
A: compresses abd. contents, lateral rotation, draws thorax down
c. Internal Abdominal Oblique: fibers run perpendicular to EAB, deep
to EAB Provides extra strength (perp. Fibers)
0: iliac crest, inguinal ligament, fascia of back
I: linea aiba and costal cartilage of last three ribs
A: same as EAO
d. Transverse Abdominis m.: Deep to IAO; fibers run transversely
0: iliac crest, inguinal ligament, lumbar fascia, costal cartilage of the
six ribs
I: xyphoid process, linea alba, pubis
A: compresses the abdominal contents
e. Inguinal Ligament: Called ligament because it connects bone to bone,
but really inferior aspect of EAO m.; runs from ASIS to Pubic
tubercie
f. Cremaster m: Only present in males; raises and lowers the testiclesfunctions in temp. control along with Dartos m. in the scrotum; slip
off the lAO m.
g. Quadratus Lumborum m.
0: iliac crest, lower 3 lumbar vert.
I: 12 rib and upper 4 lumbar vert.
A: lateral flexion of the vert. column
46. What is the arcuate line? It is an imaginary line drawn ‘A way b/t umbilicus
and pubis @ the level of the iliac crest- superior to it: Posterior rectus sheath
present- wraps all the way around the rectus abdominis m. inferior to it: No
sheath- only goes anterior to the rectus abdominis m. pl. 232,235
47. What is the linea alba? White line (tendon) from the xyphoid process to the
pubic Symphysis. Can cut along this line to enter abd. cavity without cutting
muscle.
48. What are tendonous insciptions? What mm. have them? Ligamentus line that
run through a muscle. Located on the Rectus Abdominis m. and the
Semispinalis Capitis
49. What are the mm. of the Pelvic outlet? p1. 335 General info, about them?
Levator Ani m.: spine of the ischium to the coccyx
Coccygeus m.: ischial spine to sacrum and coccyx
Bulbospongiosus m.: central tendon in perineum to base of penis or clitoris
- assists in emptying the urethra in males
Ischiocavernosus: ischial tuberosity- penis or clitoris
50. What is the function of the mm. in the pelvic outlet? Form the floor of the pelvis
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51. What innervates the muscles of the back? Dorsal Rami of spinal nerves
52. What are the functions of the mm. of the back? 1-Posture 2-Extension of the
spine 3- Rotation of the spine 4-lateral flexion of the spine
53. What are the three divisions of back mm.? pl. 160
1- Extrinsic Back mm. (Superficial Back mm.) ex. Trapezius and Rhomboids
2- Intermediate Extrinsic Back mm.: won’t cover here- secondary mm. in
respiration- Serratus Posterior Superior and Inferior mm.
3- Intrinsic Back muscles
54. What are the intrinsic mm. of the back? 0,1, A.
a. Splenius mm.: Superficial Intrinsic group
Two subdivisions
b. Erector Spinae mm.: Intermediate Intrinsic group
Three columns with two further divided into three subgroups
c. Transversospinalis- Deep Intrinsic Group
3 groups with one further divided into 3 subgroups
d. Interspinal mm.: b/t spinous processes; seen best in cervical region,
well developed in lumbar region, relatively lacking in the thoracic
region
0: Spinous process
I: Spinous process
e. Intertransversarii mm.: (Best developed in lumbar region)
0: Transverse process
I: Transverse process
55. What does splenoin mean? Bandage
56. What are the Splenius mm.? 0,1, A. * fibers run superior and lateral
a. Splenius apitis m.:
0: lower % of nuchal ligament, SP’s of C7 to T4
I: Lateral aspect superior nuchal line and mastoid process
A: Bilaterally-Extend head and unilaterally-laterally flex head and neck,
slight rotation
b. Splenius cervicis m.:
0: spinous processes of 13 and T6
I: posterior tubercies of TP’s of Cl to C3 (C4)
A: laterally flex the neck
57. What are the three divisions of the Erector Spinae mm.? Lateral to medial. 1Lateral Column- Iliocostalis mm. 2- Intermediate (Middle) ColumnLongissimus mm. 3- Medial Column- Spinalis mm.
58. What are the subdivisions of the Iliocostalis m.? 0, I, A.
a. Iliocostalis Lumborum m.- low back
0: post. medial crest of ilium, thoracolumnar, fascia, middle crest of
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the sacrum
I: lower six ribs
b. Iliocostalis thoracis m.
0: lower six ribs
I: upper six ribs
c. Iliocostalis cervices m.
0: angles of ribs 3-6
I: transverse processes of C4- C6
**Action for all: Extend laterally and flex the spine
59. What are the subdivisions for the Longissimus mm.?
a. Longissimus Thoracis m.
0: spinous processes and supraspinal ligament of lumbar Ill and T12
vert., medial aspect of the iliac crest, sacrum, and thoracolum bar
fascia
I: TP’s of all thoracic and lower ribs
b. Longissimus cervices m.
0: TP’s of upper 4 thoracic vertebrae
I: TP’s of C2-C6
c. Longissimus Capitus m.
0: articular process of C5-C7, TP’s of T1-T5
I: mastoid process of the temporal bone
** Action for all: Extend Laterally and flex the spine
60. What is the m. to know for the spinalis mm. group? What also should be noted
about this group? It should be noted that this is a poorly defined m. group
and difficult to dissect out.
a. Spinalis Thoracis m.
0: spinous process of upper lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae
I: spinous processes of upper throracic vert.
A: all-extend the spine
61. What are the subgroups to the transversospinalis mm. group? 1- Semispinalis
mm. 2-Multifidus mm. 3- Rotatores mm.
62. What are the subgroups to the Semispinalis mm. 0, I, A. Know all about this one!
a. Semispinalis Capitis m.: a lot of neck injuries occur here
0: transverse processes of C4- T6 (C7- T7)
I: superior nuchal line of occipital bone
(belly is divided by a tendinous inscription)
b. Semispinalis Cervicis m.
0: TP’s of Ti- T6
I: SP’s of C2- C5 S
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c. emispinalis thoracis m.
0: TP’s of T6- Tifi
I: SP’s of C6- T4
**Action for all: Extend spine
63. Give the 0,1, A for the other two transcersospinalis mm. subgroups.
a. Multifidus mm: *Thickest in the lumbar region; ends in the cervical
region; basically one long m.
0: TP’s from L5- Ti, lamina to vertebrae form S4 to C2, and articulate
processes from C6 to C4
I: Spinous process 2 vertebral segments superior to origin
b. Rotators mm.: Deep tp multifidus, each one had a single origin from
L5-T2, best developed in thoracic region: People may get spasms in
these mm.
0: TP of vertebrae
I: Long rotator- SP of 2 superior to its origin
Short Rotator- SP of vert. immediately above its origin
64. What are the four mm. that make up the SOT? 0,1, A.
a. Rectus capitis posterior major
0: spinous process of the axis
I: inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone
A: extend and rotate head
I: suboccipital nerve, dorsal ramus of Cl
b. Rectus capitus posterior minor
0: posterior tubercle of the atlus
I: medial portion of inferior nuchal line of occipital bone
A: same as RCPM
c. Obliquous capitis inferior m.*
0: spinous process of the axis
I: transverse process of the atlas
A: extend and rotate the atlantoaxial join
d. Olbiquous capitis superior m.*
0: transverse process of the atlas
I: occipital bone between sup. And inferior nuchal lines
65. What are the superficial back mm.? 0, I, A, Innervation
a. Trapezius
0: medial aspect of superior nuchal line, EOP, ligamentum nuchae,
SP’s of C7-T12
I: lateral 1/3 clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula
A: elevates scapula, depresses, retract (adducts) scapula, hyperextend
the neck, brace the shoulder
I: spinal root of the accessory nerve CNXI, ventral rami of C3-4
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b. Latissimus Dorsi (means broad back muscle)
0: SP’s of T6 to sacrum, iliac crest, inferior 4 ribs (and inferior angle
of scapula?)
I: crest of lesser tubercie of Humerus and floor of intertubercu.lar
groove
A: extend, adduct, and medially rotate Humerus at shoulder (and
retract (adduct) the scapula)
I: thoracodorsal nerve (C6-8)
Also known s the rowing, chinning, and chopping muscle
c. Levator Scapulae * (origin and insertion can flip)
0: TP’s of C1-4
I: superior portion of the medial border of the scapula
A: elevate scapula, flex neck
I: dorsal scapular (CS)
d. Rhomboid Major m.
0: SP’s of T2-5
I: medial border of scapula
A: elevate and retract (adduct) scapula
I: dorsal scapular n. (CS)
e. Rhomboid minor
0: SP’s of C7-T1
I, A, & I are same as major
f. Serratus anterior m. (boxing muscle)
0: external surface of the first 8-9 ribs
I: anterior surface of vertebral border of scapula
A: pulls scapula forward (protracts) and down (depress)
I: long thoracic n.
If this muscle degenerates than “winged” scapulas can be seen
g. Subclavius m.
0: first rib
I: groove for the subelavius m. on clavicle
A: pulls clavicle downward (depress)
I: subclavian n. (C5-6)
66. What are the mm. which move the humerus at the shoulder joint?
a. Deltoid *
0: semicircular, directly beneath insertiOn of trapezius
I: deltoid tuberosity of Humerus
A: abducts, flexes, medially/laterally rotates the Humerus at the
shoulder joint
I: axillary ii.
b. Supraspinatus *
0: supraspinous fossa of the scapula
I: superior aspect of greater tubercle of Humerus
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A: abducts Humerus to 90 degrees, latera rotator, part of rotator cuff
group
I: suprascapular n.
c. Infraspinatus
0: infraspinous fossa of scapula
I: greater tubercle of Humerus, below suprasinatus
A: lateral rotator of Humerus
I: suprascapular n.
d. Teres minor m.
0: Middle V of the lateral border of scapula, passes posterior to the
head of triceps
I: greater tubercie of Humerus, below infraspinatus
A: lateral rotator of Humerus
I: axillary n.
e. Teres Major
0: lower 1/3 of lateral border of scapula, passes anterior to the long
head of triceps and around medial side of Humerus with latissimus
dorsi
I: lesser tubercle, medial aspect of intertubercular groove
A: extend shoulder, adduct and medially rotate Humerus
I: lower subscapular mm. (C5-6)
f. Subscapularis
0: subscapular fossa
I: lesser tubercle of Humerus
A: medial rotator of Humerus
I: upper and lower subscapular n. (C5-6)
g. Pectoralis Major
0: clavicular head: anterior surface med. 1/3 clavicle; sternal head:
Manubrmum and body of sternum; abdominal head: costal cartilages
of ribs 2-6
I: lateral lip of intertubercular groove
A: flexes, adducts and rotates Humerus medially
I: medial and lateral pectoral nerves
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