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HS 20 - Weir The Reproductive System • a system of sex organs within an organism which work together for the purpose of _______________________________ • Enables species to reproduce • Consists of both _______________ and _______________ organs • There are separate reproductive systems for males and females • ______________ = general term referring to sex glands • Male gonad = _______________ • Female gonad = _________________ • Gamete = ____________________ • Male gamete = __________ • Female gamete = ________ (ovum) The Male Reproductive System: • Testes produce sperm • Scrotum – _______________________________________________________________ • The scrotum is a few degrees colder than the abdominal cavity • This cooler temperature is important since sperm cannot develop at room temperature. • _____________________ the tube that carries the sperm from the testes to the urethra • Remember in the male the urethra excretes both _____________ and ________________ • The urethra conducts either semen or urine but never both at the same time. HS 20 - Weir • ___________ a secretion composed of sperm & fluids • The fluid portion is a mixture of fluid from 3 glands along the vas deferens and the urethra: • __________________________ • __________________________ • __________________________ • All 3 of these glands assist in the formation of semen and the safe transportation of sperm • Each teste is filled with twisting tubules called seminiferous tubules. • These tubules are lined with ________________________ = sperm producing cells • These spermatgonia divide into ___________________ • Spermatocytes have ____ chromosomes • Note: human sex cells of both males and females carry 23 chromosomes – when they undergo fertilization the total number is _____ • The spermatocytes eventually develop into ___________. • At body temperature sperm cells only live ___________ hours • When stored at -100ₒC sperm can live for many years • When a male releases semen it contains approximately _______ million sperm cells • The production of sperm and male sex hormones is controlled by the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland in the brain. • Testosterone stimulates spermatogonia to mature into sperm cells, affects characteristics during puberty and is associated with sex drive HS 20 - Weir The Female Reproductive System: • _______________ produce eggs • Females follow a complicated sexual cycle in which only one egg matures every __ days • Eventually a female reaches a point when she is no longer able to reproduce – this is __________________ • __________________________ (oviduct) – located next to each ovary • Mature egg will enter the fallopian tube • _____________________ occurs in the fallopian tube (when egg is penetrated by sperm) • However if the egg is not fertilized it will deteriorate and die within 48 hours • The fallopian tubes join a hollow, pear shaped organ called the ______________. • It takes 3 – 5 days for a fertilized egg to travel from the fallopian tubes to the uterus. • The uterus is where the embryo and fetus develop (also referred to as the __________) • The inner lining of the uterus is called the _____________________ – it provides nourishment for the developing embryo • If pregnancy does not occur the endometrium is ______ – this process is called menstruation • The uterus leads to the vagina which is what connects the uterus to the outer environment. • A muscular band called the ____________ separates the vagina and the uterus and is designed to hold the fetus in place. • Note: dilation of the cervix during child birth is what allows the fetus to enter the _________________________ • While males produce billions of sperm on a daily basis • A female will only produce about _______ eggs that will actually mature in her entire life time! • The reproductive age of a female is from about 12 – 50 years old • ___________________ process of the egg being released from the ovary HS 20 - Weir The Menstrual Cycle: • Repeated throughout a female’s reproductive lifetime, takes an average of 28 days • There are 4 phases of the menstrual cycle - Phase 1 = _______________________ the shedding of the endometrium (approx. 5 days) Phase 2 = ________________________ the development of follicles within the ovary, and estrogen is secreted (between day 6 -13) Phase 3 = ___________________________ The egg is released from the ovary Phase 4 = ___________________________ formation of the corpus luteum; hormone secreting structure – secretes estrogen and progesterone (between days 15 – 28) This phase prepares the uterus to receive a fertilized _______ • If the egg does not become fertilized , estrogen and progesterone will be _____________ • This causes only _________ uterine contractions (hence pain during your period) • These weak contractions cause the ______________________ to pull away from the uterine wall and is shed from the body • This marks the beginning of the next flow phase. The Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System: HS 20 - Weir Fertilization: • Although billions of sperm enter the cervix – only a few hundred reach the fallopian tubes – and only __________________ sperm cell actually fuses with the egg (ovum). • Fertilization occurs in the ________________________ • ____________ a fertilized egg • A zygote undergoes many divisions as it travels from the fallopian tube to the uterus • By the time it reaches the uterus (about 6 days) it has been transformed into a mass of cells called a ____________________ • Once the blastocyst is in the uterus it attaches to the wall of the endometrium – this is called ________________________ • For pregnancy to continue menstruation cannot occur or the endometrium would be shed. • Cells of the embryo and the endometrium form the ______________ – this is how materials are exchanged between the mother and the embryo Birth: • Approximately 266 days after implantation uterine contractions signal the beginning of ___________. • The cervix _________ and begins to __________. • As the cervix dilates, uterine contractions move the baby along the birth canal. 2 hormones are important during birth: • _________________ – causes ligaments within the pelvis to loosen • _________________ – causes uterus to contract Illnesses within the Male Reproductive System: a) _____________________________ • Most common cancer in Canadian men • usual treatments for prostate cancer are surgery, radiation therapy, watchful waiting, and hormonal treatment • Can also have penile or testicular cancer HS 20 - Weir b) Erectile Dysfunction • • is a common condition that affects about 1 in 10 males on a long-term basis can be linked to vascular disease, ______________________ disorders such as Multiple Sclerosis, trauma and psychological episodes Illnesses of the Female Reproductive System: a) Cancer • In females, cancer can attack the _____________, ______________, ______________ and _____________, among other organs • Ovarian cancer tends to have a poorer outcome than other gynecological cancers - there is no standard screening available for ovarian cancer, so it is very difficult to identify it early b) Vaginal Yeast Infection • Caused by a yeast fungus in the vagina • Very _____________ and easy to treat • Causes itchiness and soreness, burning sensation during urination • Can be caused by some _________________ • Can be treated with an anti-fungal cream or medication c) ____________________ • Condition where the endometrium ends up __________________ of uterus • Endometrial tissue becomes trapped as it is not shed properly, causing pain • __________________ issues may develop as a result