Download Treaty of Versailles Germany is not allowed to negotiate peace

Treaty of Versailles
1. Germany is not allowed to negotiate peace. Allies blame Germany and force it to pay
huge concessions and disarm.
2. European Allies unwilling to make drastic changes to prevent another war.
a. Britain and France oppose self-determination and freedom of the seas
b. Many in the U.S. disappointed over treaty.
c. While League of Nations is adopted it lacks authority and U.S. presence
Problems of the 1920s
1. Washington Naval Conference
a. 1922 Sec. of State Charles Evans Hughes calls a conference of five naval
powers, U.S., Britain, France, Italy, Japan to est. balance of power.
b. Japan and Italy are not happy with outcome.
2. Dawes Plan
a. 1923 Banker Charles Dawes initiates plan to reduce German war debt
following Germany’s inability to pay in 1923. $33 Billion owed.
b. France occupies Ruhr Valley
c. New loans help boost German Economy
3. Kellogg-Briand pact – 1928 Sec of State Frank Kellogg and French Foreign Minister
Aristide Briand along with 50 other nations pledge to solve international crises
peacefully
4. Great Depression
Troubles in Europe During the 1930s
1. Benito Mussolini takes power in Italy in 1922.
2. Adolf Hitler elected Chancellor of Germany in 1933.
a. Nazi Party seizes control of Germany. Move to rearm and regain Great Power
status
3. Spanish Civil War
a. Gen. Francisco Franco seizes control of Spain in 1936 with Fascist regime
b. Germany and Italy send Franco supplies and men
c. Western democracies sympathetic to Republican Loyalists but give little
to no support.
d. Soviet Union supplies Loyalists
4. Germany reoccupies the Rhineland in 1936.
a. Western powers are powerless to stop Germany. Fear of another War.
5. Anschluss and Appeasement
a. Germany incorporates Austria into 3rd Reich in 1938.
b. Hitler desires Sudetenland.
c. Powers meet in Munich to negotiate deal. Territory given to Germany
without consulting Czechoslovakia
d. Hitler reneges on his promise and occupies all of Czechoslovakia in 1939.
Europe helpless to stop him.
6. Germany invades Poland
a. Hitler demands Poland relinquish territory in 1939.
b. Invasion begins September 1, 1939
i. Britain and France declare war September 12, 1939.
Japan and the Far East
1. Desire for Pan-Asian empire
a. Japan wants to push European powers and U.S. out of Asia and Pacific
i. Need for raw materials
ii. Japan has not natural resources
b. Invasion of Manchuria in 1931.
c. Violation of the Washington Naval Treaty.
d. Rape of Nanking 1937.
2. Tripartite Pact of 1940
a. Defense pact between Germany Italy and Japan
3. U.S. initiates trade embargo on Japan in 1941 in attempt to curtail Japanese power.
a. Hideki Tojo and other militarists on government seize control
U.S. Before the War
1. Depression forces Roosevelt to concentrate on domestic policies.
2. Neutrality acts of 1935 and 1937
a. Gerald Nye (R) ND led committee in 1933 to investigate U.S.
involvement in WWI
4. Arsenal of Democracy
a. Churchill pleads with Roosevelt for support
i. Congress does not want to be drawn into European War
b. Roosevelt trades destroyers for Naval Bases
c. Roosevelt declares U.S. should become the Arsenal of Democracy to fight
fascism. Supply allies.
5. Lend-Lease Act
a. Britain is lent supplies with the promise to repay following the war. In January
1941. $50 Billion
b. U.S. lends Soviet Union 10% of their total supplies following German
invasion in June 1941.
6. Atlantic Charter
a. Roosevelt and Churchill agree to Freedom of the Seas and SelfDetermination. Echoes Wilson in 1919.
7. Japanese Attack Pearl Harbor
a. Japan attacks Hawaii on December 7, 1941 bringing U.S. into the War.
b. Germany and Italy declare war on U.S. on December 11.
U.S. at War
1. U.S. suffers upon outset
a. Equipment no match for Axis powers
b. Japan beats U.S. back to Coral Sea
c. Germans devastate American shipping fleet.
2. War Economy
3. Citizen Army
Ending the War
1. Yalta Conference
a. Meeting between Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin to negotiate post-war world
in February 1945.
i. Stalin promises self-determination to Eastern Europe
ii. Birth of the United Nations
2. V-E Day
a. Allies defeat Germany on May 7, 1945
3. Potsdam Conference
a. Allies meet to negotiate peacetime settlement of Germany and decide
punishment
4. The bomb
a. Bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945
i. Truman wishes to avoid invasion of Japan and impress the Russians
The Beginning of the Cold War