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Period 4: Global Interactions 1450-1750 Introduction • Truly a global period • Americas and Oceania join Afro-Eurasian trade • Profound impact on societies, economies, politics, demographics, and environments Motivations for Exploration • The Renaissance encouraged curiosity & a desire for trade • Gold • Glory • God Improvement in Technology • Trade and cultural diffusion during the renaissance introduced new navigation techniques to Europeans… – Magnetic Compass – Astrolabe – Map making – Caravel Factors Leading to Exploration 1. European desire to spread Christianity – Competing with popularity of Islam • EX: Reconquista in Spain – Target: South and Southeast Asia – Expeditions have missionaries – Changes in Christianity sparks evangelicalism – Incentives given to France, Spain, Portugal – Reformation added competition – Need to beat the Protestants—rise of Jesuits Factors… 2. Trade – Europeans knew there was a lot of profit to made on Asian luxury goods – Trade would trigger the growth of European cities during the Renaissance – Once they understand the value of Americas… Why Western not Eastern Europe? • Russia had no warm-water ports; therefore, expanded on land reaching the ocean in 17th century • European countries on the Atlantic coast had the advantage of geography Why Not China? • China did send fleets to Indian Ocean to trade and explore • Zheng He – Ming Dynasty, 7 voyages – Distributes gifts showing China’s superiority – 300 ships and 20,000 men – Improved trade and commerce in SE Asia, S. Asia, W. Asia, and E. Africa • Emperor chose to cancel expeditions due to expense Voyages of Zheng He European Exploration • • • • Late 1400s Begin global exploration Create colonies Increase wealth and power Portugal & Spain • First to explore • Proximity to Africa • Reconquista – Re-conquer Iberian Peninsula – Muslims and Jews driven from Spain – Creates patriotism in Spain—leaders want to exert influence Prince Henry the Navigator • Not a navigator • Started navigation school to train sailors • Sponsored expeditions along west coast of Africa • “Discovered” Madeira and Azores Islands Looking for Water Route to Asia • 1488 Bartolomeo Dias – Rounded the tip of southern Africa (Cape of Good Hope) • 1498 Vasco de Gama – Made it to India – Established Portugal’s link to the East European Exploration Spain • • • • • • Saw Portugal’s growing wealth and wanted in Ferdinand and Isabella Columbus Amerigo Vespucci Ferdinand Magellan Conquistadors – Cortes – Pizarro • Spain becomes extremely powerful Treaty of Tordesillas • 1494 • Spain and Portugal agree to divide up the newly discovered lands between the two nations England, France, and the Netherlands • Become involved with exploration and colonization • France • England • The Netherlands (Dutch) Result of Exploration • European knowledge and influence of the world increased greatly • Columbian Exchange Continuities in the Networks of Global Exchange Period 4 isn’t just about the Atlantic Continuities 1. Religion – Islam continuities to spread into sub-Saharan Africa, East and SE Asia (Indonesia and Philippines) – Buddhism moves across SE Asia into parts of Central Asia – Hinduism—core remains in India Continuities 2. Trade – Indian Ocean trade continues to thrive – European merchants join only if cooperated with local ruler—can’t dominate long established organization – Atlantic trade volume eventually surpasses it Continuities 3. Agriculture – Most people still farmers worldwide—growing enough to survive and a little to sell – Some grew single crop to be exported for good (initial commercial farming) – Changes occurred because of flood of new foods from Americas Continuities 4. Migration Just before 1492—most mass migrations had ended Impact of European Explorations Africa • Political: – Many states strong enough to stop Portuguese from interfering (Benin) – In other areas increased civil war (Kongo) – Trading cities on East African coast attacked by Portuguese – Ethiopia survives with Portuguese help – African main land largely unaffected Africa • Economic: – Connected to world trade network, increase in slave trade, manufactured items imported from Europe – New crops (sweet potatoes, corn, tomatoes, cocoa) Africa • Demographic – Overall slowly growing population – Impact of slave trade on population overall only minimal, although some regions suffer severe losses Asia • Political: – Portuguese establish trading posts along coast (Diu, Goa, Macao) through conquest, new foundations, or negotiation with established governments – Military struggle between Ottoman empire and Portugal – Asian empires (Ming, Mughal, Japan) not affected politically Asia • Economic: – Increase in the amount of silver, increase in the export of manufactured items to Europe – Trade in Indian Ocean dominated by Europeans (Portuguese, then Dutch), also between China and Japan – New crops Asia • Demographic: – Growth of population assisted by new crops from America America • Political: – Native American states destroyed (Inca, Aztec) – Colonies (Spain: Mexico, South America except Brazil, South Western USA, Portugal: Brazil, England: Atlantic Coast of North America, France: Canada, Mississippi) America • Economic: – Silver mines, plantations – Take part in world trade network mining and agricultural items exported (silver, hides, sugar), manufactured items imported – Encomienda system in Spanish America America • Demographic: – Dramatic drop in native American population due to diseases and conquest, up to 90 % – New settlers (colonists from Europe, slaves from Africa)