Download exam questions

1.
How can we do harm reduction for HIV on a macro level?
a) Change the national policies on drug use
b) Lower health care costs
c) Decrease stigma and discrimination
d) Create safer environments
e) All of the above
2. The Vienna Declaration is a statement seeking to improve community health and safety by calling for
the incorporation of scientific evidence into illicit drug policies. As this declaration relates to HIV due to
the increase rate of HIV in injection drug users, which of the following statements is NOT true?
a) The criminalization of illicit drug users is fuelling the HIV epidemic
b) HIV prevalence can be as high as 70% among people who inject drugs
c) Prohibitions on the provision of sterile needles and opiod substitution decreases HIV prevalence
d) Governments and international organizations have ethical and legal obligations to respond to the
drug/HIV crisis
(Info found @ www.viennadeclaration.com)
2.
3. Studies have shows that individuals must acknowledge those that have HIV/AIDS and that someone
living with the illness must act as an advocate in order to decrease the stigma associate with HIV.
a) True
b) False
Answer:
1) E
2) C
3) A
1) Which of the following is not a symptom of HIV infection?
a) Fever
b) Extreme exhaustion
c) Unexplained weight loss
d) Migraines**
2) AIDS is a virus that can be transmitted via bodily fluids.
a) True
b) False **
3) When getting tested for suspected transmition of HIV, how long after should you get subsequent
testing from time of suspected infection?
a) 6 weeks
b) 1 month
c) 6 months **
d) 3 months
3.
1. Chose the best definition of social justice.
a) The belief that all people deserve health care and freedom
b) It is the principle of protecting the poor
c) The belief that all people are equal and thus have inherent rights *
d) The belief in providing culturally competent care
2. Which of the following factors can make a population vulnerable?
a) Lack of education
b) Pollution
c) Poverty
d) All of the above *
4.
3. Does gender play a significant role in determining vulnerability to HIV infection in South Africa?
a) True*
b) False
Initial signs and symptoms of HIV include:
-fever
-headache
-tiredness
-nausea
-all of the above (x)
Some people who became infected with HIV in the early years of the epidemic before combination
therapy was available, have subsequently developed drug resistance and now have limited treatment
options
-True (X)
-False
5.
6.
It is very rare for blood transfusions to spread HIV
-True (X)
-False
(all blood is carefully tested for HIV and other infections before it can be used for transfusions.)
Chronologically, ethics of care and ethics of justice can be defined as:
a)An originally masculine theory based on relationship where the moral decision is based on intervening
variables, situations, and circumstances based on perceived needs; An originally feminine theory based on
rules, regulations, and a pure right/wrong based thinking.
b)An originally feminine theory based on rules, regulations, and a pure right/wrong based thinking; An
originally masculine theory based on relationship where the moral decision is based on intervening
variables, situations, and circumstances based on perceived needs
c)An originally feminine theory based on relationship where the moral decision is based on intervening
variables, situations, and circumstances based on perceived needs; An originally male theory based on
rules, regulations, and a pure right/wrong based thinking.****
d)An originally male theory based on rules, regulations, and a pure right/wrong based thinking; An
originally feminine theory based on relationship where the moral decision is based on intervening
variables, situations, and circumstances based on perceived needs
As a researcher participating in a study related to HIV/AIDS in Africa it is important to ensure:
a)The research will ultimately benefit those whom are involved in the study.
b)Informed consent is obtained.
c)Participants understand the voluntary nature of the study and that they are allowed to leave at anytime.
d)All of the above***
7.
Which of the following is NOT an ethical dilemma that may occur when working with the vulnerable
populations of Africa?
a)Power imbalances may challenge pure patient autonomy because they fear the question the authority.
b)The nurse self evaluates her own perceptions prior to going to Africa in order to offer unbiased care to
the patients.***
c)Informed consent of procedures or diagnostic testing may be hampered by ignorance of the language or
difficulty explaining complex tasks and their ramifications.
d)Due to unique family roles in different cultures confidentiality may be difficult to maintain.
1. As a nurse entering another culture attempting to aid those individuals, which is not an essential
preparation the nurse must make?
a) learn to speak the language**
b) ensure they have clothing that will allow them to blend into the culture
c) be aware of their own value, belief and moral systems
d) do research on the culture they are about to enter
2. Which point is NOT a cause of higher instances of HIV/AIDS in woman and children of the south africa
regions?
a) DNA makes them more succeptable**
b) The submissive role women take to men
c) Stigma attached to HIV/AIDS and women
d) Mothers giving birth to their babies/breastfeeding their babies
8.
3. As a new grad nurse, you are working long hours, dealing with understaffing at your place of
employment and a general sense of all the work your doing being undervalued. You begin to have
difficulties sleeping at night and are tired throughout the day, you have a cold you just cant shake, you
have difficulty coming to work and find that you are only doing the assigned tasks to you during the day.
You decide to see your doctor because you are most likely experiencing
a) stress
b) a cold
c) regret on becoming a nurse
d) burnout **
1. Nurses working in South African hospitals face numerous difficulties including:
a) poor working conditions
b) low salaries
c) low morale
d) all of the above *
2. A study completed on undergraduate nursing students explored their knowledge and education related
to HIV/AIDS (Madumo & Peu, 2006). The study found that:
a) Senior nursing staff at hospitals where practicums were located were very helpful in facilitating
students learning
b) Students felt strong emotions including: fear, ignorance, and guilt when caring for HIV/AIDS infected
individuals *
c) Students felt no need for education related to HIV/AIDS in curriculum
d) Stigma had no effect on nursing care
3. Children orhpaned by the loss of both parents due to AIDS are at an increased risk for:
a) depression
b) anxiety
c) adoption
d) a & b *
e) all of the above
9.
4. AIDS-orphaned children who have contact with extended family, go to school and are involved in
activities have greater psychological health
a) true *
b) false
Ubuntu is:
a) An African world-view of promoting the good of all members of society**
b) A traditional African health care model
c) A region in South Africa
d) An African view of foreigners
Health inequities can be related to:
a) Socioeconomic status
b) Gender
c) HIV infection rates
d) Both a and b**
e) Both b and c
Barriers to the effective management of HIV infections in South Africa include all of the following except:
a) Limited resources within the health care system
b) Public stigma towards infection
c) Lack of general knowledge among the public
d) Limited access to HIV testing services**
10. 1. HIV is transmitted through contact with infected body fluids, excluding breast milk.
a) True
b) False *
2. What is Harm Reduction?
a) An approach used to teach abstinence from any risk behavior.
b) A health promotion approach that aims to decrease the negative consequences of risk behavior.*
c) Strategies put in place to increase the physical, social and economic consequences of risk behavior.
3. An important component of nursing care; respecting the differences seen in other people including
customs, thoughts, behaviors, communication styles, values, traditions and institutions is described as:
a) Understanding
b) Cultural Sensitivity*
c) Globalization
d) All of the Above
11. 1. Challenges in stopping the spread of HIV in Africa include:
a. Lack of education
b. Religious beliefs
c. Stigma attached to those infected
d. All of the Above **
2. Which of these challenges is a nurse most likely to face while nursing in a developing country?
a. Having to many staff members
b. Culture Shock
c. A lack of supplies and technology
d. b and c **
3. Providing clean needles to drug users is a harm reduction strategy used in Lethbridge
a. True **
b. False
12. . Which of the following are examples of harm reduction strategies?
A.) Passing out clean needles to IV drug users to prevent the transmission of HIV and/or HEP C
B.) Teaching proper hand-washing technique to school-aged children
C.) Testing the purity of drugs at night clubs so that drug users know what they’re taking
D.) Both A and C** (They both make unsafe things a bit safer. B is an example of health promotion)
2. True or False: Harm reduction strategies are embraced by the criminal justice system because they
proven to decrease the transmission of HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis C in prisons.
A.) True
B.) False** (While they may reduce transmission, these strategies are not generally promoted because it
could be viewed as condoning behavior that is technically against the law)
13. 3. Which of the following statements reflect a lack of cultural sensitivity in the RN?
A.) What can I do to ensure that your cultural/spiritual needs are being met during your time here?
B.) I know that First Nations people like to smudge so I will give you time to do that before breakfast.**
(This assumes that all First Nations people engage in the same spiritual practices. It would be better to
assess if the individual client has any cultural or spiritual preferences)
C.) Do you have any cultural or spiritual beliefs that would be helpful for me to understand in relation to
your care?
D.) Canada is a diverse multicultural society and I respect the differing needs and beliefs of my clients.
14. Macro level harm reduction includes
A) Changing policies
B) Lowering health care costs
C) Safer environments
D) All of the above
ANSWER D
Micro level harm reduction includes
A) Improves health
B) Develops partnerships
C) Increases sense of control
D) All of the above
ANSWER D
15. A street nurse is working in Vancouver handing out clean needles to drug users. What is this an example
of?
A) Following her job description
B) Harm reduction
C) The drug users have begged the nurse for a new
needle because they have none left
D) All of the above
ANSWER B
16. The following are examples of the barriers nurses working in Africa face in providing holistic care when
working with HIV/AIDS patients EXCEPT for:
a) HIV/AIDS patients are often feared in African culture because of lack of understanding of the HIV virus
b) Cheap anti-retroviral medications that are widely available to HIV/AIDS patients
c) A lack of palliative care resources for people dying of AIDS
d) A small number of nurses working with huge patient load in hospitals
The following are reasons why people who suspect they may have HIV may not seek medical treatment
EXCEPT for:
a) Fear of the medical community as a result of unethical human experimentation and sterilization of
African people
b) Fear of the stigma surrounding HIV/AIDS
c) African peoples recent increased knowledge about HIV/AIDS as a result of public health efforts
d) Denial of the existence of HIV/AIDS by some African leaders
True or False. Part of the deadliness of the HIV/AIDS epidemic is its connection to the contraction of
tuberculosis.
Answers: b,c,true
17. 1. Nurses in Africa who work with people with HIV:
a. Are highly regarded and respected by the community
b. Are judged and stigmatized against because it is thought that they most likely have the virus
c. have various means of protecting themselves while working. Re: have an abundant supply of gloves and
gowns
d. none of the above are true
ANSWER: b
2. Name three factors that contribute to the stigma attached to HIV/AIDS?
ANSWER: associated behaviors, life-threatening disease, fear of infection, ignorance…
Children living in the streets of Soweto have much bigger problems than the HIV/AIDS epidemic that
occurs in their backyard. T/F. Explain your answer
ANSWER: T. Since many of these children suffer from malnutrition, infectious diseases injury, rape, assault
and neglect.
18. Between the years 2000 and 2004 the annual number of reported positive HIV test results increased
a) True****
b) False
What are some of the main issues nurses in Africa face when working with HIV/AIDS patients
a) Unable to view themselves as healers
b) Secrecy
c) Lack of protective equipment
d) Lack of support from government
e) All the above*****
A nurse from Hong Kong is moving to Canada in search of better opportunities and new learning
experiences. She finds a job at a British Columbia hospital in the Emergency department. Within a few
months of being employed the avian flu scare hits Canada when birds are found with the H5N1 strain. She
experienced the avian flu, in Hong Kong, and is called on for her expertise, if the strain becomes fatal to
humans. This case is an example of what?
a) Learning from nurses
b) Globalization*****
c) Nurse Educator
d) Helping
e) All the above
19. 1) When considering working and meeting the needs of clients from different cultural backgrounds, the
nurse must first:
A) Be knowledgeable of the culture and how this may affect the care they provide
B) Assess behaviour patters & Cultural Differences
C)Know their own biases, culture, & values and beliefs**
D) Promote awareness to other healthcare members
2) What are the main conditions for ethical conduct?
A) That the community has the opportunity to provide input into the purposes, goals and methods of the
research
B) That the research gathers the knowledge that has the potentail to benefit the community or population
in question
C) There is an ethically justifiable reason to target the population from which participants will be recruited
D) All of the above **
Stress is a main concern for those working in the nursing profession. What is an example of the negative
outcomes stress can cause on nurses?
A) Absenteeism
B) Exhaustion in their professional skills
C) Alcoholism
D) somatic illness
E) all of the above **
20. 1).What is Cultural Safety?
a. Valuing the differences and cultural identities
a.demostrating the commitment to the ideal equalitys and equity.
c. It involves human values and customs.
d. All of the above ***
2).Poverty and infectious diseases,HIV/AIDs are killing people in Sub-Saharan Africa. What are the most
infectious diseases that are killing children in Africa?
a. measles
b.malaria.
c cholera
d.upper respiratory infections due to opportunistic infections
e All of the above****.
3.Sexually transmitted disesases/HIV are common in women due to their vulnerability,how can nurses
empower these women?
a.By Educating the women and provide knowlege about the diseases.
b.Empower the women to take charge of their body,and negotiate the use of condom with their partners.
c.protect the young girls from having STIs,through the community engagement and providing adequate
informations.
d.none of the above
e. a,b&c***
21. Globalization positively impacts developing countries to remain competitive in the world markets.
T or F?
False
Moral Dilemma’s
a) arise when there are two or more conflicting obligations and no obvious reason to choose one over the
other.
b) Is experienced when a conflict between a duty and one’s personal beliefs
c) Occurs when one is not sure of the moral principles or values that apply to a certain situation
d) when one goes in front of an ethics board with a question
Answer: a)
What are the three main factors to contribute whether consent is considered valid before treatment?
a) provided by a competent person
b) must be informed
c) must be voluntary
d) all of the above
Answer: d)
22. Questions for Ubuntu Case:
1. What is the most central barrier to effective prevention and management of HIV/AIDS in Africa?
a) Stigma
b) Education
c) Accessibility to health care services
d) Contraceptives ie condoms
2. What is the initial sign of cultural competence?
a) Acceptance of other people’s beliefs
b) Acting oblivious towards people with different ethnic backgrounds
c) Being aware of one’s own beliefs
d) Apathy towards other peoples beliefs
3. What is the most effective way to decrease stigma?
a) Increase support groups for those with HIV/AIDS
b) Increase the profile of HIV/AIDS to the public
c) By ignoring the disease and people who are suffering from it
d) Increasing education and awareness in general
23. According to McIntyre and McDonald, the largest percent of our daily intake of pollutants is from our
_______ sources.
a) air
b) water
c) food
d) soil
answer C! pg. 405 Realities of Canadian Nursing
A nurse teaches avoidance of ultraviolet exposure and use of sunscreens. What type of prevention is this?
a) primary
b) secondary
c) trimary
d) tertiary
Answer A! pg 410 Realities of Canadian Nursing
One of the largest barriers to achieving environmental health is...
a) lack of funding
b) people are too lazy to change habits that are harmful to the environment
c) lack of public knowledge or education
d) the damage is irreversable so people give up trying
answer C! pg. 409 Realities of Canadian Nursing