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Name______________________________________________ Period __________ Fall Semester Review Pre-AP Science 7 Directions: The following questions are separated by the units of study. Units are followed by a list of vocabulary words that you should be familiar with for the final exam. Part I Lab Safety (p. 669-671, Safety Contract) Be familiar with safety symbols and rules. 1. What is the most important rule to follow in the science lab? ____________________________________________________________________________ Scientific Inquiry (p. 10-16) Scientific method Problem Variables Controls Inference Hypothesis Data Experiment Model Observation Conclusion Experimental Investigation Descriptive Investigation Repeated Trials Valid Independent variable Dependent variable Constant Variable 2. The purpose of the scientific method is to answer a question or solve a _________________. 3. Answer the following questions: a. What is the purpose of the hypothesis? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________ b. What is the purpose of an experiment? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________ 4. Why do you want as many constants as possible in an experiment? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________ Fall Semester Review 2011- Page 1 5. What is the relationship between the independent & dependent variable in an experiment? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________ 6. Study the Line Graph on pg. 667 in your textbook. Approximately how many calories would a person with a body mass of 70 kg burn in 30 minutes?___________________________________________________________ 7. Study the Circle Graph on pg. 668 in your textbook. What conclusion can be drawn from this graph? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________ 8. What do these letters represent? DRY____________________________________________________ MIX_____________________________________________________ 9. Read the following and answer the questions. For his science project, Sam decided to test the effect of a vitamin on the growth of radish seeds. Sam thought that if vitamins helped the nutrition and growth of humans, the vitamins would increase the growth of radish seeds. Sam planted 5 radish seeds in 100 grams of soil and added 10 ml of water to the soil. Next, Sam crushed a multi-vitamin and dissolved it in 10 ml of vitamin water. He planted a second set of 5 radish seeds in 100 grams of soil and then added the 10 ml of vitamin water to the soil. Both groups were placed in a sunny window. After one, week, Sam observed that only one radish seed in the vitamin solution developed into a plant. In the soil given plain water, four seeds developed into plants. a. State the hypothesis _______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ b. Identify four constants in the experiment _______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ c. Identify the independent variable____________________________________________ d. Identify the dependent variable______________________________________________ 10. Study the diagram and answer the questions. Fall Semester Review 2011- Page 2 a. Write one observation related to this diagram. _______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ b. Write one inference based upon your observation. __________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 11. Directions: Read the following and use the data table to help you answer the questions. Elizabeth feeds her dog 500 grams of Purina Chow dog food at 7:30 each morning for seven days. She records the following data in her science journal. a. What is the problem question that Elizabeth is trying to answer? _______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ b. Calculate the average amount of food consumed by the dog each week and record this data in the data table in the “Average” row. c. Analyze this data and write a conclusion to this experiment in the space below. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________ Measurement 12. Complete the following chart. (pg. 654 – 655) Be able to accurately read each measurement tool ! Fall Semester Review 2011- Page 3 Type of Measurement Definition Measurement Unit(s) of Measurement Tool Length Liquids Volume Solids Mass Temperature Force 13. What is the difference in length (cm) between the two objects below? Answer:______________ 14. What is the volume of water in the graduated cylinder? Answer:______________ 15. What is the mass of this object? Answer:______________ Work 16. You have done work on an object when you _________________________________________________________________ Fall Semester Review 2011- Page 4 17. Two people push a 32 N crate a distance of 15 meters from the kitchen to the garage. Calculate the amount of work that was done. W= F X D _______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Chemistry of Life (Class Notes and p.24, 26-30) Matter Product Atom Chemical Bond Element Organic Compound Compounds Inorganic Compound Molecules Macromolecule Physical Change Polymerization Chemical Change Monomer Chemical Reaction Polymer Reactant Carbohydrates Glucose Lipids Proteins Amino acids Enzymes Nucleic Acids Nucleotide 18. Matter is anything that takes up ________________________ and has ______________. Matter is made of _________________________________ _. 19. What is an element? ________________________________________________________________. When two or more different elements combine together, they form a ________________________________________________________________. 20. Describe the two types of changes that matter can undergo and give an example of each. Change in Matter Definition Example 21. Ba + FeBr2 BaBr2 + Fe a. The equation above describes a chemical _________________________________________________________. b. List the reactants: ____________________________________________________________ c. List the products: ____________________________________________________________ Fall Semester Review 2011- Page 5 22. Complete the following chart that compares organic and inorganic compounds. Compound Elements in the Total number of Inorganic or Organic? compound (full name) atoms in the compound KMnO4 Fe2O3 C22H22O11 23. What are the four types of organic compounds and what is their function in the body? Give an example of each. 1.____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 2.____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 3.____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 4.____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 24. Distinguish between a monomer and macromolecule (polymer). Give an example of each. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________ Fall Semester Review 2011- Page 6 Introduction to Living Things (Class Notes and pg. 672-673, pg. 336 – 339) Homeostasis Prokaryote Stimulus Eukaryote Response Specialized Cell Molecule Tissue Macromolecule Epithelial Tissue Organelles Nervous Tissue Muscle Tissue Connective Tissue Organ System Organism 25. Draw and label the parts of the cells below using the following terms: Mitochondria Cell wall Cell membrane Cytoplasm Vacuole Chloroplast Nucleus Ribosomes Fall Semester Review 2011- Page 7 Chromosomes Golgi bodies Endoplasmic reticulum 26. Describe the function of each part of the cell. Cell Organelle Nucleus Function Chromosomes Cytoplasm Cell membrane Mitochondria Golgi bodies Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Vacuole Cell wall Chloroplast 27. What are the two main differences between the cells of a begonia plant and the cells of an angel fish? a. __________________________________________________________ b. __________________________________________________________ 28. Which of the following are made of cells? Circle your answer Water Spider 29. bacteria granite rock air grass heat Describe the organization of cells in a multi-celled organism from the smallest to the largest unit. Cell _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ Fall Semester Review 2011- Page 8 30. What is the difference between a Prokaryote & a Eukaryote? Give an example of each. _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________ 31. State the three parts of the cell theory. a. _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ c. _________________________________________________________________ 32. If the eyepiece lens has a magnification of 10X and the objective lens has a magnification of 43X, what is the total magnification of the microscope? ________________________________________________________________ 33. Jackie wants to observe a specimen under the microscope. She puts the specimen on a slide and puts it on the stage of the microscope. Which knob should she use to first focus the microscope—the fine adjustment or the coarse adjustment knob? _________________________________________________________________ 34. Describe the four types of tissue found in animals. _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _________________ 35. Identify the seven characteristics that determine if something is living. a. d. b. e. c. f. g. Fall Semester Review 2011- Page 9 Name______________________________________________ Period __________ Fall Semester Study Guide Part II. Overview of Body Systems and Homeostasis (Class Notes and p. 340-343) 36. Describe the function of each human body system Human Body System Skeletal Function Muscular Digestive Circulatory Respiratory Nervous Excretory Integumentary Immune Endocrine Reproductive 37. a. Which systems work together to get oxygen to your cells? _________________________________________________________________ b. Which systems work together to provide nutrients to your cells? _________________________________________________________________ 38. Define homeostasis. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________ Fall Semester Review 2011- Page 10 39. Complete the concept map below by describing and giving examples for each of the three types of homeostasis. (Pg. 340-331) 40. How does the human body respond to short-term stress such as when the school fire alarm unexpectedly rings? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Skeletal and Muscular System (p.344-356) Bone Ball and socket joint Periosteum Fixed joint Marrow Gliding joint Spongy bone Pivot joint Compact bone Long bones Cartilage Short bones Joint Flat bones Ligament Muscle Hinge joint Skeletal muscle 41. Briefly describe the five functions of the skeletal system. Fall Semester Review 2011- Page 11 Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Voluntary muscle Involuntary muscle Tendon Contract Relax a. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________ d. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________ e. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________ 42. How is the structure of the rib bones related to their function? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________ 43. Bones are connected to bones by tough connective tissue called _________________. The place where bones meet is called a ________________________. The ends of the bones in a joint are covered with _______________________________ which acts as a cushion to help prevent the bones from grinding together. 44. Give an example of each of the following joints. a. Pivot ______________________ b. Fixed ______________________ c. Ball and socket ______________________ d. Gliding ______________________ e. Hinge ______________________ 45. Complete the following table on the three types of muscle. Fall Semester Review 2011- Page 12 Type of Muscle Skeletal Voluntary or Involuntary Examples Smooth Cardiac 46. What is a tendon? ___________________________________________________ 47. Label the diagram: bone, muscle, tendon 48. Explain how your biceps and triceps work together to help you raise a glass of water to your mouth. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Nutrition and Digestive System (p.370-393) Nutrient Digestion Nutrition Mechanical Digestion Carbohydrate Chemical Digestion Protein Enzymes Lipids Saliva Minerals Bile Vitamins Peristalsis 49. Villi Absorption Simple Carbohydrates Complex Carbohydrates Amylase Pepsin What is the function of the digestive system? ________________________________________________________________ Fall Semester Review 2011- Page 13 50. What is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________ 51. Need to Know: Refer to page 383 to review the structures of the digestive system. Be able to trace the pathway of food as it travels through the organs of the digestive system beginning in the mouth. Be able to identify the structures of the digestive system. 52. The process of __________________ moves food through the esophagus. 53. Food is absorbed into the blood stream in the ______________________________. 54. Identify the following as either a chemical or physical change that occurs during digestion. Example Chemical or Physical Change Churning of food in the stomach Break down carbohydrates into starches with saliva Breaking food into smaller pieces with your teeth Pepsin helps to break down proteins in the stomach Pancreatic juices and other enzymes breakdown food in the small intestine 55. What are sources/examples of the following nutrients? a. Proteins____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ b. Carbohydrates_______________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ c. Lipids______________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 56. Distinguish between simple and complex carbohydrates. _____________________________________________________________________________ Fall Semester Review 2011- Page 14 _____________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________ 57. Know how to read and analyze a food label. 58. Why is water the most important nutrient? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________ Circulatory System (p.400-425) Blood Plasma Red blood cells Hemoglobin White blood cells Platelets Arteries Capillaries 59. Veins Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation Blood pressure Pulse Heart Atrium Ventricle Valves Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Aorta Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein Septum What are the functions of blood? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 60. Complete the chart about the components of blood. Component of Blood Plasma Function Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets Be able to label the four components on a microscopic view of blood. (see Notes) 61. How is the structure of the heart related to its function? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Fall Semester Review 2011- Page 15 _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 62. Name and describe the function of the three types of blood vessels. a. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ b. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ c. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Respiratory System: pg 430-438 Cellular Respiration Breathing Nasal cavity Trachea Inspiration 63. Epiglottis Larynx Bronchi Bronchioles Expiration Alveoli Pharynx Diaphragm Gas exchange What is the difference between breathing and cellular respiration? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________ 64. Describe the process of exhalation and inhalation in the body in terms of the diaphragm and chest cavity. _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________ 65. What is the chemical equation of cellular respiration? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 66. Create a flow chart to describe the movement of air through the various structures of the respiratory system. Fall Semester Review 2011- Page 16 67. What are the parts (and their functions) of the Central Nervous System? 68. What are the parts (and their functions) of the Peripheral Nervous System? 69. What are the five senses of the human body? 70. Draw and label a neuron. Fall Semester Review 2011- Page 17