Download Robert Sawinski, Dylan Pasua, Peter Kim, Alex Nam, Rex Pagarigan

Robert Sawinski, Dylan Pasua, Peter Kim, Alex Nam, Rex Pagarigan
Chapter 25 Notes
Closing the gates on immigrants
Date: 1919 - 1920
Event: Rise in immigration concerned the Americans
Names: immigrants, Americans
Significance: the Americans put a limit on immigration, prejudice and rising conservatism
Date: 1921
Event: an attack on the southern and eastern Europeans because the number of the immigrants were
based on the 3% of foreign born nationals
Names: Europeans
Significance: the Emergency Quota act of 1921
Date: 1924
Event: The quota declined to 2%
Names: Johnson
Significance: Johnson immigration act
Date: 1924
Event: National origins act created quotas based on ethnic representation in the US
Names: Southern Europeans
Significance: kept Europeans population higher and the Asian population declined
K.K.K
Date: 1915 (Ku Klux Klan)
Event: The founding of the KKK
Names: William Simmons
Significance: the KKK was found, and expanded hatred towards foreigners, Catholics, Jews, and black
Date: 1923-24
Event: Ku Klux Klan gains influence
Names: the K.K.K
Significance: the K.K.K gained influence in America which is not a good thing
Date: 1924
Event: racist group rose from the south but became popular in the north
Names: the Ku Klux Klan
Significance: the group rose to 5 million members
Date: 1924
Event: the Klan declined in 1924 when a high ranking Indiana Klansman assaulted and killed a you moan
Names: ku Klux Klan
Significance: the K.K.K. declined
The “new” woman
Date: 1960s
Event: cycle of pregnancy and poverty
Names: Margret Sanger
Significance: woman who could not support and were overburdened were given help
Date: 1960
Event: divorces were easier for woman
Names: women
Significance: women would get a divorce in working service positions, and became a realistic option
Date: 1960s
Event: women were faced with a double standard
Names: women
Significance: woman had lower wages and less promotion opportunities compared to men
Date: 1960s
Event: feminist movement
Names: Carrie Chapman Catt
Significance: the feminist movement slowly declined
The Air Plane
Date: N/A
Event: Lockheed produced airplanes for commercial flights
Names: blockhead
Significance: airplanes were made
Date: N/A
Event: plane was flown across the Atlantic Ocean non stop
Names: Charles Lindbergh (lucky lindy)
Significance: was the first American to cross the Atlantic Ocean
Date: N/A
Event: new innovations in planes
Names: Lindbergh
Significance: inspired innovations in planes, contrasting period
Date: N/A
Event: warnings regarding military use of planes were ignored
Names: bill Mitchell
Significance: military used planes
Date: 1919
Event: Volstead act
Names: WW1
Significance: the 18th amendment
Date: 1919
Event: illegal liquor trade in Chicago and the Midwest
Names: Al Capone
Significance: Al Capone influence
Date: 1925
Event: “the great Gatsby”
Names: Scott Fitzgerald
Significance: books were made from Scott
Date: 1920
Event: “the side of paradise”
Names: Scott Fitzgerald
Significance: another book was made by Scott Fitzgerald
Date: 1921
Event: bureau of budget reduced debt
Names: N/A
Significance: reflects the conservative ton of the time
Date: 1932
Event: outlawed yellow dog contracts that were intended to restrict
Strikes
Names: Norris LaGuardia
Significance: people were outlawed
Date: 1922
Event: books were written “Main Street” criticized hypocrisy of the farm and Babbitt
Names: Sinclair Lewis
Significance: books were written
Chapter 26 Notes
War Debts and Reparations
The democracies did not take a strong stand against japan because they were worrying about
other matters.
-
The United States has lent more than 10 Billion to its comrades in arms.
They mostly spent the 10 billion dollars to buy American made weapons and supplies. This was
considered an American contribution to the war.
But the public did not like that idea, and wanted full repayment of the money over a 62 year
period.
The amount was repaid with an additional 2 percent interest rate so the total came out to 22
Billion dollars.
-
This was literally impossible to pay back, and the wealth was being destroyed.
The allies tried to push their burden upon the Germans and wanted them to pay 33 Billion, and
with this money the allies promised to pay back the United States and fix their economies.
Germany was unable to pay such a big amount like that, but they tried and their economy
defaulted and so did the allies.
In 1924 an international agreement, the Dawes plan, gave Germany 200 million dollar loan to
help stabilize their currency.
-
Germany had to pay 250 million dollars a year to reparations.
-
In 1929 the bill scaled down reparations.
The United States was paid back from their allies who got the money from Germany that they
got from private American loans.
In the late 1920s Americans stop lending money to Germany which leads to the great
depression.
After the great depression all of the people who owed money to the United States brock their
obligations by stop paying money.
The election of 1928
-
Republican Herbert Hoover won
He was a conservative who followed rules of a businessman and regulated via business
voluntary actions
-
He was pro tariff and prohibition
-
Democrats were in trouble
Economic problems
-
The farms bills try to help farmers
-
Was not control for over production of new technologies?
-
The gold standard failed
-
Vetoed the bill the farm bill
-
The tariff increases
1. Us foreign trade declined very sharply, and caused depression to intensify.
2. Thousands of economists wanted a veto, and this later caused big problems.
-
Lack of economic understanding
-
shrinking of ownership of corporate American Automobile, tobacco, banking leading to few
Control in each business area.
The stock market crash of 1929
-
The crash was caused by
1. Poor distribution of wealth
2. over production and high inventories
3. Unbridled speculation
4. over use of credit and buying stocks on margin
5. Unemployment
6. Protective tariffs
7. Weak banks and easy credit by the Federal Reserve
Hoover and the Depression
-
He tried to fix it with three phases
-
Phase 1 conservative (Mellon’s liquidation policy rejected by hoover)
-
Phase 2 Slightly moderate (European panic on falling off gold standard 1931 and defaulted
-
Phase 3 slightly liberal (Glass Steagall Act)
1. The glass Steagall act freed up 1 billion in gold to satisfy European conversion and eased the tight
credit of the Federal Reserve.
The Depression and its Victims
The Depression caused society’s to turn into scavenger societies which people lived on what
they could find to eat and burn to stay warm. This was in both rural and urban America.
-
People started to flee to the west towards Oregon and California.
-
People started to loss hope and ambition
1. People had poor nutrition and health
2. Children became burdensome
The Election of 1932
-
Hoover was considered negative and associated with the failure somewhat unfairly
FDR was considered very positive an vague- promised gold standard and no deficits and gave the
impression of a moderator or even conservative
-
FDR was considered the big winner
Debating the past what caused the great depression?
Bad leadership and bad decisions, also buying things from other countries.
Chapter 27 Notes
1st New Deal and the First 100 Days of FDR's Proactive Democrat-Brain Trust. Spirit of reform and
improvement - old progressives were vindicated by a later New Nationalism movement.
1. The Brain Trust was headed by Raymond Moley, and Redford Tugwell "Spenders," an economist.
Supreme Court justice Brandeis was also influential in financial reforms.
2. The depression had moved conservative business interests and radicals closer together by
demanding the government to act on the behalf of the suffering populist.
3. FDR as President brought new hope and expectation. His inauguration was reenergizing, "We have
nothing to fear but fear it..."
4. Roosevelt acted boldly and wielded great power, but he lacked a clear plan and vision.
The Economy Act decreased federal employees' wages which worsened the depression. Despite this, the
majority of the New Deal legislation was impressive.
1. Bank holiday closed banks for several days beginning on March 6, 1933. This discouraged bank
runs.
The Banking Act (1933) created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) which was insurance
for deposits. The FDIC was a response to Bank Runs during the Great Depression.
1. CCC - Civilian Conservation Corps-Employed young men 18 to 25 in service jobs like planting trees
and fighting forest fires. This was a reaction to Unemployment during the Great Depression.
2. AAA - Agriculture Adjustment Act-Created subsidies for farmers who decreased their production.
This was a response to the Farm Bloc during the Depression.
A. They Plowed cotton in the ground
B. Killed 200,000 piglets
FDR took the lead and put controversy aside to create one of the greatest accomplishments of the New
Deal.
1. Financial Securities Act - Requires promoters to make the financial information about stock issues
open to the public
2. TVA - Tennessee Valley Authority -Government hydroelectric dams brought electricity, jobs, and
flood control to the Tennessee Valley.
3. NRA - National Recovery Administration regulated business by setting industry wide practices and
was pro labor but became so extensive that people felt it bordered on socialism. Industries which
pledged to the "blanket acts" earned the Blue Eagle symbol.
4. PWA - Public Works Administration created mainly construction jobs for men through private
companies. The NIRA was later judged unconstitutional by a conservative supreme court.
K. Gold Reserve Act - FDR ends national dependence on the gold standard. Start using a currency
standard.
l. Securities Act (1934) creates the Securities Exchange Act (SEC ) required all stock exchanges to obtain
licenses and had the power to register securities.
M. FHA - Federal Housing Administration (1934) - gave small loans to individuals who wanted to improve
old homes or build new ones.
II. FDR's Appeals to Americans and attacks the Great Depression
1. "Fireside Chats" were broadcast over national radio stations to educate the public on the Banking
act and the complexities of his reforms.
2. Roosevelt rejected the fiscalist theory of Keynesian Economics (created by John M. Keynes) in his
1932 election but implemented the Keynesian deficits throughout his administration.
III. 2nd New Deal 1933-39
1. FERA - Federal Emergency Relief Administration (1933) created the CWA and later the WPA. Also
gave $500 million in loans to relief organizations and created jobs.
2. CWA - Civil Works Administration (1933) Created public works programs which improved
infrastructure, teaching, and decorating. Harry L. Hopkins, the director of FERA, spent $1 billion in 5
months and the CWA was terminated by FDR.
3. WPA - Work Progress Administration (1934) replaced part of the PWA and CWA efforts, and
created sewers and school construction to art work and acting. Fear of Deficits caused it to be disbanded
in 1943.
4. NYA - National Youth Administration (1933) Created part-time jobs for high school and college
students, and also helped youths continue their education.
5. Social Security Act or Federal Insurance Contribution Act (FICA) protected the retired, orphaned,
unemployed and injured. Ignored farmers.
6. Minimum wage .25 per hour reaction to poor distribution of wealth during the Great
Depression.
7. Wagner-Connery Act- created National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)
Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO) which represented unskilled labor-- John Lewis leader of new
unions like the UAW-United Auto workers. Split from the AFL due to internal problems.
1. Second AAA- Expands program to sharecroppers and non-land owners
2. REA - Rural Electrification Administration lent money to create power in rural regions and
farms.
3. Fair Labor and Standards Act (1938) increased minimum wage to .40 per hour.
4. New Banking Act strengthened the Federal Reserve under the leadership of Marriner Eccels.
5. Hoover was critical of the attacks on free enterprise.
IV. Significance of the New Deal
1. Roosevelt vacillated much on policy but was willing to create new agencies that increased
government bureaucracy dramatically. But acted in haste on several occasions.
2. FDR's polices went between liberals and conservatives, while leaning to the left.
3. FDR dramatically expanded the presidential authority or executive privilege which continues
through Nixon
4. Reforms were both good and bad but generally positive and proactive to relieve suffering.
5. Important regulation that helped prevent future economic declines included Security
Exchange Commission (SEC), and FDIC.
6. The New Deal provided a much needed psychological boost to America.
7. Improvements in the infrastructure -via the PWA, CWA, and WPA helped clear slums and the
creation of TVA helped rural poor.
V. Literature and suffering
1. Soviet and Communist views were radical and expressed by John Dos Passos in his anticapitalist trilogy "USA."
2. Poverty evidenced in literature by Sinclair Lewis' "It can Happen Here"
3. The dust bowl was reflected by John Steinbeck's "The Grapes of Wrath"
4. Eleanor Roosevelt, First Lady, humanitarian. She championed the causes of women,
minorities, and children.
5. Francis Perkins, first female Sec. of Labor, dramatic leader of a substantive department setting
new precedents and standards.
6. Mary McCloude Bethune founded the Bethune-Cookman College, and was head of the
Division of Negro Affairs in NYA, National Youth Administration. Also African American CCC.
7. John Collier - Native American advocate with American Indian Defense Association in 1933.
His efforts reversed a significant decline in Native American rights and land loss.
VI. Critics and the New Deal in Trouble
1. Huey Long senator of Louisiana, The Kingfish, proposed a new ultra-liberal tax structure with a
100% tax over the income of $1 million and confiscated fortunes above $5 million
2. Father Coughlin, the Radio Priest, initially supported FDR but felt Roosevelt did not go far
enough using the radio. Coughlin gained money (donations) and was highly critical of FDR starting in
1935. Coughlin was using anti-capitalism, anti-Semitism and anti-communism talk that was more fascist
than left wing.
3. Communism had no real support in America.
4. Dr. Townsend advocated for senior citizens and proposed pensions from the government for
every person over 60.
5. Court in Schechter vs. United States declared the NIRA and NRA unconstitutional.
6. FDR developed a Court Packing Plan in opposition to conservatives on the court that were
blocking or limiting some New Deal actions.
7. A recession in 1937-38 was called the Roosevelt recession.
8. FDR tried to get rid of Conservative Democrats in 1938 elections.
9. American Liberty League was formed by the conservative Right Wings, who were also known
as Dixiecrats.
VII. Election of 1936
1. Polarization existed due to the New Deal and the protracted nature of the Depression.
2. On the Left, Father Coughlin and D. Townsend launched significant attacks against FDR.
3. On the Right, Business advocates felt FDR was an "economic royalist" or a socialist attacking
free enterprise.
5. The 1st AAA was deemed unconstitutional because it was an intrusion upon states' rights.
Social security gathered the votes of retired people, and the Home loan Corporation helped families
regain homes.
6. FDR beat Alfred Landon, the Republican, in a close election.
VIII. Triumph of Isolationism - A Follow up of 1920's Isolationist Policy
1. FDR was an internationalist but focused on improving the plight in the USA.
2. Gerald Nye, (the Isolationist Guy) was a strong isolationist and focused against the Merchants
of Death in WWI or the munitions manufacturers, like the DuPont Company.
3. The Sensationalized news releases from the Nye Committee and Walter Mills published the
Road to War: America 1914-1917, illustrating propaganda and banks that eventually led the USA to
conflict.
IX. War Explodes, USA Keeps It's Distance
1. Totalitarian Leaders in Europe, Rome and Berlin (Axis Powers)
2. Italy Invades Ethiopia. Moral Embargo but few international objections towards the invasion.
3. Neutrality Acts 35, 36, 37 (isolationism)
4. Japan Invades China - Roosevelt gives the Quarantine Speech
5. German Advances
Hitler takes the rest of Czechoslovakia
Nazi - Soviet Nonaggression Pact -- Hitler promises not to invade the Soviets if they didn't join with the
allies.
Germany invades Poland - Cash and Carry. Poland falls to Nazi Germany.
1. Blitzkrieg - "Lightening War"
England and France declare war on Rome & Berlin Axis
France Falls in June 1940 - Germans sends 50 destroyers to bomb England.
Japan joins the Axis Powers
Germans attack Russia, breaking the non-aggression pact. Balkans and North Africa attacked in 1941.
Roosevelt and Churchill develop the Atlantic Charter which discussed post war goals.
Hitler used Jews and other minority groups as scapegoats.
Night of Broken Glass -- Jewish property destroyed, marked beginning of Holocaust.
Hitler's final solution to Germany's problems was to eliminate all Non-Aryans, especially Jews.
Concentration Camps - Many did not believe the stories of the camps - Auschwitz, Buchenwald, and
Dachau. Jews and other Non-Aryans were literally exterminated.
Later Nurenburg Trials prosecuted Axis for war crimes such as Holocaust participation.
Battle of Britain
RAF Royal Air Force
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill
Lend Lease Act - use of credit for allies
American Neutrality???
American ships attacked by German U-boats Reuben James and Greer Sunk
Pearl Harbor - December 7, 1941
Japanese devastation of American naval forces in Hawaii except for aircraft carriers
Japanese mistakes - didn't fully eliminate American threat. They neglected to hunt down air craft
carriers, blow up fuel depots, attack machine sheds, or hit dry docks. If these things had been done, the
US Navy would have been devastated.
Chapter 28 Notes
Chapter 28: War and Peace
a. American refusal to negotiate with Japan caused the war
b. red scare erupts from war against communist countries
c. minorities and women back home changed rapidly
d. women labor rose due to men at war
e. blacks gained freedom due to shortage of manpower from the war
f. social tensions from respect to minorities
A. The Road to Pearl Harbor
a. Open door policy became obsolete after Japanese aggression in China and Indochina
b. United States ignored warnings of Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
c. The embargo on Japan paved the route to Pearl Harbor
d. Pearl Harbor, December 7th, 1941 embarrassed the United States because they were
wrong about the attack by the Japanese and weren’t able to defend themselves.
e. America wasn’t ready for war and was in a desperate crisis
C. Mobilizing the Home Front
a. American industry provided logistical support to the allies and US troops
b. Output of arms for logistical support was vital
c. about 15 million men and women entered the armed forces
d. rationing of gas, synthetics, foods through coupons; brought rise in patriotism
e. victory gardens and war bonds helped the effort
D. The War Economy
a. Office of price administration controlled the inflation and shifted away from the free
market
b. Office of War Mobilization converted manufacturing plants into war factories
c. War Production Board controlled output of goods and redirected industry to create war
goods, turned factories into war factories
d. National War Labor Board settled disputes and focused American laborers
e. consumer goods decreased due to war goods production
f. Deficit spending sent National debt from 47 billion to 259 billion dollars
g. increased taxes to lower income levels
E. War and Social Change
a. Marriages and birth rates rose due to the war time prosperity and uncertainty of the
future
b. population increased dramatically because of higher birth rates and caused the baby
boom and immigration
c. increased government and white collar jobs
F. Minorities in Time of War: Blacks, Hispanic, and Indians
a. African Americans received better treatment compared to WW1 but still were in
segregated units (Last segregated war)
b. about a million blacks served the navy, air force, and army, first black general
appointed
c. Tuskegee Airmen fought and had some of the best protection rates of bombers in
Europe, 650 blacks earned their wings, but suffered some of the highest casualties
d. Blacks received greater work opportunities, less racial tension, and discrimination due
to the massive man power
e. Riots did break out due to the advancement of Blacks
G. Hispanic Americans during WWII
a. Hispanics were also upset and the shortage of men made them move north for work
H. Native Americans during WWII
a. Navajo Code talkers in Pacific Theatre
b. couldn’t decode language
I. The Treatment of German, Italian, and Japanese Americans
a. Relocation to internment camps, countries fear of “fifth column”
b. 17,000 Japanese Americans served in Europe and well respected
c. 350 million dollars of property taken
d. ugly racism towards German and Italian Americans, most were anti-Nazi
e. even blood plasma was segregated by race
J. Women’s Contribution to the War effort
a. Rosie the Riveter symbol made big impact to women
b. 19 million women fill male roles
c. women were paid less
e. facing sexism women performed the men’s work due to patriotism
f. war brides often lonely and moved to industrial centers
g. Women’s Auxiliary Corps WAC
K. Allied Strategy: Europe First
a. choose to fight Germans and Italians first, Pacific later
b. North Africa primary target, Erwin Rommel Desert Fox, Montgomery and Patton
allied forces.
c. Casablanca Charter, Stalin was mad because FDR and Churchill decided to attack
Africa first and not France
d. Sicily and Italy the target, Patton perfected the Blitzkrieg, Mussolini was assassinated
e. battle of Atlantic- Sub warfare, convoys, radar, sonar
f. Siege of Stalingrad, Winter gave Soviets huge victory
g. New P-47 Thunderbolt and P-51 Mustang support bombers
h. Target Industrial Centers, thousands of plane raids, came the Dresden Fire Storm
L. Germany Overwhelmed
a. Normandy D-Day
b. June 6, 1944
c. Amphibious invasion of France, beachhead, Patton distracts Hitler at Calai, Third
Army in France
d. Battle of the Bulge, German winter counter offensive, Siege of Bastogne 101 Airborne
e. Crushed under American leadership
f. Russians take Berlin with huge costs of lives, didn’t aid Polish Home Army, Massacred
Polish officers
M. The Naval War in the Pacific
a. Fall of the Philippines, Bataan Death march
b. Coral Lea loss of one Carrier
c. Midway greatest and luckiest naval victory
d. Guadalcanal, Naval and land battles
e. Battle of Leyte Gulf, Largest Sea battle in history, Japanese navy destroyed
f. Return to Bataan, battle of Philippine Sea, Americans dominated
N. Island Hopping
a. Japanese Island Defense unsinkable aircraft carriers
b. Doolittle Raids, suicide missions against Japan
c. Iwo Jima and Okinawa saw Kamikaze raids
d. Japanese Air Force is destroyed
e. Bombing of Japan, B-29 bombers
O. The Shatter of Worlds
a. Roosevelt dies of cerebral hemorrhage in 1945
b. Manhattan project in 1943 creates Atomic Bomb
c. leaders were Oppenheimer and Einstein
d. Germany worked on bomb too
e. detonated in Alamogordo, New Mexico in July 16, 1945 as test
f. Truman gets atomic bomb in 1945
g. Save hundreds of thousands of lives by avoiding invasion of Japan
h. Soviets close to entering the way had taken much of Eastern Europe
i. Little Boy dropped in Hiroshima in Aug. 6, 1945
j. Fat man dropped on Nagasaki on Aug. 9, 1945
k. Russians declare war on Japan in Aug. 8, 1945
l. Japan surrenders in Aug. 15, 1945
m. War ends on USS Missouri on Sept. 2, 1945 with peace treaty
P. Wartime Diplomacy
a. Tehran Conference, Russians get Poland and much of Eastern Europe and joins the UN
b. Japan, Russians enter the war to recover Soviet Land
c. Germany and Berlin both divided into four zones
d. East Europe, Free elections in Poland
e. East Europe fell to Soviets and communism
f. UN created
g. Truman becomes president, angry with soviets, cold war begins
h. Formation of UN, five member nations had veto power, China, USA, USSR, France,
and England
i. Germany Falls- Hitler commits suicide and the horrors of the Nazis are learned
j. Potsdam Conference, divided Germany and berlin and disassembled war industries
k. Nazi leaders on trial
l. Stalin on Aug. 8 vows to declare war on Japan
m. Sets up Berlin crisis under Truman and JFK
P. Cold War
a. Russia and Stalin grab hold of Eastern Europe
b. Buffer zone for communist Russia
c. China, Chiang-Kai-Shek national who was pro for America
d. Mao Tse-Teung communist who was pro for USSR
Chapter 29 Notes
I.
The Post war economy
A.
President Truman in this difficult situation failed to win either the confidence of the people or
the support of congress.
b.
Cutting taxes and removing price controls did cause a period of rapid inflation.
C.
The Taft-Hartley Act mad the task of unionizing unorganized industries more difficult
II.
The Containment Policy
a.
Truman’s was that Stalin had far more divisions than anyone else.
b.
Stalin and the Red army invoke the image of Hitler’s troops pouring across the north Europeans
plains.
III.
The Atom Bomb: The “winning: Weapon
a.
Truman did authorize the use of the Atomic bomb however he had hoped to demonstrate its
power instead of using it first.
b.
In 1948 of February a communist group took over the Czechoslovakia government.
c.
In June 1948 the Soviet Union retaliated by closing off surface access to Berlin from the west.
IV.
The Marshall plan and the lesson of History
a.
In 1946 George C. Marshall entitled the speech he gave “The Lesson of History”
b.
He reminded Americans that their isolationism contributed to Hitler’s unchecked early
aggression.
V.
Dealing with Japan and China
a.
Difficulties in china were insurmountable.
b.
1947 Truman recalled Marshall and named him secretary of state.
VI.
The Election of 1948
a.
1948 President Truman fortunes were at low ebb.
b.
1946 president established a committee on civil rights.
VII.
Containing Communism Abroad
a.
September 1949 Soviet Union detonated an atomic bomb.
b.
NSC-68 called for an enormous military expansion.
VIII.
McCarthyism
a.
February 1950 an obscure senator introduced the theme of McCarthyism.
b.
This speech caused a sensation but has never been explained satisfactory.
IX.
Asian policy after Korea
a.
Shortly after the armistice was finally arranged in July new trouble erupted far in the south.
X.
Eisenhower and Khrushchev
a.
In 1956 Eisenhower was reelected defeating Stevenson even more decisively then in 1952.
b.
Eisenhower a seasoned analyst of military capabilities understood that Khrushev’s antics were
meant to conceal the Soviet Union’s many weaknesses.
XI.
Politics of Civil Rights
a.
During Eisenhower’s presidency a major change occurred in the legal status of American black’s.
b.
Events in Cuba demonstrated that there was no easy solution to Latin America problems.
XII.
The election of 1960
a.
The end of the second term approached but Eisenhower was somewhat reluctantly endorsed.
b.
The Democrats nominated Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts.
c.
Kennedy was rich, white, and a number of the upper crust by any definition; his was a victory of
minority groups.
d.
Religious issues were important because Catholicism helped Kennedy out.
XIII.
Debating the Past: Did Truman needlessly exacerbates relations with the Soviet Union?
Truman did needlessly exacerbate relations with the Soviet Union because Truman did not like
Khrushchev and his ways of thinking and Truman thought there would be nothing good to come out
from the Soviet Union and Khrushchev however they did have relations on the topic of the Atomic
Bomb.