Download File

Chapter 3 – not to turn in, just make sure you can answer these
1. What specifically makes water a polar molecule? What types of bonds hold adjacent
water molecules together? How many neighbors does each have? What type of
attraction is it? How strong are the bonds and how long do they last?
2. Define cohesion in terms of hydrogen bonds. Define adhesion. How do both of these
properties help plants?
3. Define surface tension. Why does water have such high surface tension? Why is this
property important?
4. Define kinetic energy, heat, and temperature. If the example in the book of the swimmer
in the English channel helps you to understand the difference between the two, write it.
5. What is specific heat? What is the specific heat of water? Is this high or low compared to
other substances?
6. In everyday terms, describe the temperature vs. state of matter changes that water
undergoes in comparison to other substances.
7. If it takes a lot of heat to change water’s temperature, where exactly does that heat
energy go? What does it do on a molecular level?
8. What causes water’s high heat of vaporization?
9. In terms of kinetic energy, how does sweating help you to get cooler? Why do you feel so
much hotter when in a humid environment?
10. Notice figure 3.6. Draw ice vs. water. Why does ice float? At what temperature is it most
dense? (Please note: there is no air in the spaces of ice, it is just space!)
11. Draw an accurate picture of NaCl dissolving in water, include charges. (Note: H and O in
water are only partially charged) Make sure that your water molecules are properly
oriented around the ions!
12. Define hydrophilic, hydrophobic. What substances are hydrophilic? What are
hydrophobic?
13. What is a buffer? Where are buffers important? How do they work?
14. What is acid precipitation? What causes it? What effects does it have on the
environment? See page 55.
Chapter 4
1. Of what elements are you mostly made? Which one of these elements accounts for the
molecular diversity of life?
2. All organisms have relatively the same percentage of elements in them. Why are they all
so different?
3. Define vitalism, mechanism.
4. What exactly did Wohler, Kolbe, and Miller accomplish?
5. Describe the valence of carbon and the type and number of bonds it makes.
6. Why is carbon dioxide important to life? How many bonds does the C in CO2 make? How
many do the O atoms make? Why do the C and the O not make the same number of
bonds? Are they all stable in this molecule? How many bonds do the N atoms in urea
make? Why?
7. What is a carbon skeleton?
8. What is a hydrocarbon? What are examples of hydrocarbon? Why are they important in
living organisms? What does it mean in terms of electron sharing that the C-H bonds are
nonpolar?
9. What are structural isomers? Geometric isomers? Enantiomers? Draw the pictures in Fig
4.7 after you have written your answer.
10. What is the pharmaceutical importance of enantiomers? Look at Fig 4.8.
11. Why are functional groups important in organic chemistry? Why is it important to know
how an individual functional group behaves?
Chapter 5
(This information may be supplemented by mainstream medical texts, online sources, etc.
Please do not use alternative medical texts for this assignment. You may also find assistance
on p. 875-879 in your text.)
Carbohydrates
1. What is a carbohydrate? What is the chemical structure of a carbohydrate? What are the
building blocks of a carbohydrate? What functional groups can be identified in a
carbohydrate?
2. What is the role of carbohydrates in the body?
3. What are the health concerns associated with a diet too low in carbohydrates?
4. What are the health concerns associated with a diet too high in carbohydrates?
5. What are some food sources of carbohydrates?
6. What is a monosaccharide? A disaccharide? A polysaccharide? A starch? Give some
common
examples.
7. Show how a polysaccharide is formed by a condensation reaction between a
disaccharide and a monosaccharide.
8. Show what happens to a polysaccharide when it undergoes a hydrolysis reaction.
9. What is glycogen? What is cellulose?
Lipids
1. What is fat? What is the chemical structure of fat? What are the building blocks of fat?
What functional groups can be identified in a fat?
2. What is the role of fat in the body?
3. What are the health concerns with a diet too low in fat?
4. What are the health concerns with a diet too high in fat?
5. What are some food sources of fat?
6. Define essential fatty acid. Give some examples.
7. Define fatty acid, triglyceride, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat.
8. Show how a triglyceride is formed by a condensation reaction.
9. Show what happens to a triglyceride when it undergoes a hydrolysis reaction.
10. What are steroids? What is cholesterol?
Proteins
1. What is a protein? What is the chemical structure of a protein? What are the building
blocks of a protein? What functional groups can be identified in a protein?
2. What is the role of protein in the body?
3. What are the health concerns associated with a diet too low in protein?
4. What are the health concerns associated with a diet too high in protein?
5. What are some food sources of protein?
6. What is an amino acid? A peptide? A polypeptide? A protein? Give some common
examples.
7. Show how a polypeptide is formed by a condensation reaction.
8. Show what happens to a polypeptide when it undergoes a hydrolysis reaction.
9. Refer to fig. 5.15. Describe the many different functions of protein.
10. Describe primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure
of a protein. Use fig. 5.20.