Download British North America

British North America
Consider This:
Canada has successfully been invaded by Japan. Since the population in Japan is increasing, it
has decided that Canada can provide the needed space for the millions of Japanese living in
large, overcrowded cities. Canadians are outnumbered three-to-one across the country. The
Japanese decide to rename the country Japanda and will soon form the new government.
Canadians are outraged but feel extremely intimidated.
Do these Canadians have any rights? Should they be involved in forming the new government?
Yes Because…
No Because….
Governing the Peoples of BNA
•
•
•
War in N.A ends in _________
– as you know, ____________ wins
____________ formally cedes Nouvelle France to the British in _____ with the signing
of the ____________ of ____________
In the meantime the former ____________ colony has a ____________ government
led by James Murray (who had served under Wolfe)
Initial British Control
• Murray takes a different approach than was seen in ____________
– The population of New France is ____________ speaking and ____________
– While peace negations go on in Europe the citizens of Quebec are allowed to
____________ and ____________ according to their ____________
– This was a ____________ approach as he had about ________ British soldiers to
patrol and control _____________ Canadiens
New Questions of Loyalty
• ____________ between ____________ leaders and ____________ residents occurs
in the early days of British rule
• Who will the population ____________ if war between Britain and France breaks out
again?
– Probably not ____________ …
• New France no longer exists on ________, but certainly still did in the ____________
of many of the ____________
• ______ years of history could not be erased by the results of the Seven Years War
• Also, the Canadiens new very well what had happened in ____________, and feared
another ____________
• ____________ leaders and ____________ feared a loss of ____________ and
____________
The Aftermath of War
• The Seven Years War had left Britain in ______ and New France’s ________ in disarray
• Quebec ____________ were cut off from France and now had to develop contacts in
____________
• Farms had been ____________, and many seigneurs returned to France, however the
majority of Canadiens do not have this ____________
– They could not ____________ to move to France
– Many were born in North America- France ____________ their home
The Beginning of British Influence in New France
• Some British entrepreneurs move into Quebec hoping to profit
• Some British military officials but land from departing seigneurs
•
The ____________ British population assumed they would ____________ New France’s
population and resources for their own ____________
The Ohio Valley and Pontiac’s Resistance
• In addition to figuring out how to rule the ____________ of New France, the British
had another problem – How to deal with the ____________ ____________,living in the
____________
• This area saw intense ____________ during the Seven Years War
• Despite this First Nations had not been a part of ____________ for the Treaty of Paris
and they were not ____________ about the future of their ____________ lands
• Some First Nations in the area had already been ____________ from the areas were
the ____________ were established, and they were not inclined to __________ again
French Influence in the Ohio Valley
• The French had built many ____________ posts in the area
• First Nations had been treated as ____________, sovereign nations
• ____________ had been maintained with _______ of guns, ammunition, and trade goods
• These gifts were ____________ by First Nations in ____________ for allowing the
French to use their ____________
The New British Approach in the Ohio Valley
• After the fall of New France the British began to ____________ French forts around
the ____________ Lakes and in the ____________ Valley
– General Jeffrey ____________ oversaw the area
• The British sought to control both the _____ trade and the ____________ of the area
• Amhurst saw First Nations as ____________ people and thus saw no reason to
distribute ____________ gifts
• Amhurst also only allowed those ____________ by Britain to __________ in the area
• This caused ____________ in many First Nations communities which had grown to ____
on the fur trade and the ____________ of gift distribution
• Amhurst treated First Nations as a ____________ he did not want to deal with
– British forces gave 2 ____________ and a ____________ that they knew were
infected with ____________ to First Nations leaders
– The disease then ____________ throughout the Ohio Valley
The Influence of the Thirteen Colonies in the
Area
• Residents of the Thirteen ____________
felt that they could ____________ the
Ohio Valley after the fall of New France
• ____________ land ____________ ignored
British attempts at controlling settlement
and begin selling land to settlers who came to
stake their ____________
Pontiac’s Resistance
• Pontiac was an Odawa First Nation _______
Chief and had been an _______ of the
_________ on the Plains of Abraham
• After the fall of New France attempts to
build ____________ with the British were
not successful, and his people
____________ under British rule
• He led a united ____________ of First Nations from the Ohio Valley, around the Great
Lakes, and the Northwest
• In 1763 the allied First Nations overtook ___ of the ____ British forts in the area to
the ____________ and ____________ of the Thirteen Colonies
• ____________ negotiations begin in _______
– British were allowed to have their ____________ back in exchange for
____________ First Nations hunting ____________
– Pontiac also ____________ the position that the French had only been ____ First
Nations land, and their _______ did not mean the British took control of that land
The Royal Proclamation of 1763
• Pontiac’s resistance convinced the British that ____________ First Nations was a less
____________ alternative to ____________
• The Proclamation created a clear ____________ between British Colonies and land
____________ for First Nations
– The intent was to avoid ____________, and ensure a ______, _____________
settlement of the West
• Under the Royal proclamation the ____________ took control of ____________
negations assuming that it was the role of Britain, not First Nations and Colonists to
____________ the time and place for negotiations
– Another goal of the British in the process was to _______ westward expansion,
and force colonists to move _________, thereby decreasing the ____________
majority and forcing ____________ into British colonial rule
The French Under the Royal Proclamation
• The Royal Proclamation officially established the ____________ of Quebec and gave
the French residents their first ____________ government since conquest
• French laws were ____________
• People had to take the Serment du Test to participate in ____________
– This was an ______ in which people swore that they were a part of the ________
Church, therefore ensuring that Roman __________ could not hold public office
• The territory of Quebec was ____________ to the St Lawrence Valley and those
wishing to travel west had to apply for a ____________ from the new governor
Responses to the Royal Proclamation
• While the ____________ of First Nations to ____________ in the West were
established, French speaking religious and landholding ____________ felt threatened
• The previous French laws ____________ their positions were gone
• A major goal of the Proclamation was to increase English speaking _________ to Quebec
• Britain hoped that putting ____________ laws in place would ____________ this,
however _____ British immigrants arrived in the years following the Proclamation and
the Canadien population remained the ____________
The Main Provisions of the Royal Proclamation of 1763
• Western interior for the ____________
• ____________ the size of Quebec.
• _________ by a governor and council appointed by the British _________.
• Promised an ____________ assembly.
• Introduced the British ____________ system.
To what group (British, immigrant, Yankee, Canadien, First Nations) was the Royal
Proclamation most significant? Why?
James Murray
• ____________ governor of New France 1760-1763
• Murray did not see the ____________ of les habitants happening soon
• Saw the ____________, aristocratic traditions of the Catholic Church and seigneuries
as more ______ than the _________ demands of the residents of the Thirteen Colonies
• He ____________ the provision of the Royal Proclamation for an ____________
assembly (he feared that this would cause a ____________ by les Canadiens)
• Britain ____________ Murray in 1766 and the Royal Proclamation is ____________
due to many complaints by ____________ residents of Quebec
• The ____________ plan had failed
• Would Quebec keep is Canadien ____________?
Sir Guy Carleton
• ____________ replaces Murray
• He is worried that the ____________ brewing in the Thirteen Colonies might _______
over into Quebec
• He also ignored the complaints of British ____________ in Quebec and realized that a
flood of British ____________ into the cold and politically ____________ environment
of their former enemies (The French) ____________ going to happen
• Carleton agreed with Murray that for both ____________ and ____________ reasons
maintaining the ____________ of les Canadiens was more important than ___________
British merchants
Quebec Act, 1774
• The ________________ was passed in _______ at Carleton’s urging
• The Act :
– ____________ the Royal Proclamation and ____________ Quebec’s territory to
include the ____________
– Guaranteed ____________ language ____________
– Had provisions to allow Roman ____________ to take some roles in ___________
(this is quite ____________ in the British Empire, and allowed nowhere else)
– ____________ French property and civil ____________
• ____________ role is reinstated
– Kept British ____________ law
• This legal blend still exists ____________
– Reintated a ____________ (tax) to support the Catholic ____________
• Church officials feel more ____________
Let’s
•
•
•
Think…
Who in Quebec is happy with the Act?
Who is not-so-happy?
Who’s interests are served with the reinstatement of the Church tithe?
Carleton cont’d
• Like Murray he ____________ demands for an ____________ assembly for fear of
____________
• An ____________ council governs instead
• However, other British North American ____________ had elected assemblies
• ______ Nova Scotia has the first elected assembly in Canada
• ______ PEI elected its assembly
• However, even in these colonies ____________ and executive ____________ had most
of the ____________ and could _____ any laws passed by elected legislative assemblies
The Reaction in Quebec
• Overall, the ____________ and the Roman Catholic ____________ are ____________
with the terms of the Quebec Act
• ____________ residents are however ____________
• Many believed that they were being forced to live in ____________ colony and had been
____________ into moving there
• In the Thirteen Colonies the Quebec Act was seen as one of the many
“_________________” that Britain had passed since the mid ________
• The colonies viewed this as an ____________ of Britain’s power over the colonies and
residents feared the ____________ of their own political, economic, and social
____________
What are the Major Differences Between the Royal Proclamation of 1763, and the Quebec
Act of 1774?
Provisions of the Quebec Act of 1774
• The Quebec Act:
• Opened the ____________ council to ____________ Canadians.
• Allowed ____________ of worship for ____________.
• Retained the ____________ system.
Discontent in the Thirteen Colonies
• The problem of governing ____________ was not the only problem for the British
• Britain had instituted a number of ____________in the colonies to help pay for:
– The military costs of the _______________________________
– The military costs of __________________________________
– The cost of keeping British ____________ in the Colonies
•
•
•
These taxes ____________ colonists and contributed to the growing sense that the
relationship of the Colonies with Britain was ____________
The Colonists argued that they should have more of a ____________ in how they were
____________ and ____________
“No ____________ without ____________ !” became a call to arms
Other Sources of Discontent
• Many colonists felt the ____________ set out in the Royal Proclamation were a
____________
• They had fought the French over the _______ _______ during the Seven Years War
only to be ____________ from the territory
• The Quebec Act was the last ____________ for many
– For many colonists the denial of the to an ____________ ____________ was the
ultimate violation
The American War of Independence 1776-1783
• The anger against Britain ____________ the Thirteen Colonies which had been
traditionally ____________ entities
• In 1774, ___ of the Colonies agreed to boycott British ____________
• In 1775, the rebels had several armed ____________ with British soldiers
• On July 4th, 1776 the rebels drafted the ____________ of ____________ which
proclaimed that the Thirteen Colonies were no longer part of the British ____________
• The American War Of Independence had begun
Canadiens Called to Action
• The rebels in the Thirteen Colonies hoped that the ____________ would support their
cause and called for them to ____________ the British in ____________
• Britain hoped that the Quebec Act had ____________ the Canadiens, and the
____________ in Quebec advised the population to side with the British
• When Yankee rebels attacked the Quebec City and Montreal in 1775, most Canadiens
were ____________ and stayed ____________
Let’s Think…
1. In light of the events occurring in the Thirteen Colonies, what may have been a primary
motivation for the British passing the Quebec Act?
2. Why did the Yankees feel that the Canadiens would be natural allies considering their
cultural differences?
3. Why would The Church in Quebec advise Candiens to support the Protestant British
occupiers of their colony?
Treaty of Paris, 1783
• The Treaty of Paris of _______ officially ends the American War of Independence
• Toward the end of the war Britain was having significant ____________ difficulties and
their ____________ were told to end the War at any ____________
• Thus the Treaty heavily ____________ the Americans
• The Treaty set out the right of British North America to exist ____________ of the
newly formed country to the south, but the ____________ lines were generous to the
USA
• In particular the Americans controlled the __________________
Lets Think…
• Why is a treaty ending a war between Britain and the Yankees signed in Paris?
How Loyal Are You?
• Picture it, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, 2035
• The majority of Manitobans have decided that they are upset with the current federal
arrangement in Canada. Many feel we are paying far too much federal tax, and do not
have enough representation in the federal government. Many are going to rebel against
the Canadian Federation.
• You, your friends, family, and neighbors will all have to make a difficult decision. Do you
rebel, and take up arms if necessary to forcefully gain your province’s independence from
Canada, or do you remain loyal to your country (Canada).
– If you remain loyal you may be persecuted at home in Manitoba and will have to
leave your home, career, and most of your possessions behind and move elsewhere
in Canada
– If you rebel it will mean armed conflict against the Canadian military
• What would you do????
United Empire Loyalists
• A major ____________ received by the British after at the signing of the Treaty of
Paris in 1783 was that those who remained ____________to Britain during the American
War of Independence would be ____________
– Not everyone in the Thirteen colonies had ____________
• Those who remained loyal to Britain were called the ___________________________
• After the War many Loyalists were ____________ at how a relatively small group of
____________ had defeated an ____________ , and many had been ____________
during the War
• Most were forced to flee their ____________, ____________, and ____________
Where Did They Go?
• Some Loyalists arrive in _______ soon after the ________ breaks out
• Most were ____________ from by ship from ____________ in 1783 and 1784
• Some Loyalists went back to ____________ or other British ____________
•
•
Governor Carleton wants as many as possible in ____________
Between 1782 and 1784,
– ____________ Loyalist families settle in Nova Scotia
– ____________ Loyalist families settle in Quebec
– ____________ in total migrate to BNA
New
•
•
•
Brunswick
In ____________ Loyalists soon ____________ the rest of the population
Soon they demanded political ____________
In 1784 the area was separated from Nova Scotia and became the colony of
____________
• Like Nova Scotia, New Brunswick had an ____________ assembly, something
____________ did not yet have
• In Quebec most Loyalists took advantage of free ____________ to the west of
____________ lands along the Great Lakes
The Constitution Act of 1791
• The arrival of the Loyalists changes BNA’s ____________ by increasing both its
____________ speaking population and demand for ____________ land
– They make up _____ of the population
• The Loyalists expected a full range of ____________ rights which at this point in
history was quite ____________
• The Roman Catholic population in Quebec was by contrast quite ____________ and
____________
• The changing social landscape causes Carleton to ____________ the Quebec Act and try
a _______ experiment in governing Quebec: The __________________ of _______
• The Constitution Act recognized that there were _____ dominant groups in
____________ and each had different religious, political, and legal outlooks and
different ____________ and ____________ traditions
– Traditional, conservative, ____________ ____________, ____________ speaking ____________
– More radical, ____________, ____________ -speaking ____________
• To reflect this reality Carleton created 2 separate colonies
– ____________ (present day Ontario)
– ____________ (present day Quebec
• Each of the Canadas would maintain its own ____________ regulations, ____________,
____________ -holding system, and ____________ institutions
• Protestant Churches would receive ____________ land grants in both colonies
• Each colony would have a ____________ city
• ____________ City would be the capital of Quebec
• ____________ (now Niagra on the Lake) would be the capital of Upper Canada
• A Governor General ____________ by Britain would oversee the ____________ of
both colonies
•
•
Britain would also appoint a ____________ governor for each colony, who would then the
members of 2 councils for the colony:
– The ____________ Council
– The ____________ Council
Each colony would have an ____________ assembly, but decisions made by the assembly
could be ____________ by a ____________ by the appointed councils, a lieutenantgovernor, or the Governor General
Who Were the Loyalists?
• They ______________ a broad cross section of North American society:
– ______________, ______________, ______________, ______________,
______________, ______________, ______________, ______________,
______________
• They had varied ______________ for leaving
– Some had British ______________ and wanted to live under British rule
– Others found life ______________ in the Thirteen Colonies after the War as
rebels ______________ anyone who had not supported them
– Some were ______________ ______________
– Some were “____________________________” hoping to take advantage of
______________ land offered to loyalists in BNA
• ______________ was not possible as rebels treated neutral parties the same as they
treated those ______________ to Britain
• The ______________ were able to take some ______________ with them, but most
arrived with what they could ______________
• While land had been ______________, for many Loyalists it took ______________ to
get land, if ______________
• For those who received land, many found that there were no ______________,
______________, or ______________
• They became ______________, starting from ______________
• Some of those without the necessary ______________ ______________ back to the
US or to Britain
• Most ______________ their tough first years with the help of their ______________
and even ______________
• Families gathered for “______________” to accomplish ______________ tasks like
building a ______________ or ______________ land.
• These were also ______________ occasions in an otherwise ______________
existence
First Nations Loyalists
• Loyalist refugees also included many First Nations people who ______________
______________ the British
•
•
•
First Nations Loyalists were fighting for their ______________ survival, the
battlefields were their ______________, and the ______________ were often their
______________
Many were members of the ______________ Six Nations Confederacy who had been
______________ at the beginning of the War, but were convinced in 1777 to
______________ Britain as the only hope of retaining ______________ in the Ohio
Valley and Great lakes regions
Despite their ______________ and many ______________ to the war effort, they
were ______________ in the Treaty of Paris in 1783
Black Loyalists
• While Americans celebrated the declaration of “______________,______________,
and the ______________ of ______________”, African ______________ in America
had no such ______________ or ______________
– Slaves were not allowed to ______________, ______________,
______________, or move ______________.
– They were regarded as the ______________ of their owners
• During the War of Independence Britain hoped both disrupt the American
______________ and ______________ new British troops by encouraging slaves to
______________ their owners and ______________ the British Army
• In 1775 the British governor in Virginia issued a proclamation promising
______________ and ______________ to any slaves who enlisted with Britain
– ______________ accepted
• At the end of the war these slaves were issued ______________ of ______________
and in 1783 were offered ______________ from New York to ______________
(______________ in total)
• However other African ______________ came to North America with their
______________ Loyalist owners and were expected to continue their plight of
______________ in BNA
• Despite the ______________ made, few Black Loyalists ever ______________ land
due to the expectation of British ______________ that Black Loyalists would
______________ the white population rather than become ______________ farmers
• ______________ and ______________ pervaded their lives and living
______________ were not very different than the ______________ they thought
they had left behind
– Ex: a black woman was given 200 lashes for stealing less than a shilling 9a few
cents). A white person might have paid a small fine
• Consequently, as many as ______________ Black Loyalists left for a colony built by the
British ______________ society in ______________ in West Africa
Relations with the United States
• The Treaty of Paris (______) did not end ____________ between the US and Britain
•
– Britain had still not ____________ many posts in the Ohio Valley despite
____________ to do so
– The Americans believed that ____________ was encouraging First Nations
____________ towards settlers moving west
– Britain, again at war with ____________ was seizing American trade ships on
their way to ____________ and boarding American ships in search of British
naval ____________.
– In some cases American sailors were ____________ into service for
____________ (impressment)
– Britain was upset about the American treatment of ____________ and the
inability of British subjects to claim ____________ from before the war
Tensions were ready to ____________ in 1794
Jay’s Treaty (1794)
• To avoid another ____________, American president sent negotiator John Jay to
London
– In November of 1794 the Treaty of ____________, ____________, and
____________ (Jay’s Treaty) was signed
– Terms of the Treaty included
• Joint commissions and ____________ to settle ____________ over debts
or boundaries
• Britain ____________ posts in the Ohio Valley by 1796
• First Nations rights to ____________ and ____________ freely across
the border (some of these “free passage rights” are still exercised today)
• However, the treaty gave no ____________ for First Nations
____________ in the Ohio Valley
• A ____________ trading agreement between Britain and the US
• ____________ increased and ____________ was avoided, however most terms expired
after a decade, and by 1806 this relationship ____________ steadily
Let’s Think…
1. Why would these countries set up economic and trade partnerships with their enemy?
What is the value in such an arrangement?
Dissatisfaction Grows
• Not all Americans had ____________ the Treaty
• Some politicians, such as James Madison and Thomas Jefferson, ____________ from
the beginning
• They wanted freedom to ____________ with any nation including ____________
•
•
•
Many Americans were ____________ of British involvement in First Nations
____________ in the west, believing that the British were supplying ____________
Also, Britain was still at ____________ with France and still ____________ American
ships at sea
By 1812, a group of American ____________ from the south, nicknamed the ________
______, was calling for the Americans to permanently rid North America of British
____________
The War of 1812
• Began on July 12, 1812 when the ____________ (led by general ____________) invaded
____________ Canada with ____________ men
• They occupied Sandwich (Windsor)
• Hull issued ____________ to try to convince the population to not ____________
invasion
– Many people were ____________, however many were “___________
_____________”, and had really only left the 13 colonies for ____________ land
– No one was sure how the population would ____________
• However, shortly after taking ____________, the Americans had ____________
problems
• They had to ____________ to Fort Detroit
The Best Defense is a Good Offense
• Sir Isaac Brock was head of the ____________ forces in Canada
• After the invasion he worried about the general ____________ of the population, which
seemed ____________
• Rather than wait for the next ____________ he joined forces with ____________,
leader of the ____________ First Nation (from the Ohio Valley)
• Britain promised to support Shawnee ____________ claims in ____________ for help
• On August 16, they mounted an ____________ of Fort ____________ and scored a
decisive victory despite being outnumbered ____________ vs. ____________
• It is said that General Hull was ____________ of the cries of Tecumseh’s forces
outside the ____________ of the Fort and ____________ almost immediately
• This quick success helped build ____________ among the Canadian population which
started to ____________ that they could win
• When the call for ____________ members went out, ____________ signed up
• The ensuing ____________ had many battles on both sides of the ____________, on
the ____________, at ____________, and in the ____________ South
• ____________ soldiers, ____________ in Upper and Lower Canada, ____________,
and ____________ fought off the Americans
Let’s Think…
1. What might have been the short term, and long term consequences if Brock and
Tecumseh had not taken Fort Detroit?
2. What are the short term, and long term consequences of the British winning the War of
1812?
The Treaty of Guent (1814)
• After ___ years of fighting the War ends in a ____________
• In the Treaty of ____________ neither side made ____________, ____________, or
____________ gains
• First Nations ____________ get land ____________ in the Ohio Valley
• ____________ did not push this point and wanted ____________ to be short so as to
focus on its war with ____________
Consequences of the War of 1812
• Britain began construction on the ____________ Canal (the St. Laurence had come
under attack during the War and Britain wanted to ensure an ____________
transportation route in the event of another war)
• British ____________ is born?
• Some say the War was the story of British ____________ fighting off the
____________ threat.
• Others point out that most of the population ____________ to fight
• Nevertheless, the Loyalist myth ____________ the colony and ____________ the
authority of the Loyalist elite in the colony
Post War Population Boom
• From 1812 to the end of the 1840s ____________ to BNA increases dramatically
– 1784-1815 saw __________ immigrants
– 1815-1850 saw ____________ from Britain alone
– ____________ increase as well especially in ____________ Canada (population
____________ from 1750-1875)
• Population growth leads to more ____________, ____________, larger
____________, more ____________, the beginning of a ____________ boom across
the colonies
Social and Economic Changes
• ____________ change in the middle 19th century since the Quebec Act of 1774
– French still ____________ in Lower Canada
– British, American, and African ____________ change the population ____ in the
colonies
– Black population grows by ____________ during the American ____________
(1861-1865)
• Britain’s _____________________ (1833) abolished slavery in _______
which had been practiced since the early days of ____________.
• Many Loyalists had brought slaves with them
– Many slaves arrived using the ____________ ____________, which was a
____________ of safe houses that help people escape slavery.
– Most African American ____________ settle in ____________ Canada, some in
____________, and some in the ____________
•
•
•
Britain made efforts to ____________ First Nations ____________ to land during
this period, however the ____________ population wanted more farmland, and usually
____________ won that right from the British and the ____________ of First
Nations
First Nations were no longer ____________ with Britain in ____________, and were
frequently ____________ by colonial and British governments
In 1857, the province of Canada passes the ______________________ which had the
explicit goal of ____________ First Nations so that they “would no longer be deemed
____________”
Let’s Think…
• What does then title “Gradual Civilization Act” tell you about BNA attitudes towards
First Nations in the mid 19th century?
•
What is assimilation?
Social and Economic Changes cont’d
• The Loyalist migration had helped create the beginnings of a ____________ class
• Businesses in ____________, ____________, and ____________ develop
• ____________ and ____________ like law and banking develop
• ____________ are built town ____________ are established
• Towns and cities ____________ on British ____________, however the
____________ influence on many Loyalists did create an expectation of a government
____________ to their wishes
The Canada US Border
• Canada and The US have not been at ____________ since the war of 1812
• Out ____________ ____________ was outlined in a series of ____________
• Treaty of ____________ (1814) established a ____________
• The ____________ -____________ Convention of 1818 established the
____________ as the official ____________ boundary (from Lake of the Woods to
the Rockies
Let’s Think…
1. What consequence of the War of 1812 do you think is the most historically significant?
Why?
2. What issues will affect BNA going forward from 1814?
Towards Responsible Government
• The Constitution Act of 1791 had established a government ____________ with
____________ rule by an ____________ ____________ of the population
• Yet the Act was passed in an era of ____________
– The ____________ Revolution (1776)
– The ____________ Revolution (1789)
• These revolutions were in part an ____________ for the ____________ of people to
have more ____________ over their lives
Rule by Oligarchy
• Both Upper and Lower Canada though ____________ and ____________ divided were
both ruled by a small elite ruling class (____________)
– Lower Canada: ____________
– Upper Canada: ____________
• Both oligarchies were mostly ____________ speaking with a few ____________
leaders in Lower Canada
• The elites were mostly members of the ____________ Church and the Church received
____________ that others did not, like clergy ____________ (large tracts of land to
____________ the Church and its officials
– These elites used ____________ power to expand their ____________
– The priorities were ____________ industrial projects (____________,
____________) that would help their ____________ grow
• What the colonies really needed were ____________, so they could move between their
____________ and the ____________ and ____________ in the nearest towns
Let’s Think…
1. How does the building of massive industrial projects like canals and railways strengthen
the grip of the oligarchies over the colonies?
2. How do these projects disadvantage the average colonist?
Oligarchy cont’d
• The elites ____________ each colonies ____________ and ____________ councils
and were often in ____________ with the legislative ____________
• People were ____________ as the legislative council would often ____________ laws
passed by the ____________ and many thought their needs were being ____________
by the government
•
At the same the council needed the ____________ of the assembly to approve
____________ increase for major projects, and the assembly often ____________
• ____________ and ____________ often abounded
Demands for Responsible Government
• ____________ were people on the ____________ ____________ (they held the
majority of the seats) who wanted ____________ government; a government which is
____________ to the ____________ (the people)
• A responsible government is kept accountable by the ____________ who can elect the
government, or vote for change
• The voices of the reformers grew in ____________ through the 1820s and 1830s and
____________ were often a way to spread the message
– One important leader of the reformers was William Lyon ____________ who used
his newspaper the ____________ ____________ to this end
– In Lower Canada the newspaper Le ____________ was the voice of reform
Reform
• The focus of reform in both Upper and Lower Canada was increasing the ____________
and ____________ ____________ of population
– In Lower Canada there was the additional element of the fight against
____________ into British North American ____________
• Lower Canada was still ____________ Canadien, and leaders wanted the
right to determine their own ____________
The Road to Rebellion
• In 1834 Lower Canada passed a ____________ titled: The Ninety Two Resolutions
• In 1835 Upper Canada passed a ____________ titled: The Seventh Report on
Grievances
– Both called for the ____________ councils to be more ____________ to the
____________ of the ____________ assemblies and both were ____________
and ____________ by the executive councils
• Some decided that a ____________ approach was not working
– ____________ groups from both colonies who were ____________ of
____________ for their rights caused a ____________ in the movement
• Lower Canada rebels: ____________
Rebellion Breaks Out
• Throughout 1837 ____________ grows and ____________ rallies and ____________
occur on the streets of Montreal
• ____________ troops tried to ____________ rebel leaders on Nov 16th resulting in
violent ____________, by Nov 25th several Lower Canada towns had been
____________ and ____________ by government troops, and rebel leaders
____________
•
•
On Dec 4th MacKenzie calls a ____________ of rebels in Upper Canada, and on Dec 7th,
armed with ____________ and any other weapons they could find they marched towards
____________.
– They were met by the ____________, forcing them to ____________
By Dec 8th the ____________ were over, the rebels had ____________, and the rebel
leaders were on the ____________
The Aftermath of the Rebellions
• The rebels had been poorly ____________ to fight the better ____________ and
____________ government troops
• Hundreds of rebels were ____________
• In Montreal, ____________ Patriotes were ____________ for treason
• In Upper Canada, at least ____________ rebels were ____________
• Both leaders, ____________ (Lower Canada) and ____________ (Upper Canada) sought
____________ in the US and were later ____________
Lord Durham’s Report
• Britain sensed it was losing ____________ of both Upper and Lower Canada and sent
Governor General ____________ to recommended ____________ to the problems that
had caused the ____________
• Durham’s proposals would forever change the way Canada would be governed
– In Upper Canada he blamed the ____________, describing them as “a petty,
corrupt, insolent Tory (conservative) clique, and called for a government that would
be more ____________ to the wishes of the ____________ of the assembly
– In Lower Canada he blamed the ____________ between French and English and
recommended the ____________ of Upper and Lower Canada into one colony with
the goal of ____________ Lower Canada’s Canadien residents
Let’s Think…
1. Why did the Chateau Clique (Lower Canada’s Oligarchy) not get any blame?
2. Let’s review the British policy shifts:
– Royal Proclamation 1763
– Quebec Act 1774
– Constitutional Act 1791
– Soon to come: The Act of Union 1841
3. How are Les Canadiens going to feel about this report?
4. What does this tell you about the ongoing British attitude towards les Canadiens?
“I believe that tranquility can only be restored by subjecting the Province to the vigorous rule
of an English majority” - Durham
The Act of Union 1841
•
•
•
•
•
This act ____________ Upper and Lower Canada into ____ colony: The province of
____________
– ____________ Canada becomes Canada ____________
– ____________ Canada becomes Canada ____________
The colony would have one ____________, one elected ____________, and one
____________ in the legislature- ____________
Both Canada East and West would get ____________ representation in the Assembly
– Is this actually equal for Les Canadiens?
French Canadiens ____________ the goal of the Act was ____________
As a result, politicians from Canada East voted together to ____________ policies
originating in Canada West, who’s politicians rarely could agree and vote together. The
work of the assembly quickly comes to a ____________
The Act of Union 1841 cont’d
• Eventually 2 ____________ politicians Baldwin and Lafontaine, formed a
____________ and both parties agreed to work together
• Both men hoped to achieve ____________ government within the ____________ of
the Act of Union
• For the next 10 years the governor generals attempted to help the ____________
____________ and ____________ ____________ hang on to power and were
____________ by ____________ within this coalition
• In the end, shifting ____________ policies, and a decline in the need for tight
____________ over the colonies helped reformers as Britain became more
____________ to the idea of ____________ government in Canada
• In 1848 the new governor general, Lord ____________ called upon Baldwin and
Lafontaine to form the ____________ ____________ from members of the
____________ (who were ____________ by the population)
• From this time on the executive council needed the ____________ of the assembly for
any of its ____________ (giving more ____________ to the colony)
Nova Scotia and Responsible Government
• At the same time as calls for responsible government were happening in Upper and Lower
Canada, ____________ Joseph ____________ was leading a similar reform
____________ in Nova Scotia
• Like Mackenzie, Howe used his newspaper to ____________ the colony’s
____________ (oligarchy)
• Howe was more ____________ however
• He was the son of a ____________ and publicly ____________ the actions of the
____________
• In 1848, Nova Scotia achieved the first responsible government in ____________
(shortly after it was granted in Canada)
• Howe proudly claimed that it had been achieved ____________ “a blow struck or a pane
of glass broken”