Download 4gravitation - The Gravity Search

Date 01 02 2011
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4Gravity a New Concept
This concept describes the generation of two gravity waves within all Protons, by two Up
Quarks oscillating by repulsion and attraction around one Down Quark disrupted by
interference with other waves into pulses of gravitation with a positive potential emanating
outwards from all matter.
This is the only way in which what appears to be a monopole force of attraction can be
generated from within all Atomic structures, attracting all bodies of atomic matter.
It brings a greater understanding into how atoms are structured at all energy levels.
A new concept for the three types of mass are outlined showing the difference between the
three and how they are formed, even though their values may be observed to be identical.
The descriptions have been kept concise in order to cover as many aspects of the new
gravitational concept as possible.
Sketches have been included to help understand the quark configurations within the nucleus
of atomic structures.
Author Mr Arthur Seaman
1
Gravity a Monopole Force
Overview of concept
This concept for gravitation describes the only action that can generate what appears to be a
monopole force of gravitational attraction from all bodies of matter.
Within all protons, with or without electrons in orbital trajectories, the protons 2 up quarks
and 1 down quark oscillate by repulsion between the 2 up quarks and their attraction to the
1 down quark empowered by the strong force mediated by gluons. This produces 2 gravity
waves with a positive potential, at identical frequencies, generated from the up quarks at the
extremities of their movement. These two gravity waves, at identical frequencies with
opposing directional phase potentials, interfere with all other gravity waves to produce
disrupted pulses of gravitation with a positive potential bias emanating outwards from all
bodies of matter. Each proton generates 2 orbital trajectories, spin up, spin down, only one of
which can be occupied by an electron. This is because the negative charge displacement of
one electron debars a second electron by repulsion.
The resulting disrupted gravitational waves appear as a monopole source of positive pulses
emanating from the centre of all bodies of matter attracting all negative charge and charged
particles in all bodies of matter, and photons in the more negative half cycle of all
electromagnetic waves at any frequency.
The disruption of gravity waves is caused by interference resulting in a reduction in the
charge potential of gravitational pulses, these individual pulses of gravitation have such low
positive potentials they may never be monitored individually.
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The gravity wave cycle within the Proton
At the up quarks closest position the 2 gravity waves generate their lowest charge potential.
As the up quarks repel outwards, the 2 wave potentials increase. This is the positive phase of
the 2 gravitational waves attracting the electron out of its trajectory. This follows with a rapid
decline in potential as the negative potential from the stressed coherence of the 2 waves force
the up quarks back toward the down quark, together with the attraction from the down quark,
and the restraining effect of the strong force. This is the negative phase of the two gravity
waves repelling the electron out into its trajectory caused by the falling positive phase and
increasing negative phase between the Electron and the Down Quark.
Wave coherence occurs momentarily between the two gravity waves generated within the
Proton’s, these become stressed, with greater force, when the two up quarks are at their
maximum distance. This reaction produces a similar effect to that envisaged from the strong
force.
Quark Structure in the Nucleus
The structure of quarks in the nucleus of all atoms is an assembly within protons and neutrons
comprising up and down quarks, arranged in parallel similar to batteries connected in parallel
but in this case with three terminal connections.
These sub-atomic particles are arranged with the protons 2 positive up quarks and the 1 down
quark, connected by attraction to the neutrons 2 down quarks and 1 up quark, etc, etc, along
the length of parallel type connections.
The charge potentials from the quarks within the protons and neutrons accumulate in two
directions from the centre point outwards. The neutron produces waves of charge but at
extremely ineffective potentials, confined within the protons positive potentials.
The neutrons quark group provides attractive charge stability along the length of the proton
connections which would become unstable without this attractive connection.
3
The above is based on the following suggestion for the atomic element sequences
Atoms appear to be structured with two similar ends, and 7 types of electron shells.
s shell carries 2 electrons
p shell carries 8 electrons
d shell carries 18 electrons
f shell carries 32 electrons
g shell carries 32 electrons
h shell carries 18 electrons
i shell carries 8 electrons.
To achieve the appearance of an atom evolving from a centre-point outwards it is suggested
that the configuration from a centre-point would be.........
4i – 9h – 16g – 16f – 9d – 4p – 2s – 4p – 9d – 16f – 16g – 9h – 4i
The above structures build 1s/2s/1p/2p/3p/4p/5p/6p/7p/8p/1d/2d/3d/4d/ etc, etc, etc.
in that specific and structured order.
Each addition requires a Proton, and a Proton cannot be added until a Neutron is in place as
repulsion will otherwise hold them apart.
Structurally all atoms are bound together like a battery set with three terminal connections.
See table of atomic sequences, and sketch of atomic structures.
These structures and structure sequences clearly show why every Proton generates two
gravity waves with a positive bias at the extents of the Up Quark oscillation.
They also clearly show why a Neutron is required to join with a Proton before another Proton
can join the atom sequence. As the sequence grows so the energy builds from the centre-point
of the structure outwards, and the mass of the structures increase.
At increased energy levels additional Neutrons can be attracted in parallel to existing
Neutrons, within the structure, creating the isotopes of Atoms.
4
Active gravitational mass
Pulses of gravitation attract all negative elementary potentials, Electrons, Down Quarks,
Neutrons, and Photons in the more negative phase of electromagnetic waves.
This attraction to external negative elementary potentials stresses the relationship between all
negative and positive charge particles within the active body of matter.
This attraction from a body of matter would be termed active gravitational mass.
It is determined by measuring the acceleration of a body of known mass in free fall.
The transfer of this force would be immediate throughout the body of matter.
Passive gravitational mass
All negatively charged Electrons, Down Quarks and Neutrons in any body of matter are
attracted to external disrupted pulses of gravitation with a positive charge bias.
This external attraction stresses the relationship between all negative and positive charge
particles within the passive body of matter. This attraction generates what is termed passive
gravitational mass. Passive gravitational mass is determined by dividing an object’s known
weight by its free fall acceleration
The transfer of this force would be immediate throughout the body of matter.
Inertial mass
If an external force ( not gravity ) were to be applied to a body of matter its effects would be
transferred by repulsion to the negative charged Electrons at point of application. ( like
pushing a sponge )
This force would be transferred throughout the inertial body of matter from one elementary
sub-atomic particle to the next, Electrons to Protons, Neutrons, Quarks, Electrons etc. The
effect would be to increase the stress relationship between these charges generated between
the Quarks within all of the Protons and their respective Electrons, and also between the
Protons and the Neutrons. The force of charge stresses experienced when an external force is
applied is termed inertial mass..
The transfer of force would not be immediate throughout the body of matter.
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Gravity and Electromagnetic Waves
All electromagnetic waves comprise photons cyclically oscillating around frequencies in the
electromagnetic spectrum. Photons have a negative charge less than 10 -52 e.
When electromagnetic waves move into increasing gravitational force the frequency moves
towards the Blue spectrum increasing frequency with increased Photon energy. When they
move into a reducing gravitational force they move towards the Red spectrum decreasing
frequency with decreasing Photon energy.
Electromagnetic waves influenced by changing gravitational force behave elastically and as
they change frequencies, their speed must momentarily change to accommodate the change in
frequency. Observers at transmission and reception end of the waves will not see any change
in lightspeed for once the mass / charge of photons is stable the speed will return to original
speed c. as attenuated by gravity.
The speed of light in stable mass conditions is attributable to the attenuation of photon
charge / mass by gravitational pulses with a positive potential, that are identical in charge and
mass throughout the universe hence the speed of light “c” appears constant to all observers.
Equalisation of Gravitational Force
Positive pulses of gravitation emanate from all bodies of atomic elemental matter.
These pulses attract all negative charge, and charged particles, and repulse all positive charge
and charge particles. They will attract all negative charge and charge particles in all bodies of
atomic elemental matter creating the Gravitational force of attraction.
They will repel all positive charge and charge particles, including the pulses of gravitation
themselves, in all bodies of atomic elemental matter within the range of its hillsphere radius,
creating a repulsive force of Gravitation. In bound planetary systems such as our solar
system, the above can produce an equilibrium of balanced forces of attraction and repulsion
between some bodies of matter, at a specific distance.
The repulsive force within this equilibrium, diminishes over time ( billions of years ). This is
caused by gravitational decay resulting in a reduction of the repulsive force causing bodies of
matter, (in equilibrium ) to move closer together.
The above does not change the kinetic effects of relative motion or rotational effects.
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The Cessation of Gravity
All negative charge particles and charge potentials in atomic structures and electromagnetic
waves are attracted by intense gravitational force into Dark Matter.
The intense gravitational force de-structures negative charged components of Matter and
Electromagnetic waves, Photons, Down Quarks, Electrons etc, which are forced in towards
the core of Dark matter by the intense gravitational force. The energy of all negative charge is
suppressed by this confining density of gravitation.
The positive components would remain towards the outer areas of Dark Matter this would be
Protons densely compacted, without Electrons and still generating gravity waves disrupted by
interference into pulses of gravitation with a positive potential.
The Protons from the de-structured Atoms are intensely grouped predominantly toward the
outer edges of dark matter attracted by the negative charge and charge particles accumulating
within the core of Dark Matter.
The Down Quarks within the Protons are not immediately attracted out of their intense bond
within the Protons, higher intensities of gravitation are needed for this separation to occur.
Eventually this force of gravitational attraction within Dark Matter becomes so great that at
the point of greatest gravitational intensity, the negative down quarks within the Protons are
forced out of their atomic bonds resulting in the cessation of gravity in that region of
gravitational collapse.
A Big Bang event occurs. This event can also be brought about by collision with other bodies
of dark matter, or collision with another body of matter, the result is the same removal of the
Down Quark from within the Proton Structures.
This concept has described
the apparent Monopole force of Gravitation.
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GRAVITY A NEW CONCEPT
These articles describe a concept for gravitation that holds for all atomic
elementary structures, all conventional bodies of matter, dark matter, and dark
energy.
It suggests a structural formation of particles within all atomic structures that
gives rise to the evolution of the elements in a structured order and the
generation of gravity waves from within every Proton in every Atom. The
disruption of these waves produces what appears to be a monopole force of
gravitational attraction, from all bodies of elementary matter.
A clear definition is suggested for the three different type of mass and how each
is generated, even though their summated values may be identical.
It describes how Neutron star gravity differs from conventional gravity yet still
appears to register on conventional gravity meters.
Gravitation from dark matter is explained with a description of how the
generation of gravity ceases when the criticality of attraction is reached and a
Big Bang Event ensues. Dark energy is explained with a suggestion of how it
always will be in existence as background gravitation and how it evolves.
The speed of the Planets in their solar trajectories is linked in proportionality to
their linear distance from the Sun with due note made to the extreme radial
speed of gravitation through the trajectory of Mercury and its orbital precession.
The cyclical universe is proposed, suggesting the controller of matter
throughout the universe is gravitation even though its control is chaotic, but
absolute. Relativity was introduced to resolve many of the problems associated
with gravitation but it poses more questions than it resolves. The logic of
mathematics is truly a wonderful and absolute proof justifying man’s
observations, but if that proof is based on a false assumption then the logic
becomes meaningless. Gravity generates Mass, Gravity attracts negative charge
and charge particles, therefore Mass is affected by motion through gravitation,
as are all electromagnetic waves.
Relativity gives us an approximation to an understanding but understanding
gravitation and mass is needed to finally bring the truth of how gravity is
generated and how mass is affected.
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INTRODUCTION TO RELATIVITY
General relativity is the theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein.
It is the current description of gravitation providing a unified description of
gravity as a geometric property of space and time, or space-time.
Many predictions of general relativity differ significantly from those of classical
physics, especially concerning the passage of time, the geometry of space, the
motion of bodies in free fall, and the propagation of light. Examples of such
differences include gravitational time dilation, lensing, redshift, and time delay.
Man needs to finally understand fully the nature of Gravitation, its affects upon
Mass, and the effects of gravitation and mass upon all electromagnetic waves.
It is hoped within these articles to explain an alternative view which reconciles
Newtonian Physics with the misunderstandings introduced by relativity in its
many forms.
MAN CANNOT CLEARLY DEFINE THE FOLLOWING.
Gravitational force.
Magnetic force.
Active, Passive, and Inertial Mass.
Atomic Structures.
Dark Matter
Dark Energy
Time Dilation. ( apparent )
It is intended to resolve many of the above issues using the new concept for
gravitation.
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THE CLASSICAL TESTS FOR RELATIVITY
SPECIAL RELATIVITY
1. The laws of physics are the same for all observers in uniform motion relative
to one another
2. The speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers, regardless of
their relative motion or of the motion of the source of the light.
3. Relativity of simultaneity two events, simultaneous for one observer, may
not be simultaneous for another observer if the observers are in relative
motion.
4. Time dilation moving clocks are measured to tick more slowly than an
observer's "stationary" clock.
5. Length contraction: Objects are measured to be shortened in the direction
that they are moving with respect to the observer.
6. Mass – Energy equivalence: E = mc2, energy and mass are equivalent and
transmutable.
7. Maximum Speed is finite no physical object or message or field line can
travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum.
GENERAL RELATIVITY
The development of general relativity began with the equivalence principle
which states that free fall is inertial motion. This resulted in Einstein’s proposal
that space-time is curved. He devised the Einstein field equations which relate
the curvature of space-time with the mass, energy, and momentum within it.
Some of the consequences of general relativity are:
1. Clocks run more slowly in regions of lower gravitational potential, this is
called Gravitational Time dilation.
2. Orbits precess in a way unexpected in Newton's theory of gravity
Observed in the orbit of Mercury and binary pulsars.
3. Rays of Light bend in a gravitational field.
4. Rotating masses "drag along" the spacetime around them; a phenomenon
termed frame dragging.
5. The Universe is expanding, and the far parts of it are moving away from
us faster than the speed of light.
10
GRAVITY A MONOPOLE FORCE
Overview of concept
This concept for gravitation describes the only action that can generate what
appears to be a monopole force of gravitational attraction from within all bodies
of matter.
Within all protons, with or without electrons in orbital trajectories, the protons
two up quarks and one down quark oscillate by repulsion between the two up
quarks and their attraction to the one down quark empowered by the strong
force mediated by gluons. This produces two gravity waves at identical
frequencies, generated from the up quarks at the extremities of their movement.
These two gravity waves, at identical frequencies with opposing directional
phase potentials, interfere with all other gravity waves to produce disrupted
pulses of gravitation with a positive potential bias emanating outwards from all
bodies of matter.
Each proton generates two orbital trajectories, spin up, spin down, only one of
which can be occupied by an electron. This is because the negative charge
displacement of one electron debars a second electron by repulsion.
The resulting disrupted gravitational waves appear as a monopole source of
positive pulses emanating from the centre of all bodies of matter attracting all
negative charge particles in all bodies of matter, and photons in the more
negative half cycle of all electromagnetic waves at any frequency. These pulses
of disrupted gravity waves attract all negative charge and charge particles,
electrons, down Quarks, neutrons, photons etc. They also repel all positive
charge and charge particles, protons, up quarks, and gravitational pulses. These
forces develop into an equilibrium of force when acting between bodies of
matter in space.
The disruption of gravity waves is caused by interference resulting in a
reduction in the charge potential of gravitational pulses, these individual pulses
of gravitation have such low positive potentials they may never be monitored
individually.
11
The gravity wave cycle within the Proton
At the up quarks closest position the two gravity waves generate their lowest
charge potential. As the up quarks repel outwards, the two wave potentials
increase. This is the positive phase of the two gravitational waves attracting the
electron out of its trajectory.
This follows with a rapid decline in potential as the negative potential from the
stressed coherence of the two waves force the two up quarks back toward the
down quark, together with the attraction from the down quark, and the
restraining effect of the strong force.
This is the negative phase of the two gravity waves repelling the electron out
into its trajectory. Wave coherence occurs momentarily between the two gravity
waves generated within the Protons, these become stressed, with greater
attractive force, when the two up quarks are at their maximum distance. This
reaction produces a similar effect to that envisaged from the strong force.
QUARK STRUCTURE IN THE NUCLEUS
The formation and structure of quarks within the nucleus of Protons and
Neutrons is critical for the development of the Atomic Elements and the
generation of Gravitational Force.
The structure of quarks in the nucleus of all atoms is an assembly within protons
and neutrons comprising up and down quarks, arranged in parallel similar to
batteries connected in parallel but in this case with three terminal connections.
These sub-atomic particles are arranged with the protons two positive up quarks
and the one down quark, connected by attraction to the neutrons 2 down quarks
and 1 up quark, etc, etc, along the length of parallel type connections.
The charge potentials from the quarks within the protons and neutrons
accumulate in two directions from the centre point outwards.
The neutron produces waves of charge but at extremely ineffective potentials,
confined within the protons positive potentials.
The neutrons quark group provides attractive charge stability along the length of
the proton connections which would become unstable without this attractive
connection.
12
The above is based on the following suggestion for the atomic element
sequences
Atoms appear to be structured with two similar ends, and 7 types of electron
shells.
s shell carries 2 electrons
p shell carries 8 electrons
d shell carries 18 electrons
f shell carries 32 electrons
g shell carries 32 electrons
h shell carries 18 electrons
i shell carries 8 electrons.
To achieve the appearance of an atom evolving from a centre-point outwards it
is suggested that the configuration from a centre-point would be.........
4i – 9h – 16g – 16f – 9d – 4p – 2s – 4p – 9d – 16f – 16g – 9h – 4i
The above structures build 1s/2s/1p/2p/3p/4p/5p/6p/7p/8p/1d/2d/3d/4d/ etc, etc,
etc.
sequentially and only in that specific and structured order.
Each addition requires a Proton, and a Proton cannot be added until a Neutron is
in place as repulsion will otherwise hold them apart.
Structurally all atoms are bound together like a battery set with three terminal
connections. See table of atomic sequences, and sketch of atomic structures.
These structures and structure sequences clearly show why every Proton
generates two gravity waves with a positive bias at the extents of the Up Quark
oscillation.
They also clearly show why a Neutron is required to join with a Proton before
another Proton can join the atom sequence. As the sequence grows so the
energy builds from the centre-point of the structure outwards, and the mass of
the structures increase.
At increased energy levels additional Neutrons can be attracted in parallel to
existing
Neutrons within the structure creating the isotopes of Atoms.
13
SUMMARY
This concept describes the only means that what appears to be an apparent
Monopole force of Gravitation can be generated.
Atomic elementary structures are most complex, their evolutionary
development from within both extremes of temperatures and of gravitational
confinement result in clearly defined structures of Protons and Neutrons whose
ultimate complexity has yet to be realized by Man. The order by which atoms
are constructed is quite precise, beginning with the simple Protium atom with
just one Proton and one Electron in one of the two trajectories.
The way the quarks configure is that they collect rather like an attractive battery
set attracted together through three terminal connections rather than two.
e.g. Proton U – D – U to Neutron D – U – D to Proton U – D – U etc,.
It is notable that the Proton always forms the atom base as it is the only atomic
component with the capacity to generate positive waves that will capture and
maintain an Electron in one of the two trajectories.
In a matrix of atom structures the second unaccompanied trajectory could be
considered the positive “ hole “ within all atomic structures, with too little
energy to capture or retain an Electron in a trajectory, but sufficient energy to
retain an Electron in an outer position.,
Once formed atom structures are free to disassociate, to de-structure from their
original form through changing energy density, or external force or pressure.
This results in energy emission, ionization, or breakup into other elemental
structures or formation of new structures, but with the same basic substructures.
GRAVITATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM
The equilibrium of force between two bodies of matter is reached when the
attractive disrupted pulses of positive potential force from gravitation from each
body of matter for the others negative charge and charge particles balances in
equilibrium with the repulsive force between the disrupted pulses of positive
potential between both bodies of matter.
The repulsion between the positive potentials is always greater than the
attractive force for the negative potentials.
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MASS
ATOMIC STRUCTURES
The structure of matter and the properties of its internal charge stresses need to
be considered before defining the properties of Mass. Bodies of matter
consisting of Protons attracting Electrons into trajectories produce stress
relationships between the Quark charged particles within the Protons and the
Neutrons, the Protons and Neutrons themselves, and the Electrons in their
trajectories and the free electrons within the structure. These charge stresses are
also strained through bonding with any molecular partners. Mass in any body of
matter should be considered therefore to be composed of unequal charges
inextricably interlocked together moving or oscillating under stress.
ACTIVE GRAVITATIONAL MASS
Protons in any body of matter generate two gravity waves, which after
interference with other gravity waves result in pulses of gravitational potential
with a positive elementary charge bias. These pulses of gravitation attract all
external negative elementary potentials, electrons, down quarks, and photons in
the more negative phase of electromagnetic waves. This attraction towards
external negative elementary potentials stresses the relationship within the
Protons and their respective electrons and sub-atomic particles in that active
body of matter. This attraction by disrupted gravity waves with a positive
potential bias from a body of matter would be termed active gravitational mass.
Active gravitational mass is gravity having an attraction for, it is proportional to
the up quarks in the protons within that body of matter. It is determined by
measuring the acceleration of a body of known mass in free fall within that
gravitational field of attraction.
The transfer of this active attractive force would be immediate
15
PASSIVE GRAVITATIONAL MASS
Electrons in any body of matter are constantly attracted to their respective
Protons. All negatively charged electrons, and down quarks in any body of
matter are also passively attracted to external forces of gravitation that have a
positive elementary charge bias. This external attraction stresses the relationship
between the electrons and the down quarks, and the charge generated within
their respective Protons in that body of matter. It also stresses the charge
relationships within their respective neutrons in that body of matter. This
attraction is termed passive gravitational mass. Passive gravitational mass is
having an attraction to gravity; it is approximately proportional to the total
number of electrons and down quarks, in that body of matter. Passive
gravitational mass is determined by dividing an object’s known weight by its
free fall acceleration.
The transfer of this passive attracted force is immediate
INERTIAL MASS
In this section it is suggested that inertial mass is not quite identical to either
active or passive Mass. If an external force ( not gravity ) were to be applied, its
effects would be transferred to the negative charged Electrons at point of
application. ( like pushing a sponge ) This force would be transferred
throughout the body of matter from one elementary sub-atomic particle to the
next, Electrons to Protons, Neutrons, Quarks, and Electrons etc. The effect
would be to increase the stress relationship between the charges generated
within all of the Protons and their respective Electrons. The force of stresses
when an external force is applied is termed inertial mass.
Inertial mass is being repelled from. ( approaching electrons in another body of
mass ) Inertial Mass is determined by applying a force to an object and
measuring the acceleration that results from that force.
The transfer of this force would not be immediate
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MASS EQUIVALENCE
It should be noted that there is no equivalence between Inertial and
Gravitational Mass.
Gravitational Mass directly and immediately affects all particles within the
Atom both by repulsion against positive particles and attraction towards the
negative particles, to create the property of Gravitational Mass.
Inertial Mass transfers its energy through the body of matter from negative
Electron particles at the periphery through the body of matter from particle to
particle either negative or positive, over a finite period of time.
MASS MEASUREMENT
The forces on a body of known mass are generally used to determine
Gravitational force, or Gravitational constant. However this presumes that the
particles generating the attractive force in body of matter A are attracting the
same particles in body of matter B and visa versa. It is however the following
that would be more accurate.
In conventional Proton generated gravitational forces
Positive pulses from body of matter A attract negative particles and repulse
positive pulses of gravitation in body of matter B
Positive pulses from body of matter B attract negative particles and repulse
positive pulses of gravitation in body of matter A
In Neutron Star generated gravitational forces
Negative pulses from body of matter A ( this would be the Neutron Star ),
attract all positive particles, and positive pulses of gravitation from body of
matter B
Positive pulses from body of matter B attract all negative particles, and negative
pulses of gravitation from body of matter A
The above is one of the reasons for the intense gravitational force emanating
from Neutron Stars apart from the extremely high density of Neutron Stars.
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ATOM STRUCTURES
Much of our current understanding of atom structures developed historically
from alchemistry developing into chemistry and through into nuclear fission,
and fusion whilst trying to understand the inner workings of the atom.
From Mendeleyev and our periodic table of elements, came an understanding of
atomic and molecular structures, followed by the basic understanding of
components and sub-atomic particles within the atoms.
Graphic models of atoms began to be developed showing the possible electron
paths, and concepts for the inner structure of the atoms themselves.
Atoms appear to be structured with two similar ends, and 7 types of electron
shells.
s shell carries 2 electrons
p shell carries 8 electrons
d shell carries 18 electrons
f shell carries 32 electrons
g shell carries 32 electrons
h shell carries 18 electrons
i shell carries 8 electrons.
To achieve the appearance of an atom evolving from a centre-point outwards it
is suggested that the configuration ( as above ) from the centre-point outwards
would be....
4i – 9h – 16g – 16f – 9d – 4p – 2s – 4p – 9d – 16f – 16g – 9h – 4i
Consider that the structure builds 1s/2s/1p/2p/3p/4p/5p/6p/7p/8p/1d/2d/3d/4d/
etc, etc, In that specific and structured order.
Each addition requires a Proton, and a Proton cannot be added until a Neutron is
in place as repulsion will otherwise hold them apart.
Atoms are bound together like a battery set with three connections, in this case
with Proton Quarks ( Up – Down – Up ) bound to Neutron Quarks ( Down –
Up – Down )
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The Proton has 2 Positive Up Quarks oscillating about 1 Negative Down Quark
this attracts
A Neutron with 2 Negative Down Quarks oscillating about 1 Positive Up Quark
this attracts
A Proton with 2 Positive Up Quarks oscillating about 1 Negative Down Quark
this attracts
A Neutron with 2 Negative Down Quarks oscillating about 1 Positive Up Quark
this attracts
A Proton with 2 Positive Up Quarks oscillating about 1 Negative Down Quark
this attracts…Etc, Etc,.
Thus Atom structures build as follows 2 Up Quarks attract 1 Down Quark to evolve a Proton.
A Neutron can be attracted to this Proton by attraction
A Proton can be attracted to a Neutron by attraction.
A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction.
A Proton can be attracted to a Neutron by attraction.
A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction
A Proton can be attracted to a Neutron by attraction.
A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction.
A Proton can be attracted to a Neutron by attraction.
Atom becomes 1s
Atom becomes 2s
Atom becomes 2s / 1p
Atom becomes 2s / 2p
Atom becomes 2s / 3p
A more detailed description is shown on Evolution of Atomic Structures.xls
The above is a very crude description of how atomic structures build their
energy from a centre-point outwards. It certainly is not quite that simple, for
imbalance can occur with more Neutrons added between some of the elements
(isotopes) after the initial atom structure has developed, however the Proton
structures still can only follow in the sequence as described in Atomic
Stuctures.xls. Atom structures are built in the structured order as described, with
Protons adjacent to at least 1 Neutron, at raised energy levels more than 1
Neutron can be maintained between the Protons creating the isotopes of atoms,
this can only take place after the initial atom structure has developed,
A better visual understanding is shown in the sketches..
19
DARK MATTER
All atomic elementary materials, and negative charge and charged particles, are
ultimately attracted into and become entrapped by the intense force from within
Dark Matter. For Dark Matter to attract all negative charge and charge particles
it must generate Gravitational force from Protons. Protons need an Electron to
be attracted by Gravity, or they need to be adjacent to negative potentials.
Atoms need Electrons and Neutrons to exist. The intense gravitational force
from Dark Matter de-structures bodies of matter. The first particles to be
attracted out from atom structures would be the last to be added i.e. Neutrons at
the highest atomic level. This would be followed progressively by the Neutrons
in the lower levels. The remnants of these structures would be the original
Protons still retaining their Electrons, still generating gravity waves these would
be disrupted by interference to produce pulses of gravitation with a positive
potential bias. The negative charges and charge particles attracted and absorbed
by Dark Matter would exist within its core possibly as negative charge plasma,
this would consist of all photons, and possibly de-structured Electrons, and
Down Quarks. It is this negative charged core that “ directly “ attracts the
remnant Protons around the core of Dark Matter generating gravity as waves
becoming disrupted by interference. The intensity of gravitation from Dark
Matter is generated by the extremely high density of absorbed material and destructured atoms both as bodies of matter and as negative charge and charged
particles, Dark Matter could be termed the Graveyards of the Universe.
Elementary matter attracted into Dark Matter becomes de-structured as negative
particles are attracted out of their bonds., leaving the positive charged Protons in
the peripheral layers of dark matter still generating an ever increasing density of
gravitation. Ultimately a point of criticality is reached and the down quark is
attracted out of its bond within the nucleus of the Proton and in that region of
Dark matter gravitation ceases creating the beginning of another Big Bang event
with the cataclysmic release of energy from within to begin again the creation
and evolution of atomic elementary material.
The cessation of gravity within Dark Matter can also be caused by collision
with another body of matter, or dark matter, disrupting the structure of the
Protons generating gravitation.
20
DARK ENERGY
Dark Energy is a gravitational force appearing to attract and accelerate bodies of
matter outwards at an increasing rate. Its generation comes from within Protons
devoid of electrons in trajectories at the outermost parts of our known Universe.
At the time of the Big Bang, Protons would have been one of the first of the
components of Atomic elementary structures to be formed. Devoid of electrons
they would be generating gravity waves, which would be disrupted by
interference into pulses of gravitational force, with a positive charge bias. They
would repel each other away from the intense energy still generating gravity
waves, but unable to encounter or attract electrons into trajectories. These
Protons, one of the first of the particles to be released during the Big Bang
would continue outwards away from the intense activity, not attracted by bodies
of evolving atomic elementary material having a positive charge, and repelled
from each other by the same positive charge, yet generating a gravitational force
which to a degree held them together as individual particles by its attraction for
the down quarks within the Protons, as compared to an attraction for down
quarks and electrons in complete atomic elemental structures. Ultimately these
free Protons were destined to the far extents of the newly evolving bodies of
matter within the Universe, and are now responsible for the acceleration of
known bodies of matter outwards.
21
RELATIVITY AND TIME
Albert Einstein called gravity a distortion in the shape of space-time, otherwise
known as the fourth dimension, and is the reasons for positional anomalies in
space flight. Basic physics states that if there are no external forces at work, an
object will always travel in the straightest possible line. Accordingly, without an
external force, two objects travelling along parallel paths will always remain
parallel. They will never meet. But the fact is they do meet. Particles that start
off on parallel paths sometimes end up colliding. Newton's theory says this can
occur because of gravity, a force attracting those objects to one another or to a
single, third object. Einstein also says this occurs due to gravity -- but in his
theory, gravity is not a force, It's a curve in space-time.
This was mainly because man could not quantify the external effects of
gravitation, it was and is immeasurable. According to Einstein, those objects are
still travelling along the straightest possible line, but due to a distortion in
space-time, the straightest possible line is now along a spherical path. So two
objects that were moving along a flat plane now move along a spherical plane,
and two straight paths along that sphere end in a single point.
Still more-recent theories of gravity express the phenomenon in terms of
particles and waves. One view states that particles called gravitons cause objects
to be attracted to one another. Gravitons have never actually been observed,
though. And neither have gravitational waves, sometimes called gravitational
radiation, which supposedly are generated when an object is accelerated by an
external force:
NEW CONCEPT
The theories developed by Einstein and many of his followers are correct to a
high degree, the theories were formed and based on the observation of
phenomena and not necessarily on observed and measured fact, What we have
are a set of formula that work for most cases but are based on false assumptions.
Time is not the factor involved in the apparent spatial distortion across the
Universe, MASS is.
22
HAFELE KEATING EXPERIMENT
In the Hafele Keating experiment the clocks on the Aircraft travelling East to
West were speeding up by 250ns and the clocks on the Aircraft travelling from
West to East were slowing down by 40ns. It should be noted that the clocks
change their speed because their mass changes, because gravitation through and
acting upon the clocks has changed, and not because the curvature of space-time
has affected them.
This concept suggests that the Suns radial disrupted pulses of gravitation pass
through the Earths trajectory at the same 107,280 Km/Hr – 29.8 Km / sec, but at
a much lower density than that of Earths gravitational force upon the Aircraft.
An Aircraft traveling at say 700 Km/Hr at the equator would be experiencing
the same Earths gravitation from East to West or from West to East.
Earth’s gravitational influence would the same irrespective of the direction of
flight East to West or West to East. The spin of the earth is induced by the
passing radial gravitation from the Sun. The gravitational force on both aircraft
is equal in both directions.
The aircraft travelling from East to West would be moving with less radial
gravitational influence from the Sun than the aircraft traveling from West to
East, i.e. with the Sun’s radial gravitation on the Sun facing side of Earth
The clocks an board this aircraft would be seen to speed up by 275 ns, go faster,
through increasing energy caused by reduced Sun’s gravitational influence.
The aircraft moving from West to East would be moving in a trajectory with
more radial gravitational influence from the Sun than the aircraft traveling from
East to West against the Sun’s radial gravitation on the Sun facing side of Earth
The clocks an board this aircraft would slow down by 40 ns, go slower, through
decreasing energy caused by increased Sun’s gravitational influence.
The difficulty in assessing this Hafele Keating experiment is that the
gravitational influence from the Earth can be ignored as equal to both aircraft.
For most of the circumference around the Earth forces balance out, e.g. on the
dark side of the Earth the forces would be the same, on the sides of the Earth the
force in both directions would balance out, leaving only the Sun’s facing side
with the two different gravitational forces.
23
The aircraft traveling from West to East would pass through Radial
gravitational pulses from the Sun that pass through the Sun facing side of Earth
faster than the earths movement in its trajectory plus its air speed. The radial
speed of disrupted gravitation from the Sun must be the same as or greater than
the speed of Earths orbital speed at its centre of gravity in order to maintain
Earths trajectory and spin. The aircraft traveling from east to west would pass
through Radial gravitational pulses from the Sun that pass through the Sun
facing side of Earth faster than the earths movement in its trajectory plus its air
speed. The difference between the gravitation affecting both aircraft would be
their airspeed differential approximately 1400 Kph plus the differential between
the suns radial gravitational speed through Earth less Earths rotational speed at
the equator.
GRAVITY PROJECT B
In the Gravity Project B experiment, four gyroscopic spheres were mounted in a
chamber aboard a rocket, and carried through various trajectories around the
polar areas of Earth at a height about 500 miles. As expected they
gyroscopically aligned their spin angularly in alignment around the curvature of
Earth with the direction of Earth’s gravitational force, and not because of the
curvature of space-time.
However the Suns radial motion of disrupted pulses of gravitation around the
Earth and passing over the Polar region also cause the gyroscopes to spin in
alignment to their force upon the mass of the Spheres. This is due to the linear
and radial movement of the Suns gravitational pulses through the spheres faster
on the outgoing side and slower on the incoming side of the spheres causing
radial spin and alignment towards their direction. The resultant measurements
of the alignments of the spheres would be extremely difficult with respect to
absolute precision because of the disrupted effect within the gravitational pulses
moving around the Earth over the polar regions.
24
GRAVITATION SUMMARY
Einstein was brilliant in adapting mathematical formulations to represent how
gravity acted throughout the Universe. The formulas are correct in most respects
because disrupted pulses of gravitation do create what appears to be a curvature
in the motion of mass and energy throughout the Universe. Disrupted pulses of
gravitation have a minute positive potential bias which attracts all negative
charge and charge particles including Photons, Electrons, Down Quarks,
Neutrons etc,. Gravitation also repels all positive charge and charge particles,
Protons, Up Quarks etc,. Both of these actions result in an Equilibrium of Force
between the attraction and repulsion of Bodies of matter throughout the
Universe. Both of these actions also generate what we measure as Active and
Passive Mass, but not Inertial Mass for it is affected by an external force and not
just Gravitational force.
Man may never be able measure, monitor or record the individual pulses of
gravitation, though he may be able in the future to display gravity waves as
generated from within all Protons, though they will have infinitely small charge
and extremely high frequency.
The concern throughout this work has been to try and explain the issues listed
below that man as yet does not understand or comprehend.
GRAVITATIONAL FORCE
MASS ACTIVE PASSIVE AND INERTIAL
DARK MATTER
DARK ENERGY
TIME DILATION AND RELATIVITY
ATOMIC STRUCTURES
MAGNETIC FORCE
25
Relativity has served its purpose well, but we now need to clearly and
unequivocally define the above issues and define them in simple terms.
Gravity has an attraction for and repulsion against all matter. Matter is
composed of both negative and positive charge particles. Therefore disrupted
pulses of Gravitation must have a charge potential, and it must be positive
otherwise atomic elemental structures could not capture and retain an Electron
in a trajectory around the Proton.
Time is not relevant to speed, and speed does not affect Time.
Mass does affect all timing mechanisms that comprise Mass, and Mass is
affected by speed through gravitation.
Disrupted pulses of gravitation are dispersed throughout space in varying
densities and they impact on all matter generating the property of Mass.
They arise within the core of all matter increasing in density and force towards
the periphery.
Thereafter their force diminishes as they emanate outwards into space.
These positive disrupted pulses of gravitation could be considered as the decay
energy from within all atoms structures as their energy diminishes over billions
of years.
Any charge or mass passing through this gravitation will experience a change in
mass affected by this dispersion of gravitation throughout space.
26
MAGNETICS
The reason magnetics has been introduced into the description of a new concept
for gravitation is that it appears there may be a link between the source of
gravitational force, and the force we observe as magnetic force.
Current definitions, formulae, and proofs are not in doubt, they were developed
based on actual measured statistics and are accurate to a high degree.
The problem is that we do not understand Magnetic force, we cannot
comprehend its origin or nature, yet its measure and effects are clearly defined
and proven. It may be we need to take a new stance, a different viewpoint and
consider if this magnetic force can have its foundation in another missing link,
the force of Gravity.
This new concept suggests the origin of magnetic force could be the same force
that generates the waves capturing and maintaining electrons in trajectories
within all atomic structures. These positive biased waves radiating from all
Protons are randomly aligned through all bodies of matter attracting all negative
atomic and sub-atomic particles including Photons in the more negative phase
of all electromagnetic waves at any frequency. Some of these electron
trajectories can be re-aligned if subject to external forces, such as moving
electrons, magnetic fields, shock, vibration, or high temperature. The force
generating the electron trajectories from within the nucleus of all Protons is
extremely strong at short range guaranteeing the capture and retention of an
electron. This force if aligned into a semi-polarised state with other atomic
structures would result in an extremely high attractive force at close range,
attracting all polarised waves, dependent on the direction of polarity, plus all
negative atomic charged particles. This aligned force would be directional and
with similarly aligned forces, will attract strongly at close range in one direction
and repel them in the other. Gravitational force would remain intact and
unchanged both from within the body of matter and the force reacting from
outside of the body of matter. The polarization of Gravity waves from within
Protons can generally only take place in trajectories that can be re-aligned with
respect to adjacent trajectories. This appears more prevalent in the higher
energy trajectories such as Iron, Nickel etc. Some of these trajectories appear
outside of other trajectories with an appearance almost like a hoop, or tyre.
27
These trajectories can re-align without changing the structure. These aligned
trajectories would produce aligned directional waves which could attract other
similarly aligned waves in adjacent material. This is what we term magnetic
force. This force can attract and move free electrons towards a North Polar
region. When electrons are attracted to move they move with a helical motion in
the direction of their spin, clockwise or anti-clockwise.
This radiates a helical rotational set of high frequency negative waves at 90
degrees to the direction of movement. That is really 90 degrees radially to
direction of movement.
Thus polarized gravity waves can attract and repel polarized gravity waves.
Polarised gravity waves can move free electrons which can move with helical
motion in the direction of their spin. These two factors give us magnetic
induction from polarized gravity waves, ( magnetic force ) and electromagnetic
induction from the spin helical movements of electrons through conductors.
CONCLUSION
Every atom generates two positive gravity waves from within every Proton.
These are disrupted into pulses of gravitation with a positive potential.
They attract all negative charge and charge particles.
They repel all positive charge and charge particles.
This generation of gravitation is produced from within every Proton in every
atomic elementary structure. Their positive potential is as infinitely small as the
Universe is large, it is unlikely Man will never have the capacity to measure
them individually.
Their combined force can bend and distort electromagnetic waves, hold
intergalactic objects of mass and charge in place, yet be so precise as to hold
planetary bodies of matter in a position of equilibrium within their orbital
trajectories maintained by that gravitational force itself.
This power of gravitation is beyond man’s comprehension !
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29
30
31
32
ATOMIC STRUCTURES
More Neutrons can exist between each Proton creating isotopes
Element
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
4i 9h 16g 16f 9d 4p
2s
4p 9d 16f 16g 9h 4i
A Proton evolves creating a structure
A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction
A Proton is attracted to the Neutron by attraction
A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction
A Proton is attracted to the Neutron by attraction
A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction
A Proton is attracted to the Neutron by attraction
A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction
A Proton is attracted to the Neutron by attraction
A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction
A Proton is attracted to the Neutron by attraction
A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction
A Proton is attracted to the Neutron by attraction
A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction
A Proton is attracted to the Neutron by attraction
A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction
A Proton is attracted to the Neutron by attraction
A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction
A Proton is attracted to the Neutron by attraction
A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction
A Proton is attracted to the Neutron by attraction
A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction
A Proton is attracted to the Neutron by attraction
A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction
A Proton is attracted to the Neutron by attraction
A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction
A Proton is attracted to the Neutron by attraction
A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction
A Proton is attracted to the Neutron by attraction
A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction
A Proton is attracted to the Neutron by attraction
A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction
33
Shell
Structure
1s
2s
2s/1p
2s/2p
2s/3p
2s/4p
2s/5p
2s/6p
2s/7p
2s/8p
2s/8p/1d
2s/8p/2d
2s/8p/3d
2s/8p/4d
2s/8p/5d
2s/8p/6d
Mr Arthur Seaman
24 Fulthorpe Road
Norton
Teesside
England
TS20 1QH
Tel 01642 559044
email [email protected]
Date 01 02 2011
19500 words
Gravity a Monopole Force
NEW CONCEPT
INTRODUCTION
This concept describes the generation of two gravity waves within all Protons, by two
Up Quarks oscillating by repulsion and attraction around one Down Quark disrupted
by interference with other waves into pulses of gravitation with a positive potential bias
emanating from all bodies of elementary matter. A new concept for the three types of
mass are outlined showing the difference between the three and how they are formed,
even though their values may be observed to be identical. A sequential and ordered
evolution of atomic elementary structures is suggested with a table showing the
sequential order of the atoms development.
Sketches and Graphics have been included to help understand the quark configurations
suggested within the nucleus of atomic structures. Current proofs and observations are
correct and not particularly in question, it is the assumption on which they are based
that is considered within this new concept for the generation of gravitational force.
34
GRAVITY
( New Concept )
Gravity is generated from within all atomic elementary matter, even the simplest of
atoms, Proteum with just 1 Proton and 1 Electron in a trajectory generates gravity.
This is what prompted the idea behind this concept, that Gravity could be so small it
could not be differentiated from so many other phenomena with greater potentials.
Within that same atom of Proteum, a force binds an electron inescapably into a
trajectory with such intensity that it requires a nuclear reaction to break it apart.
GENERAL RELATIVITY
General relativity suggests gravitational attraction between masses results from the
warping of Space and Time. The equivalence of mass and energy is given by e = mc2
General relativity also predicts the effects of gravity, such as gravitational waves,
gravitational lensing, and gravities on Time known as gravitational time dilation.
Comment on General Relativity Gravitational force is the result of Gravity Waves
disrupted by interference with other gravity waves into pulses of gravitation with a
positive potential bias emanating outwards from all bodies of matter. They are
generated from within all Protons by 2 Up Quarks oscillating around 1 Down Quark
within all Protons with or without an Electron bound in a trajectory.
Space is not warped by Time, Gravity abounds throughout the Universe much as was
suggested by Michelson's vision of a (luminiferous aether) = ( Dark Energy ) = Gravity.
SPECIAL RELATIVITY
Einstein postulated that the speed of light in free space is the same for all observers,
regardless of their motion relative to the light source. This postulate stemmed from
assuming that Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism, which predict a well-defined
speed of light in vacuum, hold in any inertial frame of reference, rather than just in the
frame of the aether. Gravity attenuates light-speed by attracting Photons 10-52 e at
their most negative charge.
Comment on Special Relativity It was unfortunate for the Michelson Moreley
experiment that they were trying to detect a change in light-speed due to direction and
speed through their luminiferous aether. If they had carried out the same experiment to
measure a light-speed during a change in the density of the luminiferous aether they
would have measured a momentary change in light-speed at that moment. Frequency of
light changes with changing gravitational intensity, there is a momentary change in
light-speed whilst the change in frequency is achieved due to the change in Photon Mass
because of the change in gravitational density.
35
Gravity Considerations
It is necessary to explain that the current formulations for gravitation, relativity,
mass/energy calculations etc are not particularly in question. Man has remarkably
produced calculations accurate to the point of convincingly suggesting our assumptions
regarding the generation of Gravity are correct. However gravity waves cannot
transmit outwards into space without experiencing interference and disruption, and if
such waves were present their energy would surely have been detected by now.
That Time should be a factor affecting our perception of speed , or that speed affects
our comprehension of time seems unbelievable, when what is actually being affected is
Mass, this is of major concern when comprehending relativity.
When any elementary object moves in space its Mass may change because it is being
moved through gravitation. The mass changes only if there is a change in gravitation,
this may be because it is changing its speed ( accelerating ) or that it is moving through
a changing density of gravitational field. This will be the case whether it is a single atom
of Proteum, or a more complex atom of Deuterium, or the almost infinitesimally small
Photon within electromagnetic waves. Considering the above it is necessary to
reconsider our concept of gravitation, our original concept for gravity as waves is
applicable but will only work if the waves become disrupted by interference into pulses
of gravitation. This is because what appears to be a monopole force of attraction from
gravitation can only be produced by the interference between gravity waves. This can
only work as a conventional gravitational force if the waves are potentially biased
towards toward positive.
Within the Proton 2 Up Quarks oscillate around 1 Down Quark to generate 2 waves
with a positive potential bias. An Electron can be attracted and bound into one of these
trajectories, but debars a second electron in the other trajectory by repulsion.
These infinitely small generated gravity waves interfere with all other gravity waves to
produce multiple disrupted pulses of gravitation with a positive potential.
These pulses of gravitation will attract all negative charge and charge particles, and
photons in their more negative phase of all electromagnetic waves at any frequency.
The above condensed notes are an introduction to a new concept for Gravitation that
answers many of the problems that still remain with respect to gravitation.
36
Atomic Structures
Much of our current understanding of atom structures developed historically from
alchemistry developing into chemistry and through into nuclear fission, and fusion
whilst trying to understand the inner workings of the atom.
From Mendeleyev and our periodic table of elements, came an understanding of atomic
and molecular structures, followed by the basic understanding of components and subatomic particles within the atoms.
Graphic models of atoms began to be developed showing the possible electron paths,
and concepts for the inner structure of the atoms themselves.
Atoms appear to be structured with two similar ends, and 7 types of electron shells.
s shell carries 2 electrons
p shell carries 8 electrons
d shell carries 18 electrons
f shell carries 32 electrons
g shell carries 32 electrons
h shell carries 18 electrons
i shell carries 8 electrons.
To achieve the appearance of an atom evolving from a centre-point outwards it is
suggested that the configuration ( as above ) from the centre-point outwards would be....
4i – 9h – 16g – 16f – 9d – 4p – 2s – 4p – 9d – 16f – 16g – 9h – 4i
Consider that the structure builds 1s/2s/1p/2p/3p/4p/5p/6p/7p/8p/1d/2d/3d/4d/ etc, etc,
In that specific and structured order. Each addition requires a Proton, and a Proton
cannot be added until a Neutron is in place as repulsion will otherwise hold them apart.
Atoms are bound together like a battery set with three connections, in this case with
Proton Quarks ( Up – Down – Up ) bound to Neutron Quarks ( Down – Up – Down )
The Proton has 2 Positive Up Quarks oscillating about 1 Negative Down Quark this
attracts
A Neutron with 2 Negative Down Quarks oscillating about 1 Positive Up Quark this
attracts
A Proton with 2 Positive Up Quarks oscillating about 1 Negative Down Quark this
attracts
A Neutron with 2 Negative Down Quarks oscillating about 1 Positive Up Quark this
attracts
A Proton with 2 Positive Up Quarks oscillating about 1 Negative Down Quark this
attracts…Etc, Etc,.
37
Thus Atom structures build as follows 2 Up Quarks attract 1 Down Quark to evolve a Proton.
A Neutron can be attracted to this Proton by attraction
A Proton can be attracted to a Neutron by attraction.
A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction.
A Proton can be attracted to a Neutron by attraction.
A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction
A Proton can be attracted to a Neutron by attraction.
A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction.
A Proton can be attracted to a Neutron by attraction.
The structure becomes 1s
The structure becomes 2s
The structure becomes 2s / 1p
The structure becomes 2s / 2p
The structure becomes 2s / 3p
A more detailed description is shown on Evolution of Atomic Structures.xls
The above is a very crude description of how atomic structures build their energy from
a centre-point outwards. It certainly is not quite that simple, for imbalance can occur
with more Neutrons between some of the elements (isotopes), however the Proton
structures can only follow in the sequence as described in Atomic Stuctures.xls.
Atom structures are built in the structured order as described, with Protons adjacent to
at least 1 Neutron, at raised energy levels more than 1 Neutron can be maintained
between the Protons creating the isotopes of atoms.
A better visual understanding is shown in the sketches relating to atom structures.
The main point regarding the formation of atom structures is in understanding how the
electrons are captured and bound in a trajectory by a positive potential with such a
considerable force of positive potential.. This force is generated by the 2 Up Quarks
within the Protons as two Gravity waves with a positive potential bias that attract and
inescapably bind the Electron in its trajectory, and the Down Quark who’s negative
charge repels the Electron out into its trajectory.
The oscillations of the Up Quarks are throughout the electromagnetic range and beyond
dependent upon their energy levels it is these oscillations that generate Gravity Waves.
The shape of the trajectory is determined by the energy of the Protons and the position
of the Proton relative to the atomic structure.
The Gravity wave frequencies are the same as the trajectory frequencies, but become
irrelevant because of interference and the resultant disrupted pulses of gravitation that
emanate outwards with a positive potential bias. These attract all negative charge,
charge particles, and Photons in the more negative phase of electromagnetic waves at
any frequency.
38
SUMMARY
The foregoing explanations may help in understanding how these new concepts for
gravitation evolved. Gravity waves, and gravitational force must have developed from
within every atom for that is where gravitational energy is stored, within a MASS even
as small a mass as one single Proteum Atom.
This concept suggests that disrupted pulses of gravity waves emanate from all atomic
structures with a positive potential bias possibly less than 0.001e.
The density of these pulses increase progressively from the centre core of all mass
outwards to the surface of the body of matter where it is at its greatest strength.
From the outer surface of all matter the density of gravitational pulses decrease
progressively as gravitation emanates outwards into space.
The interaction of these disrupted pulses of gravitation with other potentials throughout
space becomes extremely complex resulting from their attraction for all negative
potentials, and their repulsion for all positive potentials. Many of these aspects are
considered in the following chapters related to gravitation.
39
MAIN SUBJECT MATTER ARRANGED AS FOLLOWS
CONTENTS
1
OVERVIEW
2
GRAVITY
3
MASS
4
NEUTRON STAR
5
DARK MATTER
6
DARK ENERGY
7
EXPANDING UNIVERSE
8
BIG BANG
9
UNIVERSAL CONTROL
10
GENERAL RELATIVITY
11
SPECIAL RELATIVITY
12
CYCLICAL MODEL
13
SUMMARY
40
OVERVIEW
Atoms and Gravity
To understand gravity we must first understand atoms and what they comprise. The
simplest of atoms Proteum, consists of just one Proton in a nucleus and a negatively
charged electron bound in a trajectory around that nucleus. The Proton is a particle
with an electric charge of +1e. It is found in the Nucleus of all atoms. It is a permanent
stable particle composed of three fundamental particles; two Up Quarks and one Down
Quark together with Gluons, a binding force. The Proton is where gravity as waves of
charge are generated. Within its nucleus two Up Quarks and one Down Quark oscillate
both in repulsion between the Up Quarks and the attraction towards the 1 Down
Quark. It is this oscillation of the two positive Up Quark charge particles that generate
two gravity waves at the extents of the Up Quarks movement. These gravity waves
become disrupted by interference from other gravity waves into multiple pulses of with
a positive charge bias. These gravitational pulses emanate outwards from all bodies of
matter attracting all negative charged elementary particles, appearing as a positive
monopole force. These pulses of gravitation have a positive attraction for all negative
charges and negative charge particles, Electrons, Down Quarks, Neutrons, and Photons
in their more negative phase of all electromagnetic waves at any frequency.
The concept described above also suggests the only possible way, that what appears to
be a monopole force of attraction can be generated. Man cannot yet clearly define
gravitation, and he cannot clearly measure gravitation directly, either as an attraction
for, or as an attraction to bodies of matter.
GRAVITY
The articles that follow describe a concept for gravitation that appears to be simple,
however it is the only possible way in which Gravitational Waves can be generated such
that after interference they produce disrupted pulses of gravity with positive potential
emanating from all atomic elementary material, appearing as a monopole force.
These disrupted positive pulses of Gravity Waves attract all negative atomic and
sub-atomic particles, together with all photons in their more negative phase of all
electromagnetic waves at any frequency. Considering current understanding of
gravitation, and amid the overwhelming complexity within the Universe, this concept
for gravitation may seem ridiculously simple. It is however, the only way that what
appears to be a monopole force of gravitational attraction can be generated, from the
simplest of atomic structures to affect all matter within the Universe, at the same time
providing a Cyclical Model for all atomic elementary material in the Universe.
41
Within all protons, with or without electrons in orbital trajectories, the protons two up
quarks and one down quark oscillate by repulsion between the two up quarks and their
attraction towards the one down quark empowered by the strong force mediated by
gluons. This produces two gravity waves at identical frequencies, generated from the up
quarks at the extremities of their movement. These two gravity waves, at identical
frequencies but with out of phase potentials, interfere with all other gravity waves to
produce disrupted pulses of gravitation with a positive potential bias emanating
outwards from all bodies of matter. Each proton consequently generates two orbital
trajectories, spin up, and spin down, only one that can be occupied by an electron. This
is because the negative charge displacement of one electron debars a second electron by
repulsion. The resulting disrupted pulses of gravitational waves appear as a monopole
source of positive pulses emanating from the centre of all bodies of matter attracting all
negative charge particles, electrons, down quarks and neutrons in all bodies
of matter, and photons in the more negative half cycle of all electromagnetic waves at
any frequency. This disruption of gravity waves by interference, results in a
considerable reduction in the charge potential of the gravitational pulses emanating
from all bodies of matter. It is possible that these individual pulses of gravitation have
such low potentials they may never be recorded or monitored individually.
Quark Structure in the Nucleus
The structure of quarks in the nucleus of all atoms is an assembly within protons and
neutrons comprising up and down quarks, arranged in parallel similar to batteries
connected in parallel with three terminal connections. These sub-atomic particles are
arranged with the protons two positive up quarks and the one down quark, connected
by attraction to the neutrons two down quarks and one up quark, etc., along the length
of parallel connections. Because of the predominance of the positive charge bias from
the up quarks at their positive potentials such a structure, could not fold back on itself
because of the repulsive force from the positive up quarks. The charge potentials from
quarks within the nucleus accumulate in two directions from the centre point of the
Atomic structure creating a mirror image of the atoms increasing trajectories.
The neutron has no part in generating gravity waves but provides an attractive charge
connection to the protons quark groups, the neutron does produce waves of charge but
at extremely low and ineffective potentials, confined within the protons positive wave
potentials. The positive biased waves from the oscillating Up Quarks in the Protons
predominate outside of the oscillating negative charge from the Down Quarks within
the Neutrons. This is because the potential difference (+ 1.333e ) repelling the two Up
Quarks outwards is greater than the potential difference (- 0.666e ) repelling the two
Down Quarks outwards within the Neutrons. Consequently the relative position of the
two Up Quarks is always outside of the oscillating range of the 2 Down Quarks within
the neutron. The neutrons quark grouping does provide attractive charge stability
along the length of the proton connections which would not only become unstable but
possibly untenable without this attractive connection.
42
The gravity wave cycle
At the up quarks closest position the two gravity waves generate their lowest charge
potential. As the up quarks repel outwards, the two positive potentials increase. This is
the positive phase of the two gravitational waves attracting the electron out of its
trajectory. This follows with a rapid decline in potential as the negative potential from
the stressed coherence of the two waves force the up quarks back toward the down
quark, together with the attraction from the down quark, and the restraining effect of
the strong force. This is the negative phase of the two gravity waves repelling the
electron out into its trajectory. Wave coherence occurs momentarily between the two
gravity waves generated within the Protons; these become stressed, with greater
attractive force, when the two up quarks are at their maximum distance. This reaction
produces a similar effect to that envisaged from the strong force.
Gravity between Two Atoms
If one atom of Proteum, is placed next to another atom of Proteum, each will generate
gravity waves and each will exhibit the property of Mass due to the force of gravity
from the other. Proteum is a very simple atom comprising just 2 up Quarks and 1 Down
Quark within a Proton, and an Electron in a trajectory. It is from this simple
combination of sub-atomic particles that a gravitational force is generated. How are
these particles configured ? How does this force appear to be Monopole ? The two Up
Quarks will position themselves at either side of the one Down Quark. The two Up
Quarks will repel each other out, the Down Quark will attract them back.
These sub-atomic particles will oscillate continuously and as their energy becomes
depleted over billions of years, their trajectories will reduce which in turn reduces their
gravitational active force. At the extremities of the Up Quarks motion the strong
positive gravitational pulse will drag an Electron back from its trajectory. As the
Electron approaches the Down Quark it will be repelled back into its trajectory. A
second electron cannot be present in the second of the Protons trajectories due to the
repulsive charge from the one Electron existing in its trajectory debarring another
Electrons presence. The action from the Up Quarks produces oscillating potentials
generated as Gravity Waves that interfere with other gravity waves to produce
innumerable pulses with a positive potential. These pulses of gravitation with a positive
bias emanate outwards, bound together by the much smaller negative pulses. Most
importantly repulsion between gravitational pulses indirectly keeps matter apart,
attraction for all negative charge pulls all matter together. These infinitely small
disrupted positive pulses of gravitation will attract all negative atomic and sub-atomic
particles, together with all Photons in the more negative phase of electromagnetic waves
at any frequency. These infinitely small disrupted pulses of gravitation also repel
positive pulses of pulses of gravitation from neighbouring bodies of matter.
43
This results in an attraction for bodies of matter leading to a repulsive standoff between
bodies of matter, which explains why planets are not moving continuously towards their
source of gravitational attraction, they are to some extent in a balanced equilibrium of
forces.
Now we can begin to define MASS, it is the potential charge relationship between
atomic and sub-atomic particles, within the structure of atomic elementary material.
That is, the charge stresses between the Up Quarks and the Down Quarks, and between
the Up Quarks and the Electron, when affected by an external positive gravitational
potential. This is caused because Gravitational attraction binds the particles together,
and the particles are affected by another gravitational force attracting its negative
particles away. This gravitation is not a massive attractive force, it is an infinitely large
number of infinitesimally small positive gravitational pulses of charge.
The positive pulses of gravitation from Atom A, will attract the one Down Quark and
the Electron in Atom B.
This places a strain on the attraction from the Two Up Quarks for the Down Quark and
the Electron in Atom B. The positive pulses of gravitation from Atom B, will attract the
one Down Quark and the Electron in Atom A. This places a strain on the attraction
from the Two Up Quarks for the Down Quark and the electron in Atom A. Though in
this most simple of cases the forces involved are miniscule, it is important for the fact
that on a global scale the same principles apply. The attraction between the two atoms
pulls them towards each other, whilst the repulsion between their gravitational pulses
tends to push them apart, because their pulses of gravitation are tenuously connected
through the infinitely small negative pulses. On such a small scale these results may
seem insignificant. On a scale where Star systems hold planetary masses in orbital
trajectories, these forces create a balance of power between the repulsion of the pulses
holding the planetary masses away and the attraction of the pulses pulling the masses
in. Added to this is Spin, Orbital trajectories and Precessional forces created by the
repulsion between pulses of gravitation moving with the Star system longitudinally, and
radially, causing a Frame Dragging effect, this action is coupled with the attraction of
gravity acting upon the Star facing side of planetary objects drawing the body of matter
towards the star whilst acting to retard the orbit and spin rate of the object. As the
energy from the Protons decay over millions of years, so the electron trajectories
become smaller through decay, and the pulses of gravitation weaken by an extremely
small degree. This results in a weakening repulsive effect from the pulses of gravitation
causing the planetary object to move closer to the star system until the strength of the
repulsion equals the strength of the attractive effect.
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Atomic Structures and Gravity
The structure of matter and the properties of its internal charge stresses need to be
considered before defining the properties of Mass. Bodies of matter consisting of
Protons attracting Electrons into trajectories produce stress relationships between the
Quark charged particles within the Protons and the Neutrons, the Protons and
Neutrons themselves, and the Electrons in their trajectories and the free electrons
within the structure. These charge stresses are also strained through bonding with any
molecular partners. Mass in any body of matter should be considered therefore to be
composed of unequal charges inextricably interlocked together moving or oscillating
under stress.
Summary
The attribute of Mass of any body of matter is the sum of its attraction for a body of
matter and its attraction to that body of matter; it is evaluated by its acceleration
towards that body of matter in Free Fall. In all cases above, it is the stress relationship
between the charges generated within Protons, Neutrons, Quarks, and their respective
Electrons that changes, creating our perception of Mass. It is also the case that within
every body of matter exists gravitational force, and its force is experienced by all
particles within that body of matter. It is impossible for multiple Proton bodies of
matter therefore to be without the influence of the gravitational force internal within its
structure. The only difference between the three descriptions of Mass, is that in the case
of Inertial Mass the effect of applying external force does not take place immediately.
The weight of a body of matter therefore is the attractive weight it has for another body
of matter, plus the attraction it feels for that body of matter. It is the sum of its force of
gravitational attraction to a body of matter, and its gravitational attraction for a body
of matter. The force of gravity generated from within all Protons attracts electrons, and
all electrons are attracted to the force of gravity generated from within Protons.
New Concept Summarised.
From every single Proton, with or without an Electron in a trajectory, two gravity
waves with a positive potential bias, are generated. Each of these waves are subject to
interference resulting in multiples of gravitational pulses, possibly 20 to 200 pulses with
a positive potential from each gravity wave, dependent upon frequency.
These pulses emanate outwards from all bodies of matter their group strength
diminishing as they disperse throughout space.
45
Any negative charge or negative charge particle, Electrons, or Photons in the more
negative phase of any electromagnetic wave will be attracted by a strength equivalent to
the density of gravitational pulses, and their attraction to the negative charge and
charge particles within any body of matter. Measurement of disrupted positive pulses of
gravity waves may never be possible because of their small potentials and background
radiation. Collectively these pulses of gravitation exert their force on all individual
negative charge and charge particles in all atomic structures. The gradation of their
strength can be evaluated to some extent as sub-multiples of spherical volume as the
pulses emmanate outwards form all bodies of matter. It is also worthy of note that
Photons in the more negative phase of all electromagnetic waves cannot progress
through gravitation without being attenuated by the positive potential of the disrupted
pulses if gravitation, as gravitational intensity increases or decreases.
At the point of electromagnetic wave transmission from star systems,, it is gravitation
with its positive potential bias that attenuates the photons within the waves pre-setting
their Energy / Speed at the escape velocity for Photons.
MASS MEASUREMENT
The forces on a body of known mass are generally used to determine Gravitational
force, or Gravitational constant. However this presumes that the particles generating
the attractive force in body of matter A are attracting the same particles in body of
matter B and visa versa It is however the following that would be more accurate.
In conventional Proton generated gravitational forces, Positive pulses from body of
matter A attract negative particles, and repulse positive pulses in body of matter B, and
Positive pulses from body of matter B attract negative particles and repulse positive
pulses in body of matter A. In Neutron Star generated gravitational forces Negative
pulses from body of matter A, attract all positive particles, and positive pulses of
gravitation from body of matter B. Positive pulses from body of matter B attract all
negative particles, and negative pulses of gravitation from body of matter A.
The above helps to explain why the gravitational force from neutron stars is so intense,
even when considering the stars density.
Neutron Star gravitation is an intense force created by extremely high density and
charge potentials that are opposite to conventional gravity.
GRAVITY BETWEEN SUN AND EARTH
The same principle for generating gravity applies to all matter in the Universe, it is
generated from within all Protons as two gravity waves which become disrupted by
interference into pulses of gravitation with a positive potential bias. Its interaction with
other matter and electromagnetic waves become extremely complex, from the creation
of Mass in atomic structures, to the attenuation of light-speed in electromagnetic waves.
46
Suns Attraction
Pulses of gravitation emanate outwards from the Sun, both longitudinally, and with the
rotation of the Sun. They attract all negative charge and particles directly on the side of
Earth facing the Sun. This provides a force of attraction directly to the Sun a Force for
clockwise spin rotation around the Sun and a force for anti-clockwise orbital trajectory
around the Sun
Suns Repulsion
Pulses of gravitation emanate outwards from the Sun, both longitudinally, and with the
rotation of the Sun. They repel all pulses of gravitation emanating outwards from all
around the Earth. This provides a force of repulsion directly from the Sun a Force for
anti-clockwise spin around the Sun, by gravitational frame dragging. and a Force for
orbital trajectory anti-clockwise around the Sun by gravitational frame dragging.
Around a spherical planetary body this force is marginally greater in its effect upon
spin and orbital speed than the gravitational force of attraction.
Earth’s gravity effects and the Sun
Earths gravitation has little direct effect upon the Sun, however it does interact within
the Hill sphere Radius to produce a repulsive effect on positive gravitational pulses
from the Sun. This affects the frame dragging effect from the Sun upon Earth’s
gravitational field
Suns Electromagnetic effects upon earth
Electromagnetic waves radiate outwards from the Sun longitudinally at the speed of
light and with the rotation of the Sun. They attract all disrupted positive pulses of
gravitation when Photons are in the more negative phase of electromagnetic waves. This
provides an attractive force directly from the Sun, for anti-clockwise spin rotation
around the Sun by electromagnetic frame dragging of pulses of gravitation. A Force for
anti-clockwise orbital trajectory around the Sun caused by electromagnetic frame
dragging of pulses of gravitation, a Force for perihelion advance around the Sun
electromagnetic frame dragging by positive pulses of gravitation.
.
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SUMMARY
Disrupted pulses of gravitation with a positive potential bias emanating from the Sun
attract the Earth, similarly, disrupted pulses of gravitation with a positive potential bias
emanating from the Earth interact with gravitation from the Sun. Disrupted pulses of
gravitation with a positive potential bias emanating from the Sun repel disrupted pulses
of gravitation with a positive potential bias emanating from the Earth. This produces a
balancing effect between the two bodies of matter, between the attraction of gravity for
matter, and the repulsion of gravity for gravity. As gravitation decays electron
trajectories become smaller, pulses of gravitation become weaker and the attraction
becomes less. Bodies of matter move closer together, until equilibrium is reached
between the repulsion between the gravitational pulses and the attraction between
gravity and atomic particles equalise.
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MASS
Atomic Structures
The structure of matter and the properties of its internal charge stresses need to be
considered before defining the properties of Mass. Bodies of matter consisting of
Protons attracting Electrons into trajectories produce stress relationships between the
Quark charged particles within the Protons and the Neutrons, the Protons and
Neutrons themselves, and the Electrons in their trajectories and the free electrons
within the structure. These charge stresses are also strained through bonding with any
molecular partners. Mass in any body of matter should be considered therefore to be
composed of unequal charges inextricably interlocked together moving or oscillating
under stress.
Active gravitational mass
Protons in any body of matter generate two gravity waves, which after interference with
other gravity waves result in pulses of gravitational potential with a positive elementary
charge bias. These pulses of gravitation attract all external negative elementary
potentials, electrons, down quarks, and photons in the more negative phase of
electromagnetic waves. This attraction towards external negative elementary potentials
stresses the relationship within the Protons and their respective electrons and subatomic particles in that active body of matter. This attraction by disrupted gravity
waves with a positive potential bias from a body of matter would be termed active
gravitational mass. Active gravitational mass is gravity having an attraction for, it is
proportional to the up quarks in the protons within that body of matter. It is
determined by measuring the acceleration of a body of known mass in free fall within
that gravitational field of attraction.
The transfer of this active attractive force would be immediate
Passive gravitational mass
Electrons in any body of matter are constantly attracted to their respective Protons. All
negatively charged electrons, and down quarks in any body of matter are also passively
attracted to external forces of gravitation that have a positive elementary charge bias.
This external attraction stresses the relationship between the electrons and the down
quarks, and the charge generated within their respective Protons in that body of matter.
It also stresses the charge relationships within their respective neutrons in that body of
matter. This attraction is termed passive gravitational mass. Passive gravitational mass
is having an attraction to gravity, it is approximately proportional to the total number
of electrons and down quarks, in that body of matter. Passive gravitational mass is
determined by dividing an object’s known weight by its free fall acceleration.
The transfer of this passive attracted force is immediate
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Inertial mass
In this section it is suggested that inertial mass is not quite identical to either active or
passive Mass. If an external force ( not gravity ) were to be applied, its effects would be
transferred to the negative charged Electrons at point of application. ( like pushing a
sponge ) This force would be transferred throughout the body of matter from one
elementary sub-atomic particle to the next, Electrons to Protons, Neutrons, Quarks, and
Electrons etc. The effect would be to increase the stress relationship between the
charges generated within all of the Protons and their respective Electrons. The force of
stresses when an external force is applied is termed inertial mass.
Inertial mass is being repelled from. ( approaching electrons in another body of mass )
Inertial Mass is determined by applying a force to an object and measuring the
acceleration that results from that force.
The transfer of this force would not be immediate
Summary
The attribute of Mass of any body of matter is the sum of its attraction for a body of
matter and its attraction to that body of matter; it is evaluated by its acceleration
towards that body of matter in Free Fall. In all cases above, it is the stress relationship
between the charges generated within Protons, Neutrons, Quarks, and their respective
Electrons that changes, creating our perception of Mass. It is also the case that within
every body of matter exists gravitational force, and though internal its force is
experienced by all particles within that body of matter. It is impossible for multiple
Proton bodies of matter therefore to be without the influence of the gravitational force
internal within its structure. The only difference between the three descriptions of
Mass, is that in the case of Inertial Mass the effect of applying external force does not
take place immediately. The weight of a body of matter therefore is the attractive
weight it has for another body of matter, plus the attraction it feels for that body of
matter. It is the sum of its force of gravitational attraction to a body of matter, and its
gravitational attraction for a body of matter.
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Mass Measurement
The forces on a body of known mass are generally used to determine Gravitational
force, or Gravitational constant. However this presumes that the particles generating
the attractive force in body of matter A are attracting the same particles in body of
matter B and visa versa. It is however the following that would be more accurate.
In conventional Proton generated gravitational forces
Positive pulses from body of matter A attract negative particles and repulse positive
pulses of gravitation in body of matter B
Positive pulses from body of matter B attract negative particles and repulse positive
pulses of gravitation in body of matter A
In Neutron Star generated gravitational forces
Negative pulses from body of matter A ( this would be the Neutron Star ), attract all
positive particles, and positive pulses of gravitation from body of matter B
Positive pulses from body of matter B attract all negative particles, and negative pulses
of gravitation from body of matter A
The above is one of the reasons for the intense gravitational force emanating from
Neutron Stars apart from the extremely high density of Neutron Stars.
NEUTRON STAR
The new concept of conventional gravity describes gravity waves transmitted from
protons in all atomic elementary matter being disrupted by interference into pulses of
gravitational force with a positive potential bias, based on the potential differences
between 2 Up Quarks, and 1 Down Quark in oscillation within all protons.
This produces a force of attraction from these positive biased pulses for all negative
elementary and sub-atomic particles, Down Quarks, Neutrons, Electrons, and Photons
in the more negative phase of all electromagnetic waves at any frequency. Within the
nucleus of all atoms the oscillating action of the 2 up quarks within the protons extends
far beyond the oscillation of the 2 down quarks within the neutrons such that the
emergent gravity waves are positive biased rather than negative biased. After
disruption through interference these waves result in disrupted pulses of gravitation
with a positive potential bias.
It should also be considered that these gravitational waves with a positive charge bias
have the capacity to hold an electron inextricably in its trajectory.
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In conventional Proton generated gravitational forces
Positive pulses from body of matter A attract all negative charges and charge particles
in body of matter B.
Positive pulses from body of matter A repel all positive charges and charge particles in
body of matter B.
Positive pulses from body of matter B attract all negative charges and charge particles
in body of matter A.
Positive pulses from body of matter B repel all positive charges and charge particles in
body of matter A.
Both bodies are being attracted by and attracted to but not through the same particles.
In unconventional Neutron generated gravitational forces
Negative pulses from body of matter A attract all Positive charges and charge particles
in body of matter B.
Negative pulses from body of matter A repel all negative charges and charge particles in
body of matter B.
Positive pulses from body of matter B attract all negative charges and charge particles
in body of matter A.
Positive pulses from body of matter B repel all positive charges and charge particles in
body of matter A.
Both bodies are being attracted by and attracted to but not through the same particles.
Neutron star
A neutron star is a remnant that can result from gravitational collapse of a massive star
during a supernova event. Such stars are composed almost entirely of neutrons.
Neutrons are subatomic particles without electric charge and a slightly larger mass than
protons. Neutron stars are very hot and are supported against further collapse because
of the Pauli exclusion principle. This principle states that no two neutrons (or any other
fermionic particle) can occupy the same place and quantum state simultaneously. A
typical neutron star has a mass between 1.35 and about 2.1 solar masses, with a
corresponding radius of about 12 km. In contrast, the Suns's radius is about 60,000
times that. Neutron stars have overall densities ( 4.1×1014 times the density of the Sun).
This density is approximately equivalent to the mass of the entire human population
compressed to the size of a sugar cube.
In general, Gravitational collapse will always
occur on any compact star over 10 solar masses, ultimately producing a Black hole.
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Formation
As the core of a massive star is compressed during a supernova, and collapses into a
neutron star, it retains most of its angular momentum. Since it has only a tiny fraction
of its parent's radius (and therefore its moment of inertia is sharply reduced), a neutron
star is formed with very high rotation speed, and then gradually slows down.
Neutron stars are known to have rotation periods between about 1.4 ms to 30 seconds.
The neutron star's compactness gives it very high surface gravity, up to 7 × 1012 m/s²
(that is 1011 times of that of Earth).
One measure of such immense gravity is the fact that neutron stars have an escape
velocity of around 100,000 km/sec, about 33% of the speed of light. Matter falling onto
the surface of a neutron star would be accelerated to tremendous speed by the star's
gravity. The force of impact would likely destroy the object's component atoms,
rendering all its matter identical, in most respects, to the rest of the star.
Properties
The gravitational field at the star's surface is about 2 × 1011 times stronger than on
Earth. The escape velocity is about 100,000 km/s, which is about one third the speed of
light. Such a strong gravitational field acts as a gravitational lens and bends the
radiation emitted by the star such that parts of the normally invisible rear surface
become visible. The gravitational binding energy of a neutron star with two solar
masses is equivalent to the total conversion of one solar mass to energy (from the law of
mass-energy equivalence, E = mc2). That energy was released during the supernova
explosion. A Neutron star is so dense that one teaspoon of its material would have a
mass over 5.5×1012 kg, about 900 times the mass of the Great pyramid of Gaza
The resulting force of gravity is so strong that if an object were to fall from a height of
one meter it would only take one microsecond to hit the surface of the neutron star, and
would do so at around 2000 kilometers per second, or 7.2 million kilometers per hour.
The temperature inside a newly formed neutron star is around 10 12 kelvin In a
Neutron star neutrons predominate the structure. Neutrons have 2 down quarks and 1
up quark oscillating by repulsion between the 2 down quarks and attraction to the 1 up
quark empowered by the strong force. This generates 2 gravity waves at the extents of
the down quarks travel with a negative potential bias. These negative gravity waves are
disrupted by interference into pulses of negative gravitation emanating outwards.
Because of the density of these neutrons within the neutron star, these emergent
gravitational pulses are quite dense and extremely strong, attracting all particles and
sub-atomic particles with a positive potential bias. This is the same as conventional
gravitational pulses attracting all negative particles, electrons, photons etc, but with
greater strength because of their density.
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Summary
Because the breakup of all waves by interference results in pulses of charge with
diminished potential emanating outwards from the centre. The attraction of these
pulses positive or negative, for atomic and sub-atomic particles positive or negative
respectively will produce the same results in determining their mass.
That is in both cases they will have an attraction for bodies of matter as such.
Mass of stars
The combination of radius and mass of a star is used to determine its surface gravity.
Basically we are determining the Mass of any object by measuring its effect upon a
known Mass. We can then calculate the force of Gravity of the object given its Mass and
dimensional Radius. This however does not take account of which particles are doing
the attracting and which are being attracted. Gravity does not attract in all respects to
all particles of matter, some are attracted and some are repelled and man’s
instrumentation does not differentiate between attracting particles and attracted
particles.
In conventional Proton generated gravitational forces
Positive pulses from body of matter A attract all negative charges and charge particles
in body of matter B.
Positive pulses from body of matter A repel all positive charges and charge particles in
body of matter B.
Positive pulses from body of matter B attract all negative charges and charge particles
in body of matter A.
Positive pulses from body of matter B repel all positive charges and charge particles in
body of matter A.
In unconventional Neutron generated gravitational forces
Negative pulses from body of matter A attract all Positive charges and charge particles
in body of matter B.
Negative pulses from body of matter A repel all negative charges and charge particles in
body of matter B.
Positive pulses from body of matter B attract all negative charges and charge particles
in body of matter A.
Positive pulses from body of matter B repel all positive charges and charge particles in
body of matter A.
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DARK MATTER
Dark Matter
In astronomy and cosmology, dark matter is matter that is inferred to exist from
gravitational effects on visible matter and background radiation, but is undetectable by
emitted or scattered electromagnetic radiation Its existence was hypothesized to account
for discrepancies between measurements of the mass of galaxies, clusters of galaxies and
the entire universe made through dynamical and general relativistic means, and
measurements based on the mass of the visible "luminous" matter these objects contain:
stars and the gas and dust of the interstellar and intergalactic media. According to
observations of structures larger than galaxies, as well as Big Bang cosmology
interpreted under the "Friedmann equations " and the FLRW metric", dark matter
accounts for 23% of the mass-energy density of the observable Universe, while the
ordinary matter accounts for only 4.6% (the remainder is attributed to Dark Energy
From these figures, dark matter constitutes 80% of the matter in the universe, while
ordinary matter makes up only 20%. Dark matter was postulated by Fritz Zwicky in
1934 to account for evidence of "missing mass" in the orbital velocities of galaxies in
clusters. Subsequently, other observations have indicated the presence of dark matter
in the universe, including the rotational speeds of galaxies, gravitational lensing of
background objects by galaxy clusters such as the Bullet Cluster, and the temperature
distribution of hot gas in galaxies and clusters of galaxies. Dark matter plays a central
role in state-of-the-art modeling of structure formation and Galaxy evolution, and has
measurable effects on the anisotropy observed in the cosmic microwave background.
All these lines of evidence suggest that galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and the universe as
a whole contain far more matter than that which interacts with electromagnetic
radiation. The largest part of dark matter, which does not interact with electromagnetic
radiation, is not only "dark" but also, by definition, utterly transparent.
This occurs when the density of negative charge bound within the core of Dark Matter
attracts all positive disrupted pulses of gravitation from the outer bounds of the Dark
Matter preventing attraction of any negative charge from outside.
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DARK MATTER
( new concept ).
All atomic elementary material generates gravitational force; it both attracts and is
attracted to all other bodies of matter. Ultimately its size, its mass, its gravitational force
will increase to a point beyond which no negative charge or charged particles can
escape, it becomes Dark Matter. All atomic elementary materials, and negative charge
and charged particles, will ultimately be attracted to and become entrapped by the
intense force from within Dark Matter. For Dark Matter to attract all negative charge
and charge particles it must generate Gravitational force from Protons. Protons need an
Electron to be attracted by Gravity, or they need to be adjacent to negative potentials.
Atoms need Electrons and Neutrons to exist. The first particles to be attracted out from
atom structures would be the last to be added i.e. Neutrons at the highest atomic level.
This would be followed progressively by the Neutrons in the lower levels. The remnants
of these structures would be the original Protons still retaining their Electrons, still
generating gravity waves, these would be disrupted by interference to produce pulses of
gravitation with a positive potential bias. The negative charges and charge particles
attracted and absorbed by Dark Matter would exist within its core possibly as negative
charge plasma, this would consist of all photons, and possibly de-structured Electrons,
and Down Quarks. It is this negative charged core that “ directly “ attracts the remnant
Protons around the core of Dark Matter generating gravity as waves becoming
disrupted by interference into pulses of gravitation with a positive potential bias.
The cessation of gravity in a region of criticality within Dark Matter occurs when the
intensity of gravitational force attracts the down quarks out of their bond within the
Protons causing the generation of gravity in that region of Dark Matter to cease.
BIG BANG caused by cessation of gravity in an area of Dark Matter
Massive release of negative energy from within the core of Dark Matter passing through
the outer layers of singular Protons and Up Quark particles.
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DARK ENERGY
In physical cosmology, astronomy and celestial mechanics, dark energy is a hypothetical
form of energy that permeates all of space and tends to increase the rate of expansion of
the Universe. Dark energy is the most popular way to explain recent observations and
experiments that the universe appears to be expanding at an accelerating rate. In the
standard model of cosmology, dark energy currently accounts for 74% of the total mass
energy of the Universe. Two proposed forms for dark energy are the cosmological
constant, a constant energy density filling space homogeneously, and scalar fields such
as quintessence or moduli, dynamic quantities whose energy density can vary in time
and space. Contributions from scalar fields that are constant in space are usually also
included in the cosmological constant. The cosmological constant is physically
equivalent to vacuum energy. In physical cosmology, astronomy and celestial
mechanics, dark energy is a form of energy that permeates all of space and tends to
increase the rate of expansion of the Universe. Dark energy is the most popular way to
explain recent observations and experiments that the universe appears to be expanding
at an accelerating rate. In the standard model of cosmology, dark energy currently
accounts for 74% of the total mass energy of the Universe.
The cosmological constant is physically equivalent to vacuum energy.
DARK ENERGY ( new concept )
Dark Energy is a gravitational force appearing to attract and accelerate bodies of
matter outwards at an increasing rate. Its generation comes from within Protons devoid
of electrons in trajectories at the outermost parts of our known Universe. At the time of
the Big Bang, Protons would have been one of the first of the components of Atomic
elementary structures to be formed. Devoid of electrons they would be generating
gravity waves, which would be disrupted by interference into pulses of gravitational
force, with a positive charge bias. They would repel each other away from the intense
energy still generating gravity waves, but unable to encounter or attract electrons into
trajectories. These Protons, one of the first of the particles to be released during the Big
Bang would continue outwards away from the intense activity, not attracted by bodies
of evolving atomic elementary material having a positive charge, and repelled from each
other by the same positive charge, yet generating a gravitational force which to a degree
held them together as individual particles by its attraction for the down quarks within
the Protons, as compared to an attraction for down quarks and electrons in complete
atomic elemental structures. Ultimately these free Protons were destined to the far
extents of the newly evolving bodies of matter within the Universe, and are now
responsible for the acceleration of known bodies of matter outwards.
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EXPANDING UNIVERSE
Dark Energy is a gravitational force appearing to attract and accelerate bodies of
matter outwards at an increasing rate. Its generation comes from within Protons devoid
of electrons in trajectories at the outermost parts of our known Universe.
At the time of the Big Bang, Protons would have been one of the first of the components
of Atomic elementary structures to be formed. Devoid of electrons they would be
generating gravity waves, which would be disrupted by interference into pulses of
gravitational force. with a positive charge bias. They would repel each other and be
repelled away from the intense energy, still generating gravity waves.
These Protons, one of the first of the particles to be released during the Big Bang would
continue outwards away from the intense activity, repelled from bodies of evolving
atomic elementary material having a positive charge, and repelled from each other by
the same positive charge.
The gravitational force which holds matter together only does so by its attraction for the
Electrons and Down Quarks within the Nucleus of Atomic structures.
Ultimately these free Protons were destined to the far extents of the newly evolving
bodies of matter within the Universe, and are now responsible for the acceleration of
known bodies of matter outwards. In physical cosmology, dark energy is a hypothetical
form of energy that permeates all of space and tends to increase the rate of expansion of
the Universe.
IMPORTANT
Dark energy and Dark Matter are currently thought of as a crucial ingredients in an
attempt to formulate a cyclic model for the Universe. The Universe may seem to be
expanding however infinity cannot expand or contract. What is happening is that bodies
of matter would seem to be drifting towards the edge of our known Universe suggesting
the possibility that it may be expanding. This concept suggests that one of the first of the
elementary particles to be evolved during a Big Bang event would be the Proton. Its two
Up Quarks and one Down Quark generate Gravity waves with or without an electron in
a trajectory, which become disrupted by interference into pulses of gravitation with a
positive potential bias. These single Protons devoid of Electrons, would be repelled far
out into the Universe during a Big Bang Event, their disrupted pulses of gravitation
holding them apart by repulsion and aiding their movement outwards.
The Gravitation from all such free Protons will pervade the Universe evenly distributed,
interlocking with gravitation from all bodies of matter to produce the effect suggested
by Einstein of a vast network of gravitation concentrating around all bodies of matter in
space. This background of gravitation, together with its attractive interconnection with
gravitation from all bodies of matter steadily attracts bodies of matter outwards further
into space, to the edges of our known Universe.
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BIG BANG
Big Bang Theory
Scientists base the Big Bang theory on many different observations. The most important
is the redshift of very far away galaxies. Redshift is when the light from an object
moving away from the earth looks like it has lost energy. Objects moving towards the
earth look like their light has gained energy. This is because of the Doppler Effect.
The more redshift there is, the faster the object is moving. When we see the redshift we
can see how fast the object is moving. Since everything is moving away from everything
else at a carefully measured rate, scientists calculate that everything was in the same
place 13.7 billion years ago. Because most things become colder when they become
bigger, the universe must have been very hot when it started.
Dark Matter acquires matter and energy by its intense gravitational attraction for
negative charge as particles or waves, its force of attraction ever increasing. Criticality
occurs when gravity ceases in a particular region within dark matter.
Gravitational force is generated within all Protons. Protons entrapped within Dark
matter continue to exist still generating gravity waves; their molecular structures
become destroyed as electrons are forced from their orbitals, causing atom structures to
be destroyed. Electrons are forced out of the Proton trajectories reducing the structures
of Protons and Neutrons to singular particles of non-atomic structures, the Protons will
still be generating gravity waves.
Gravitational force ultimately becomes so strong in regions within Dark Matter that the
Down Quarks within the Protons are attracted out of their bonds and the Up Quarks
oscillations cease causing a cessation of Gravity Waves. The body of Dark Matter would
not in itself be destroyed, for the bulk of Dark Matter still remains, generating gravity
waves, still generating its intense force of gravity.
What has occurred produces a vast release of energy from within the Dark Matter to
begin the process of generating atomic elementary structures from the basis of Up
Quarks, Electrons, and vast releases of energy as the heat of fusion reactions begin.
59
UNIVERSAL CONTROL
Cyclical Universe
Albert Einstein in 1930 theorized a universe following an eternal series of oscillations,
each beginning with a big bang and ending with a big crunch; in the interim, the
universe would expand for a period of time before the gravitational attraction of matter
causes it to collapse back in and undergo a bounce.
Cyclical Universe ( new Concept )
The present overall density of the Universe is very low, roughly 9.9 × 10−30 grams per
cubic centimetre.
This mass-energy appears to consist of .....
73% dark energy
23% cold dark matter
4% ordinary matter.
Density = 1 hydrogen atom per 4 cubic metres of space
This concept suggests that Dark Energy 73% is composed of electron free protons,
generating gravity waves that have an attraction for bodies of matter ( active mass ),
and extremely low ( passive mass ) toward all bodies of matter. It is also suggested that
Dark Matter 23% is the ultimate end of all bodies of matter, all atomic elementary
material being attracted to Dark Matter eventually to be stripped of their electrons
resulting in partial collapse.
Eventually the gravitational force within Dark Matter becomes critical in some areas
causing a final collapse of structures stripping the negative down quarks from within
the nuclei causing a momentary cessation of gravity resulting in a Big Bang Event.
Ordinary matter 4%, atomic elementary material, are bodies of matter in the Universe,
existent as Galaxies, Star systems, Planetary masses etc.
Gravity is the ultimate, if chaotic controller of material density in the Universe
60
GENERAL RELATIVITY
If we consider the complex interrelationship between all atom structures the simple
explanation of what we term gravitational force becomes an extremely complex web of
interwoven forces that reach out across the Universe as one can see from the simple
explanations above... Particle decay results in a reduced trajectory for the Up Quarks,
a reduced trajectory for the bound Electrons, which results in a lower charge on the
positive disrupted pulses. This causes bodies of matter to move closer together as energy
levels fall. The ratio of attraction of gravity to negative particles, compared to the
repulsion of positive disrupted pulses of gravity against opposing positive disrupted
pulses of gravity results in a drawing together of bodies of matter as particles decay.
There follows examples of the tests verifying General Relativity, and Special Relativity
Why "C" is considered a CONSTANT / Gravitational time dilation
Generally, processes where mass is moving close to a massive body, they run more
slowly when compared with processes taking place farther away; this effect is known as
gravitational time dilation.
Light deflection and gravitational time delay
General relativity predicts that the path of light is bent in a gravitational field; light
passing a massive body is deflected towards that body. This effect has been confirmed
by observing the light of stars or distant quasars being deflected as it passes the Sun.
Speed of light
The speed of light, usually denoted by c, is a physical constant representing the speed at
which light and all other electromagnetic radiation travels in vacuum. Its value is
exactly 299,792,458 metres per second (approximately 186,282 miles per second).
In the theory of relativity, c connects space and time, and appears in the famous
equation of mass-energy equivalence E = mc2.
The speed of light is the speed of all massless particles and associated fields in vacuum,
and it is believed to be the speed of gravity and of gravitational waves and an upper
bound on the speed at which energy, matter, and information can travel.
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The forces of Gravitation.
Disrupted gravitational pulses with a positive potential bias emanate outwards from the
Sun. They attract negative charged particles of matter on the Sun facing side of Planets,
and radially in rotation with the Sun. This force attracts Planets towards and with the
Suns motion, and imposes a force for clockwise spin, and anticlockwise orbit with
perihelion advance. Disrupted gravitational pulses with a positive potential bias
emanating outwards from the Sun also repel disrupted gravitational pulses from all
around Planets, away from the Sun and radially in rotation with the Sun.
This force tends to push Planets away from the Sun and similar to Frame Dragging
pushes Planets towards an anticlockwise spin, and advance the perihelion. As the
energy of gravitational pulses falls the potential for repulsion becomes less and Planets
move closer to the Sun until it equates to the attractive force of gravitation. Photons in
the more negative phase of all electromagnetic waves from the Sun attract Gravitational
pulses from all around Planets outwards longitudinally in the direction of travel and
radially with the Spin of the Sun. Though these forces are infinitely small they also
cause frame dragging that pulls Planets into its orbital trajectory with a force towards
orbital precession, and a force towards an anticlockwise spin, and perihelion advance.
Disrupted pulses of gravitation from Planets with a positive potential emanate outwards
towards the Sun. They are repulsed by the radiating pulses of gravitation from the Sun
with lesser force on the Sun’s facing side of the planets and greater force on the more
distant side of the Planets.
All the above forces cumulatively produce a force for a radial precession of perihelion in
the direction of the Suns rotation. The same forces produce an attractive force for orbit,
trajectory and spin, together with a small precessional force upon orbital trajectory.
The deflection of light by Gravity
Disrupted pulses of gravitation with a positive charge bias attract and energise all
Photons in the more negative phase of all electromagnetic waves at any frequency.
Photons individually have an extremely small negative charge, this charge varies as
energy levels change, as for instance when it passes through a gravitational field. This
attraction of gravitation for photons in their more negative phase of all electromagnetic
waves at any frequency causes the wave direction to deflect by attraction towards the
gravitational field.
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The Gravitational Redshift of electromagnetic waves
Disrupted pulses of gravitation with a positive charge bias attract and energise all
Photons in the more negative phase of all electromagnetic waves at any frequency.
Photons individually have an extremely small negative charge, this charge varies as
energy levels change, as for instance when it passes through a gravitational field.
This attraction of gravitation for photons in their more negative phase of all
electromagnetic waves at any frequency cause the wave frequency of the wave to change
as the photons energy rises and falls. A rise in energy level results in a change towards
blue, a fall in energy level results in a change towards red. During these changes in
frequency there are momentary changes in the electromagnetic wave speed
Gravitational lensing
Disrupted pulses of gravitation with a positive charge bias attract and energise all
Photons in the more negative phase of all electromagnetic waves at any frequency.
Photons individually have an extremely small negative charge, this charge varies as
energy levels change, as for instance when it passes through a gravitational field. This
attraction of gravitation for photons in their more negative phase of all electromagnetic
waves at any frequency causes the wave direction to deflect towards the gravitational
field. When electromagnetic waves are passing around a body of matter in space they
are attracted as they pass resulting in a lensing effect as they leave. This is not lensing in
the photographic sense, i.e. not focused in the photographic sense.
Light travel time delay ( electromagnetic wave speed )
The speed of electromagnetic waves is determined by their escape velocity from gravity.
The Photon has an extremely small negative potential, this determines the escape
velocity of all electromagnetic waves from the force of gravitational attraction. It does
not alter the fact that during transit throughout space electromagnetic waves will
encounter gravitational force going into or coming out of areas of differing gravitational
intensity.
Though gravity attenuates photons in their more negative phase of electromagnetic
waves towards light speed 'c', it also energises or de-energises photons during transit,
causing changes in frequency which has the effect of temporarily changing the speed of
the waves passing through.
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Gavitational Frame Dragging
General relativity predicts that rotating bodies drag spacetime around themselves in a
phenomenon referred to as frame-dragging. Lense and Thirring predicted that the
rotation of an object would alter space and time, dragging a nearby object out of
position compared with the predictions of Newtonian physics.
The predicted effect is about one part in a few trillion.
New concept for Gravitational Frame Dragging
Gravitation from the Sun, as disrupted pulses of gravity waves with a positive potential
bias, have an attractive effect on all bodies of atomic elementary matter affecting
direction of movement spin and orbit. Gravitation as disrupted pulses of gravity waves
has a repulsive effect on the gravity fields themselves emanating outwards from all
bodies of matter affecting spin and orbit. Gravitation from the Sun moves faster on the
outer radial and slower on the inner radial of planetary objects, creating a repelling
frame dragging force from the pulses of gravitation on emanating pulses of gravity
creating a frame dragging effect greater on the outer radial, and a lesser effect on the
inner radial.
This affects both anticlockwise spin and anticlockwise orbital trajectory around the
Sun. Gravitation from a moving body of matter affecting another body of matter will
impose a force of attraction toward that body of matter, causing it to move in the
direction of its travel. This is another more direct form of frame dragging acting
directly upon all negative particles within that body of matter.
Electromagnetic Frame Dragging
Electromagnetic waves have a small attractive effect on the disrupted positive pulses of
gravity emanating outwards from all bodies of matter affecting spin and orbit.
Electromagnetic waves from the Sun move radially faster in the outer radial slower on
the inner radial of planetary bodies of matter creating an extremely small frame
dragging force from the photons in their more negative phase of the wave, on positive
pulses of gravitation for anticlockwise spin and anticlockwise orbital trajectory.
64
Dark Matter - Big Bang
It has been calculated that Dark matter accounts for 23% of the mass-energy density in
the Universe. It refers to a body of matter with such gravitational force that all atomic
elementary material, sources of energy, electromagnetic waves etc remain inescapably
entrapped within its intense force of Gravitation. Dark matters, intense gravitational
attraction, pulls all matter, elementary material, electromagnetic waves into its intense
gravitational field. Ultimately its gravitational force will reach such intensity it will
attract all negative charge particles in towards its core, electrons will be attracted out of
their trajectories, releasing the elementary attraction between atomic structures, and
their orbital electrons, collapsing their elemental structures. Finally attracting the down
quarks from within the proton and neutrons nucleus structures causing a cessation of
gravity in that region of intense gravitational force. Dark matter the graveyard of all
atomic elementary material, produces the beginning of a new Big Bang Event. Dark
matter has a gravitational force that attracts all atomic elementary structures, all bodies
of matter into its being. Dark matter attracts all forms of electromagnetic energy
inescapably into its body of Mass. It has a gravitational force greater than any known to
man. Its composition must therefore be from the fundamental structures of atomic
elementary material, the Protons, the Electrons and the Quarks, inescapably entrapped
within. Dark Matter is the ultimate end for all bodies of matter in the Universe. Dark
Matter is the beginning for all matter in the Universe.
Dark Energy
Dark Energy is a hypothetical form of energy that permeates all of space and tends to
increase the rate of expansion of the Universe. Dark energy is the most popular way to
explain recent observations and experiments that the universe appears to be expanding
at an accelerating rate. In the standard model of cosmology, dark energy currently
accounts for 74% of the total mass energy of the universe. Two proposed forms for dark
energy are the cosmological constant, a constant energy density filling space
homogeneously, and scalar fields such as quintessence or moduli, dynamic quantities
whose energy density can vary in time and space.
65
Dark Energy new concept
It has been calculated that Dark Energy is a form of energy that permeates all of space
and tends to increase the rate of expansion of the Universe Dark energy is the most
logical way to explain observations and experiments that the universe is expanding at an
accelerating rate. In the standard model of cosmology, dark energy currently
accounts for 74% of the total mass energy of the universe. During the big Bang event
the first of all the atomic elementary structures to be formed were protons, 2 up quarks
with 1 down quark attracted together and oscillating to produce positive biased
waveforms. Without electrons bound into trajectories, their positive charge bias
provided a repulsive force between protons, having no negative electrons to produce the
attractive force between them. These early protons would be ejected out into space
generating gravity waves but without electrons to provide their binding charge. These
free protons devoid of electrons in trajectories, continue to move away from bodies of
matter by the repulsion of their gravity waves from other gravitational radiation.
However their gravitational radiation continues to be generated as disrupted pulses of
gravity waves with a positive potential bias. The extremely low density gravitation will
continue to attract all bodies of atomic elementary matter outwards and away from the
conglomeration of other bodies of matter in our Galaxy. This in essence is the source of
dark energy, protons without electrons, unable to form into elementary particles
continuing to generate gravity waves out into space. The final resting place for such
electron free protons would be within the attractive force of Neutron Stars whose
intense inverse negative gravitation could attract the Protons forcing the Up Quarks
from their bond within the Protons nucleus. Is Dark Energy the magical Luminiferous
Ether to which Michelson and Moreley referred ?
Expansion of the Universe - Dark Energy
The Universe may seem to be expanding however infinity cannot expand or contract.
What is happening is that bodies of matter would seem to be drifting towards the edge
of our known Universe suggesting the possibility that it may be expanding. This concept
suggests that one of the first of the elementary particles to be evolved during a Big Bang
event would be the Proton. Its two Up Quarks and one Down Quark generate Gravity
waves with or without an electron in a trajectory, which become disrupted by
interference into pulses of gravitation with a positive potential bias. These single
Protons devoid of Electrons, would be repelled far out into the Universe during a Big
Bang Event, their disrupted pulses of gravitation holding them apart by repulsion and
aiding their movement outwards. The Gravitation from all such free Protons will
pervade the Universe evenly distributed, interlocking with gravitation from all bodies of
matter to produce the effect suggested by Einstein of a vast network of gravitation
concentrating around all bodies of matter in space.
66
SPECIAL RELATIVITY
Generally, where mass is close to a massive body, processes run more slowly when
compared with processes taking place farther away; this effect is known as gravitational
time dilation.
Light deflection and gravitational time delay
General relativity predicts that the path of light is bent in a gravitational field; light
passing a massive body is deflected towards that body. This effect has been confirmed
by observing the light of stars or distant quasars being deflected as it passes the Sun.
Speed of light
The speed of light, usually denoted by c, is a physical constant representing the speed at
which light and all other electromagnetic radiation travels in vacuum. Its value is
exactly 299,792,458 metres per second (approximately 186,282 miles per second). In the
theory of relativity, c connects space and time, and appears in the famous equation of
mass-energy equivalence E = mc2. The speed of light is the speed of all massless particles
and associated fields in vacuum. The speed of light is believed to be the speed of gravity
and of gravitational waves, and it is the upper bound on the speed at which energy,
matter, and information can travel.
Basics of special relativity suggests that electromagnetic wave speed is constant, and
that e = m * c2 Where e= energy, m=mass and c=speed of Light
Speed of Light
Electromagnetic wavespeed is not constant, as the negative (10 -52 Coulombs) photon
energy increases, frequency shifts towards Blue, as photon energy decreases frequency
shifts towards Red. This cannot take place without a local change in photons and wave
speed. Disrupted pulses of gravitation also have a variable energy density dependant
upon its Mass at source, this affects photon energy as they pass through as
electromagnetic waves, changing the energy levels of the photon. E=mc2 suggests that
energy equals mass multiplied by a very big number that is not constant, a concept
difficult to accept as accurate when the change in lightspeed may be miniscule but it is
nevertheless not a constant speed.
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The Lorentz transformations
These transformations are based on a non-varying electromagnetic wavespeed " c " and
a concept where length appears different to different observers, and clocks tick at
different rates suggesting time dilation. Electromagnetic wave speed does vary, changes
in photon energy causes changes in frequency. This cannot take effect without changing
wave speed. The appearance of the length of an object may appear to change to
different observers, this however was presuming lightspeed was constant to both
observers. Time is a concept of Man, it is constant throughout the Universe otherwise it
is a meaningless dimension. Time does not dilate; it does not appear different in any
frame of reference its constancy is assured by its definition. What does change is the
Mass and Energy within all particles in bodies of matter, and in the energy particles
within bodies of matter, also within the Photons structure of electromagnetic waves.
History of special relativity
The need for special relativity arose from Maxwell’s equations suggesting that
electromagnetic waves must move with a constant speed "c" the speed of light.
Maxwell proposed that light travels through a luminferous ether which permeates the
universe. In 1887, the famous Michelson Morley experiment tried to detect the "ether
wind" generated by the movement of the Earth. The persistent null results of this
experiment puzzled physicists, and called the ether theory into question. Lorentz and
Fitzgerald noted that the null result of the Michelson-Morley experiment could be
explained by the ether wind contracting the experiment in the direction of motion of the
ether. This effect is called the Lorentz contraction, and (without ether) is a consequence
of special relativity. 1905, Einstein published another article presenting E = mc2.
The ether referred to is generated by single free Protons devoid of Electrons generating
gravity waves which become disrupted by interference into pulses of gravitation with a
positive potential bias these pulse of gravitation emanate throughout space.
68
THE CYCLICAL UNIVERSE
The concept of a Cyclical Universe begins with understanding Dark Matter.
Our concept of the Universe is one of Infinity and the Matter it contains.
Dark Matter constitutes 80% and Ordinary Matter 20% of all matter in the Universe.
In this concept, Matter begins and ends its life within the intense gravitation generated
by Dark Matter, this gravitation is the same type of gravitation generated by all bodies
of ordinary atomic elementary matter.
Proton Generated Gravitation
Conventional Proton generated gravity waves produce gravity waves with a positive
potential emanating from all conventional bodies of matter.
Its generation as positive biased waves of charge from atomic structures can be derived
from the Quarks structure formation within Protons, and the Protons within all atomic
elemental structures.
Neutron Generated Gravitation
Neutron generated gravity waves produce gravity waves with a negative potential
emanating from the Quark structure formation within Neutron based matter, as in the
case of Neutron Stars.
Because of the criticality and instability of Neutron based gravitation, this option is
disregarded as the source of gravity from Dark Matter, it would be unstable, and
untenable as is the case in Neutron Stars.
Neutron stars either collapse into Black holes, or burst into White Dwarf mini-stars
Gravitation
All conventional gravitation is generated from within all Protons by 2 Up Quarks
oscillating both by repulsion and attraction around 1 Down Quark.
These two waves of charge with a positive potential can attract an electron into one of
the two trajectories, an electron in any of the trajectories debars a second by repulsion.
These gravity waves become disrupted by interference into pulses of gravitation
emanating outwards from all bodies of matter, including Dark Matter, these disrupted
pulses of gravitation have a positive potential bias.
69
Gravitational intensity increases as the Dark Matter accumulates more and more
matter and charge, so the increasing attractive force on the Atomic Structures cause the
Neutrons to be attracted out of their atomic bonds de-structuring elemental bodies of
matter to single Protons structures with or without an electron in a trajectory.
The question arising with Dark Matter is how it continues to attract and hold these
individual Protons to the body of Dark Matter. What provides the attraction ?
The answer to this lies in what gravity is attracting in Dark Matter.
It attracts all negative charge and charge particles, including photons in the more
negative phase of all electromagnetic waves at any frequency.
The core of Dark Matter therefore must be at an ever increasing negative potential.
This will consist of the basic constructs forming Down Quarks, Electrons, Photons,
whether this takes the form of base negative charge, or whether the charge potentials
are much reduced by the intensity of gravitational force, or even whether the particles
of charge are all reduced to the same as or less than the Photon charge particles.
However these negative charges are compressed in the core they actively and directly
attract all positive charge and charge particles at the surface of Dark Matter.
Consequently any remnants of atomic elementary material will remain attracted at the
surface of Dark Matter as single Proton structures still generating Gravitational waves.
The only means by which these single Proton structures could be broken down, is if the
gravitational force became great enough to attract the Down Quarks out from its bond
between the 2 Up Quarks, at which point the generation of gravity from these particles
would cease releasing an explosion of negative charge potential from within the core of
Dark Matter in whatever form that may take.
If gravitation were to cease in a region of Dark Matter, if an area of Proton structures
at the surface were to be torn apart, the resultant outward explosion of force would be
cataclysmic, the repulsive force from negative particles exploding through an outer
core of positive singular Protons.
This would be the beginning of another Big Bang Event ! causing another new
evolution of atomic elemental structures as Energy levels change dramatically through
the many processes involving nucleosynthesis.
70
THE CYCLICAL UNIVERSE
BIG BANG caused by cessation of gravity in an area of Dark Matter
Release of negative energy from within the core of Dark Matter passing through the
outer layers of singular Protons and Up Quark particles.
Generation of Atomic Elementary Structures begins within nucleosynthesis..
The atomic elementary particles become Bodies of Matter in Space
Bodies of Matter are attracted to all Matter
Bodies of Matter and Energy ultimately attracted into Dark Matter
Negative particles attracted out of Dark Matter structures by intense gravitation.
This is a slow process de-structuring Atomic elemental structures
Atomic Elemental Structures degraded to single Protons still generating gravitation.
1
2
3
Gravitational intensity attracts Down Quarks out of the Proton structures
A collision occurs with other Dark Matter
A collision occurs with another body of Matter
BIG BANG caused by cessation of gravity in that area of Dark Matter as 1,2,3 above.
CONCLUSION
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Gravity is the Ultimate controller of the density of bodies of matter in the Universe.
Ultimate because it is not precise, its agglomeration into Dark Matter cannot be
quantified but it certainly will happen. The cessation of gravity in an area of Dark
Matter again cannot be pre-determined, but it surely will happen. That cessation of
gravity will be only momentary, but in that period the energy released will be
astronomical beyond imagination. Perhaps the Luminiferous Ether to which Michelson
and Morley referred may indeed exist throughout the Universe as Dark Energy,
considered in this concept to be Protons devoid of Electrons generating pulses of
gravitation with a positive potential, that Man cannot currently measure.
Man must accept that gravity begins within the smallest and simplest of atoms.
It defines the very reason why a Proton can only maintain one electron in just one of its
two trajectories. It also explains the only way in that what appears to be a monopole
force of attraction can be generated, by wave interference. We should also consider that
gravity begins within the simplest and the smallest of atoms, and that there must be two
waves generated from the two Up Quarks to retain an electron in either one of two
trajectories. The appearance of gravitation as a monopole force of attraction can only
be produced by the disruption of these waves by interference into a proliferation of
pulses of gravitation with a positive potential bias. This would produce an attraction for
and repulsion against all charge potentials resulting in a point of equilibrium between
bodies of Matter. Bodies of Matter will always be attracted together to form larger
bodies of Matter. All such bodies of Matter will ultimately be attracted into Dark
matter where the attractive force of gravitation is at extremely high densities.
GRAVITATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM
The equilibrium of force between two bodies of matter is reached when the attractive
disrupted pulses of positive potential force from gravitation from each body of matter
for the others negative charge and charge particles balances in equilibrium with the
repulsive force between the disrupted pulses of positive potential from bodies of matter.
The repulsive force of these pulses extending beyond their hill sphere radius.
Consequently the repulsive force is nearly always greater than the attractive force,
however the repulsive force does diminish as the positive component of gravitational
force decays over time as the Atomic electron trajectories decay becoming smaller.
This means the positive component of gravitation decays over time ( billions of years )
The repulsive component existent over a considerably larger area diminishing greater
over time than the more direct attractive component. This is more noticeable with
orbiting bodies of matter such as in our solar system, where centrifugal force is also in
effect.
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BIG BANG TIMELINE
1.
10-43 sec Big Bang Event
Big Bang as gravity momentarily ceases in an area of Dark Matter caused either by Down
Quarks being forced by intense gravity from their bonding within Protons, or by a collision with
another body of matter, releasing an inferno of energy in the form of Up Quarks, Down
Quarks, Electrons, and Photons.
2.
10-32 sec
10 27 deg
An inferno, a hot soup of, Up Quarks, Down Quarks, Electrons, and Photons and other particles
ejected outwards into space.
3.
10 -6sec
10 13 deg Protons Generate Gravity Waves
PROTONS FORM
Quarks begin to form again into Protons generating gravity waves, together with Neutrons but
without electrons captured into trajectories.
4.
3 mins
10 8 deg
PROTONS FORM WITH NEUTRONS
Quarks within Protons continue generating gravity waves, beginning to group with the
Neutrons but without electrons captured into trajectories.
5.
300,000 yrs
10,000deg Protons capture Electrons to form Atoms
PROTONS CAPTURE ELECTRONS HYDROGEN AND HELIUM FORM
Electrons begin to be captured into trajectories by Protons continuing to generate gravity
waves and beginning to form hydrogen atoms and grouping with Neutrons.
6.
1 billion yrs -200 deg
HELIUM AND BERYLLIUM FORM
The increasing force of gravity begins to attract gas clouds of hydrogen and helium gas together
into dense gas clouds that ultimately become galaxies as they collapse to form the first star
systems.
7.
15 billion yrs -270 deg
HELIUM AND BERYLLIUM FORM
As galaxies begin to cluster together to form the first stars, these stars themselves begin to
collapse as their heavy elements are spewed out into space, these again will ultimately be drawn
back together as stars and planetary systems.
ELEMENTS ABOVE BERILLIUM
Elements above beryllium formed in nucleo-synthesis and stellar nucleosynthesis fusion
reactions from dense clouds of gasses with hydrogen / helium / carbon burning
processes, possibly as remnants of a Big Bang nucleo-synthesis.
GRAVITY
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The major factor chaotically controlling these reaction within the Universe is gravity or
the lack of it, for only gravity can contain the infinitely immense number of negative
charge particles contained and constrained within Dark Matter prior to its escape via a
Big Bang Event, e.g. the momentary collapse of gravitational force. The overriding
attraction of gravity for negative charge particles can be seen in its attraction of
electrons inescapably into positive Proton trajectories. How mankind generates his
energy by moving electrons from earth through magnetic generators and back to earth.
It needs energy for generators to remove the electrons from earth yet the same electrons
readily return to earth without effort from the generator . It could be said all
conductors attract negative charge, but only if the conductors have the positive charge
to attract and hold them. The structure within Protons consists of 2 positive Up Quarks
and 1 negative Down Quark. These must oscillate by repulsion and attraction to
produce two positive biased waveforms at the extremities of the Up Quarks oscillation.
This is Gravitation, this is how Gravity as waves are generated, but soon to be disrupted
by interference into pulses of gravitation with a positive charge bias. These pulses
attract all negative charge particles, Electrons, Down Quarks, and Photons in the more
negative phase of electromagnetic waves at any frequency.
The disruption of gravity waves by interference is the only way by which what appears
to be a monopole force of attraction for charged particles can be generated.
ATOMIC MASS UNIT
The Atomic mass (ma) is often expressed in Unified Atomic Mass Units.
1u
= 1 Atomic mass unit
=1 Dalton
= 0.99888 Kendrick
= 1.660 538 782 * 10 -27 Kg
= 931.494 028 + 106 eV / c2
MASS
Mass is a property produced in all atomic elementary material by the action of external
force upon its internal elementary structure.
This force can be applied by physical external force acting by repulsion, upon the
electrons in their trajectories to impose a force onto the inner particles causing an
increase in charge stress ( mass ) between those particles within that structure.
Note :- Physical external force exerts a negative force for repulsion.
Note:- Gravitational force exerts a positive force for attraction.
These forces increase the charge stress ( mass ) between charge particles within atom
structures affecting their Mass.
Einstein's Gravity
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Albert Einstein called gravity a distortion in the shape of space-time, otherwise known
as the fourth dimension, and is one of the reasons for positional anomalies in space
flight. Basic physics states that if there are no external forces at work, an object will
always travel in the straightest possible line. Accordingly, without an external force, two
objects travelling along parallel paths will always remain parallel. They will never meet.
But the fact is, they do meet. Particles that start off on parallel paths sometimes end up
colliding. Newton's theory says this can occur because of gravity, a force attracting
those objects to one another or to a single, third object. Einstein also says this occurs
due to gravity -- but in his theory, gravity is not a force, It's a curve in space-time.
This was mainly because man could not quantify the external effects of gravitation, it
was and is immeasurable. According to Einstein, those objects are still travelling along
the straightest possible line, but due to a distortion in space-time, the straightest
possible line is now along a spherical path. So two objects that were moving along a flat
plane are now moving along a spherical plane. And two straight paths along that sphere
end in a single point.
Still more-recent theories of gravity express the phenomenon in terms of particles and
waves. One view states that particles called gravitons cause objects to be attracted to
one another. Gravitons have never actually been observed, though. And neither have
gravitational waves, sometimes called gravitational radiation, which supposedly are
generated when an object is accelerated by an external force:
COMMENT
Gravitons and gravitational waves have not been observed because they are not where
we can observe them generated within the nucleus of all atoms maintaining the electron
trajectories. Space-time was suggested by Einstein because time measurement became a
problem when observing objects travelling in differing directions approaching
relativistic speed. All of the above was mainly because man could not quantify the
external and far distant effects of gravitation, and its interaction with electromagnetic
waves at any frequency. These effects are immeasurable and may remain so because of
their infinitely small charge potentials against a backdrop of immensely large forces
and potentials.
Time however is a concept rather than a dimension, it does not vary, it is constant
throughout the universe, and it will remain a concept rather than a fact.
Mass does change, and it alters mans concept of both speed and time when approaching
relativistic speeds. This is because mass changes as speed increases because the mass is
moving through gravitation, it affects all atomic elementary structures from the
simplest to the most complex of elementary particles.
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GRAVITY AND THE UNIVERSE
Gravity is generated from all atomic elementary material representing less than 5% of
the observable Matter in the Universe. Gravity is also generated from within all dark
Matter representing 25% of the Matter in the Universe, not directly observable.
Gravity is also generated from Dark Energy representing 75% of the observable
Universe, this may be Matter in some form. Atomic Elementary Matter is
0.00000000000000000000000000001% of the observable Universe volume.
Gravity is generated from within all atomic elementary material beginning with the
simplest of atoms - Proteum with just 1 Proton maintaining 1 Electron in one of two
trajectories. In Conventional Matter Protons predominate with Neutrons contained
within the extents of the Protons influence.
The Proton comprises just 2 Up Quarks and 1 Down Quark.
The 2 Up Quarks Oscillate around the 1 Down Quark generating two waves with a
positive potential bias ( gravity waves ? )
These interfere with all other waves to produce what appear to be monopole pulses of
force with a positive potential bias.
In Neutron Stars the situation is that Neutrons predominate with no or few Protons, as
Stars however, they are short lived. The Neutrons comprise just 2 Down Quarks with 1
Up Quark. The 2 Down Quarks oscillate around the 1 Up Quark generating two waves
with a negative potential bias ( gravity waves ? )
These interfere with all other waves to produce what appear to be monopole pulses of
force with a negative potential bias.
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DARK MATTER
Dark Matter
In astronomy and cosmology, dark matter is matter that is inferred to exist from
gravitational effects on visible matter and background radiation, but is undetectable by
emitted or scattered electromagnetic radiation Its existence was hypothesized to account
for discrepancies between measurements of the mass of galaxies, clusters of galaxies and
the entire universe made through dynamical and general relativistic means, and
measurements based on the mass of the visible "luminous" matter these objects contain:
stars and the gas and dust of the interstellar and intergalactic media. According to
observations of structures larger than galaxies, as well as Big Bang cosmology
interpreted under the "Friedmann equations " and the FLRW metric", dark matter
accounts for 23% of the mass-energy density of the observable Universe, while the
ordinary matter accounts for only 4.6% (the remainder is attributed to Dark Energy
From these figures, dark matter constitutes 80% of the matter in the universe, while
ordinary matter makes up only 20%. Dark matter was postulated by Fritz Zwicky in
1934 to account for evidence of "missing mass" in the orbital velocities of galaxies in
clusters. Subsequently, other observations have indicated the presence of dark matter
in the universe, including the rotational speeds of galaxies, gravitational lensing of
background objects by galaxy clusters such as the Bullet Cluster, and the temperature
distribution of hot gas in galaxies and clusters of galaxies. Dark matter plays a central
role in state-of-the-art modeling of structure formation and Galaxy evolution, and has
measurable effects on the anisotropy observed in the cosmic microwave background.
All these lines of evidence suggest that galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and the universe as
a whole contain far more matter than that which interacts with electromagnetic
radiation. The largest part of dark matter, which does not interact with electromagnetic
radiation, is not only "dark" but also, by definition, utterly transparent.
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DARK MATTER
( new concept ).
All atomic elementary material generates gravitational force; it both attracts and is
attracted to all other bodies of matter. Ultimately its size, its mass, its gravitational force
will increase to a point beyond which no negative charge or charged particles can
escape, it becomes Dark Matter. All atomic elementary materials, and negative charge
and charged particles, will ultimately be attracted to and become entrapped by the
intense force from within Dark Matter. For Dark Matter to attract all negative charge
and charge particles it must generate Gravitational force from Protons. Protons need an
Electron to be attracted by Gravity, or they need to be adjacent to negative potentials.
Atoms need Electrons and Neutrons to exist. The first particles to be attracted out from
atom structures would be the last to be added i.e. Neutrons at the highest atomic level.
This would be followed progressively by the Neutrons in the lower levels. The remnants
of these structures would be the original Protons still retaining their Electrons, still
generating gravity waves, these would be disrupted by interference to produce pulses of
gravitation with a positive potential bias. The negative charges and charge particles
attracted and absorbed by Dark Matter would exist within its core possibly as negative
charge plasma, this would consist of all photons, and possibly de-structured Electrons,
and Down Quarks. It is this negative charged core that “ directly “ attracts the remnant
Protons around the core of Dark Matter generating gravity as waves becoming
disrupted by interference into pulses of gravitation with a positive potential bias.
The cessation of gravity in a region of criticality within Dark Matter occurs when the
intensity of gravitational force attracts the down quarks out of their bond within the
Protons causing the generation of gravity in that region of Dark Matter to cease.
A Big Bang Event. Occurs.
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DARK ENERGY
In physical cosmology, astronomy and celestial mechanics, dark energy is a hypothetical
form of energy that permeates all of space and tends to increase the rate of expansion of
the Universe. Dark energy is the most popular way to explain recent observations and
experiments that the universe appears to be expanding at an accelerating rate. In the
standard model of cosmology, dark energy currently accounts for 74% of the total mass
energy of the Universe.
Two proposed forms for dark energy are the cosmological constant, a constant energy
density filling space homogeneously, and scalar fields such as quintessence or moduli,
dynamic quantities whose energy density can vary in time and space. Contributions
from scalar fields that are constant in space are usually also included in the
cosmological constant. The cosmological constant is physically equivalent to vacuum
energy. In physical cosmology, astronomy and celestial mechanics, dark energy is a
form of energy that permeates all of space and tends to increase the rate of expansion of
the Universe. Dark energy is the most popular way to explain recent observations and
experiments that the universe appears to be expanding at an accelerating rate. In the
standard model of cosmology, dark energy currently accounts for 74% of the total mass
energy of the Universe.
The cosmological constant is physically equivalent to vacuum energy.
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DARK ENERGY ( new concept )
Dark Energy is a gravitational force appearing to attract and accelerate bodies of
matter outwards at an increasing rate. Its generation comes from within Protons devoid
of electrons in trajectories at the outermost parts of our known Universe. At the time of
the Big Bang, Protons would have been one of the first of the components of Atomic
elementary structures to be formed. Devoid of electrons they would be generating
gravity waves, which would be disrupted by interference into pulses of gravitational
force, with a positive charge bias. They would repel each other away from the intense
energy still generating gravity waves, but unable to encounter or attract electrons into
trajectories. These Protons, one of the first of the particles to be released during the Big
Bang would continue outwards away from the intense activity, not attracted by bodies
of evolving atomic elementary material having a positive charge, and repelled from each
other by the same positive charge, yet generating a gravitational force which to a degree
held them together as individual particles by its attraction for the down quarks within
the Protons, as compared to an attraction for down quarks and electrons in complete
atomic elemental structures. Ultimately these free Protons were destined to the far
extents of the newly evolving bodies of matter within the Universe, and are now
responsible for the acceleration of known bodies of matter outwards.
IMPORTANT
Dark energy is currently thought of as a crucial ingredient in a recent attempt to
formulate a cyclic model for the Universe, and Dark Matter is even more a part of that
concept for a cyclic model. They both have yet to be clearly defined.
THE CYCLICAL UNIVERSE
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BIG BANG caused by cessation of gravity in an area of Dark Matter
Release of Energy from within the core of Dark Matter
Generation of Atomic Elementary Structures begins.
They become Bodies of Matter in Space
Bodies of Matter are attracted to all Matter
Bodies of Matter and Energy ultimately attracted into Dark Matter
Negative particles attracted out of Dark Matter structures by intense gravitation.
This is a slow process de-structuring Atomic elemental structures
Atomic Elemental Structures degraded to Protons still generating gravitation.
1
Gravitational intensity attracts Down Quarks out of the Proton structures
2
A collision occurs with other Dark Matter
3
A collision occurs with another body of Matter
BIG BANG caused by cessation of gravity in an area of Dark Matter
BIG BANG TIMELINE
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1.
10-43 sec Big Bang Event
Big Bang as gravity momentarily ceases in an area of Dark Matter caused either by Down
Quarks being forced by intense gravity from their bonding within Protons, or by a collision with
another body of matter, releasing an inferno of energy in the form of Up Quarks, Down
Quarks, Electrons, and Photons.
2.
10-32 sec
10 27 deg
An inferno, a hot soup of, Up Quarks, Down Quarks, Electrons, and Photons and other particles
ejected outwards into space.
3.
10 -6sec
10 13 deg Protons Generate Gravity Waves
PROTONS FORM
Quarks begin to form into Protons generating gravity waves, together with Neutrons but
without electrons captured into trajectories.
4.
3 mins
10 8 deg
PROTONS FORM WITH NEUTRONS
Quarks within Protons continue generating gravity waves, beginning to group with the
Neutrons but without electrons captured into trajectories.
5.
300,000 yrs
10,000deg Protons capture Electrons to form Atoms
PROTONS CAPTURE ELECTRONS, HYDROGEN AND HELIUM FORM
Electrons begin to be captured into trajectories by Protons continuing to generate gravity
waves and beginning to form hydrogen atoms and grouping with Neutrons.
6.
1 billion yrs -200 deg
HELIUM AND BERYLLIUM FORM
The increasing force of gravity begins to attract gas clouds of hydrogen and helium gas together
into dense gas clouds that ultimately become galaxies as they collapse to form the first star
systems.
7.
15 billion yrs -270 deg
HELIUM AND BERYLLIUM FORM
As galaxies begin to cluster together to form the first stars, these stars themselves begin to
collapse as their heavy elements are spewed out into space, these again will ultimately be drawn
back together as stars and planetary systems.
ELEMENTS ABOVE BERILLIUM
Elements above beryllium formed in nucleo-synthesis and stellar nucleosynthesis fusion
reactions from dense clouds of gasses with hydrogen / helium / carbon burning
processes, possibly as remnants of a Big Bang nucleo-synthesis.
GRAVITY
The major factor chaotically controlling these reactions is gravity or the lack of it, for
only gravity can contain the infinitely immense number of negative charge particles
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contained and constrained within Dark Matter prior to its escape via a Big Bang Event,
e.g. the momentary collapse of gravitational force.
The overriding attraction of gravity for negative charge particles can be seen in its
attraction of electrons inescapably into positive Proton trajectories.
How mankind generates his energy by moving electrons from earth through magnetic
generators and back to earth. It needs energy for generators to remove the electrons
from earth yet the same electrons readily return to earth without effort from the
generator. It could be said all conductors attract negative charge, but only if the
conductors have the positive charge to attract and hold them.
The structure within Protons consists of 2 positive Up Quarks and 1 negative Down
Quark. These must oscillate by repulsion and attraction to produce two positive biased
waveforms at the extremities of the Up Quarks oscillation.
This is Gravitation, this is how Gravity as waves are generated, but soon to be disrupted
by interference into pulses of gravitation with a positive charge bias. These pulses
attract all negative charge particles, Electrons, Down Quarks, and Photons in the more
negative phase of electromagnetic waves at any frequency.
The disruption of gravity waves by interference is the only way by which what appears
to be a monopole force of attraction for charged particles can be generated.
Two gravity waves with a positive potential bias are generated from within every
Proton, these can hold and maintain one electron in a trajectory, a second electron in
the second trajectory is debarred by repulsion from the first.
These waves interfere with all gravity waves to produce multiple disrupted pulses of
gravitation with a positive potential bias, emanating from all atomic elementary
material, with low positive potential, possibly below 0.0001e.
These will attract all negative charge and charge particles, and repel all positive charge
and charge particles.
Structure in the Atom
If we consider the simplest of atoms Proteum with just 2 Up Quarks and 1 Down
Quark, supporting 1 Electron in a trajectory oscillating at a frequency. The 2 Up
Quarks will oscillate by attraction to the Down Quark and repulsion between
themselves at extremely high and consistent frequency. This oscillation generates two
gravity waves with a positive potential that attracts, holds, and maintains an electron in
one of the trajectories. This debars a second electron in the second trajectory by
repulsion.
Gravitational attraction
Consider just one of these disrupted positive pulses of gravitation external to the
Proteum Atom described above. It can attract with a charge potential possibly below
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0.0001e, 1 Down Quark at -1/3 e charge and the 1 Electron oscillating at -1.0e charge,
and can repel the 2 Up Quarks oscillating each with 0.66e charge. But this is just one
pulse of gravitational radiation, the reality would be that each proton would be
generating two such gravity waves disrupted into over 200 such pulses of disrupted
gravitational waves. The overall result would be both attraction for negative charge,
and negative particles of matter coupled with a slight repulsion for positive charge and
positive particles of matter, and a slight repulsion for positive pulses of gravitation.
These disrupted pulses would also attract all Photons in their more negative phase of all
electromagnetic waves at any frequency. Proteum is the simplest of all atomic elements
with the least mass, the simplistic generalisation above if copied to all other elements
with increasing mass, one can see how gravitation becomes such a dominant force.
The above concept if viewed on a Universal scale would show bodies of matter
appearing as massive generators of positive charge emanating outwards as pulses of
positive potential attracting all negative charge and charge particles.
This would be accompanied by a smaller force of repulsion for all positive charge and
charge particles. However the individual charge potential of such disrupted pulses of
gravitation would still possibly be less than 0.0001e.
Whilst the above indicates what happens external to atomic structures, internally as the
structures evolve towards the heavier elements, the internal charge stresses become
more complex between the charge differentials within the atoms themselves.
Temperature affects the rate and trajectories of the oscillations within the atoms which
affects the gravitational energy and the effective mass of the structures involved.
If we look at the effect of gravitation on a planetary scale, it appears in many cases,
dependent upon their mass and distance apart, that matter in space is attracted towards
each other almost towards a state of equilibrium.
That is to say they are drawn towards each other up to a point at which the attraction
between particles is almost balanced by their repulsion. This can only be achieved
where a predominant charge potential is attracting particles in a body of matter and at
the same time repelling particles in the same body of matter. Couple the above with a
repulsion against the emanating pulses of gravitation from that body of matter and an
equilibrium of forces will be reached.
NEWTONIAN GRAVITY
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Every point mass attracts every single other point mass by a force pointing along the
line intersecting both points. The force is directly proportional to the product of the two
masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the point
masses.

,
F is the magnitude of the gravitational force between the two point
masses,

G is the gravitational constant,

m1 is the mass of the first point mass,

m2 is the mass of the second point mass, and

r is the distance between the two point masses.
The general statement above may be true in the overall sense, however the force
referred to is a composite of forces
1.
Attraction for all negative charge and charge particles.
2.
Repulsion for all positive charge and charge particles.
3.
Repulsion for all positive disrupted pulses of gravitation.
EINSTEINS EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE
Being at rest on the surface of the Earth is equivalent to being inside a spaceship (far
from any sources of gravity) that is being accelerated by its engines. From this principle,
Einstein deduced that FREE FALL is actually INERTIAL MOTION. Objects in freefall really do not accelerate, but rather the closer they get to an object such as the Earth,
the more the Time Scale becomes stretched due to Spacetime distortion around the
planetary object (this is gravity). An object in free-fall is in actuality inertial, but as it
approaches the planetary object the time scale stretches at an accelerated rate, giving
the appearance that it is accelerating towards the planetary object when, in fact, the
falling body really isn't accelerating at all.
This is why an accelerometer in free-fall doesn't register any acceleration.
In NEWTONIAN mechanics GRAVITY is assumed to be a FORCE of attraction.
This force draws objects having mass towards the center of any massive body. At the
Earth's surface, the force of gravity is counteracted by the mechanical (physical)
resistance of the Earth's surface. So in Newtonian physics, a person at rest on the
surface of a (non-rotating) massive object is in an inertial frame of reference.
COMMENT
85
Being at rest on the earth, all negative charge and negative charge particles in all atomic
structures are instantly and directly under the positive attractive force of gravity.
In a spaceship under the influence of acceleration, atom structures are exposed to a
force applied through the Electrons at the interface with the spaceship. This force may
appear to be of the same value as gravitational force but it is transferred throughout the
atom structures from particle to particle under their charge stress within the atoms.
It is not exactly the same as gravity, and its application is different.
Inertia is the property of matter by which it retains its state of rest or its velocity along a
straight line so long as it is not acted upon by an external force. Free fall may appear to
be free of force but it is not and as gravitational strengths can vary to some degree it
must be considered that it is not the same or identical to Inertial Motion.
Einstein suggested that FREE FALL is actually INERTIAL MOTION.
This is not quite true even though the figures may be identical.
The cause of free fall is the application of pulses of gravitation upon a body of matter.
As stated above the gravitational force involves......
1.
Attraction for all negative charge and charge particles.
2.
Repulsion for all positive charge and charge particles.
3.
Repulsion for all positive disrupted pulses of gravitation.
4.
There is also a Frame dragging effect as pulses of gravitation from bodies of
matter themselves are stressed by repulsion to move by other disrupted pulses of
gravitational force.
The cause of inertial motion is the application of direct pressure from a body of matter
applied to the Electrons and transferred throughout the body of matter from particle to
particle The result of this external force would be identical to that of gravitation.
The transfer of the force throughout the body of matter would be from its orbital
electrons to and through the other particles within the body of matter, this would take
an infinitely small amount of time, but not as instant as gravitational force applied
internally to all particles, the time delay on inertial force is infinitely small but it exists.
Free Fall and Inertial mass take effect over a different time interval.
SPACETIME TESTS
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High-precision test of general relativity by the Cassini space probe where Radio signals
sent between the Earth and the probe were delayed by the warping of space and time
due to the Sun's mass. That is, the Sun's mass causes the regular grid coordinate system
to distort and have curvature. The radio wave then follows this curvature and moves
toward the Sun.
QUERY SPACETIME CONCEPT
The Test above has based assumptions upon time causing distortions in space.
In fact the distortions are caused by changing gravitational fields. Across the Universe
extends a background of gravitational radiation, now termed Dark Energy
It interacts with all Gravitational fields from Galaxies to Planetary systems to produce a
varying field of gravitation force throughout the Universe. As Electromagnetic waves at
any frequency pass through these varying fields of intensity the Photons Mass changes
resulting in varying frequency in the electromagnetic waves, lower frequency with
rising gravitational force, higher frequency with falling gravitational force, this must
result in a change in speed to some degree. Electromagnetic wave direction is also
affected by gravitational attraction deflecting the waves around areas of changing
gravitational frequency. When any charge or charge particle is moved through a
changing gravitational field its mass / energy changes, even if the mass constitutes what
we call a clock, even if the clock is an atomic clock, it still has mass, it still has intrinsic
energy, and it will change with respect to gravitational force.
ANTI _GRAVITY
Mans ultimate goal is to create an anti – gravity device, well almost !
Current developments have shown a reduction in the overall effects of gravity but only
by a very small degree, about 2 percent, using spinning super conducting discs.
Gravity emanates outwards from bodies of matter as pulses of gravitation with an
infinitely small positive potential. The spinning super - conductive disc tested by NASA
showed that gravitation could be diverted through super – conductivity.
This reduced the gravitational effect above the disc but did not cancel it out, merely
re-directing it through and around the disc. Pulses of Gravitation would regroup once
passed the disc.
However regarding traveling through gravitation, the outer skin of a spacecraft could
be utilised as a super-conductive shell allowing pulses of gravitation an easier passage as
the spacecraft travelled at speed. This reduction in the effects of gravitation upon the
mass of the spacecraft would allow greater speed to be achieved with the same energy.
Gravity Summary
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There are so many things man still does not understand but of them all Gravity
is the most important. Its basis has eluded him for so long he has begun to
establish logical explanations for gravitation based on the pure logic of
mathematics and the reasoning of numbers.
Why do we not understand so basic a thing as the attraction of gravitational
force, or for that matter the magnetic force in magnetism.
Perhaps in both cases it is because we cannot directly measure them either as
particles, or as waves, or as electromagnetic waves.
There is however another means by which we could establish their being.
Gravitational force is generated from within all atoms in all atomic elementary
matter.
If we could establish the charge structure within all atomic elementary matter
perhaps we may see how gravity may be generated.
Electrons of negative potential are captured and maintained in trajectories only
around Protons, this is so because Protons are positive charge particles.
Neutrons do not need to be present in the structure for an electron to be present
in a trajectory…e.g…Protium.
To hold an Electron in a trajectory from which it cannot escape requires an
extremely strong positive potential pulsing at a frequency.
Within all Protons 2 Up Quarks at +2/3 e positive potential, oscillate around 1
Down Quark at -1/3 e negative potential.
This generates two waves of potential with a strong positive charge at the extent
of the Up Quarks travel.
These waves guarantee that the Electron remains trapped in its trajectory, within
one of two such trajectories available within every Proton. The presence of an
electron in one trajectory debars a second by repulsion. The second unoccupied
trajectory becomes a “hole” a “resting place” for free electrons.
The above situation applies to every Proton in every Atom Structure.
However these waves from within all Protons become disrupted by interference
to produce disrupted pulses of gravitational waves emanating outward from all
bodies of matter with a positive potential bias, so small in measure it may never
be possible to measure them directly, but so numerous that they build with
density and intensity towards the periphery of all matter, thereafter gradually
diminishing in density as they are repelled away from all bodies of matter.
GRAVITY
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The above is an extremely brief description of the generation of gravity as
waves, being disrupted by interference into pulses of gravitation with a positive
charge emanating outwards from all bodies of matter. They attract all negative
charge and charge particles, and repel all positive charge and charge particles.
It is this unique property that can produce the phenomenon of Equilibrium of
force between bodies of matter in space, at a distance, reducing as gravitational
decay takes its effect over billions of years diminishing the repulsive and
attractive force of gravitation.
The structure of atoms actually build and evolve in the direct sequence as per
the list of elements.
Beginning with Protium
Protium UDU with electron
UDU + DUD with Electron
UDU * DUD * UDU with 2 Electron
UDU * DUD * UDU * DUD with 2 Electron
UDU * DUD * UDU + DUD + UDU with 3 Electron
UDU + DUD + UDU + DUD + UDU + DUD with 3 Electron
Etc,etc,etc.etc. ad infinitum….
In that specific and structured order guaranteed within specific extreme
temperatures and specific gravitationally controlled confinement conditions.
After generation in the above strict and structured sequence Atomic Structures
can breakdown, or re-structure adjoining with other Atoms or re-acting with
other Atom structures to create molecules or restructured Atoms, yet still
following the above structure sequences formation.
It is impossible for atomic elements to evolve by any other means, within the
extremes of temperature and within the confines of gravitational confinement.
There is no other charge displacement within any atom structure that can
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produce the development of atomic structures in the order as described above.
The 2 Up Quarks oscillating with 1 Down Quark within the Proton will always
predominate outside of the oscillations of the 2 Down Quarks and 1 Up Quark
oscillating within the Neutron. The Electron therefore will always oscillate in an
outer trajectory generated from within all Protons.
Planetary Trajectories and Speeds
This diagram depicts the Planets trajectories scaled to the equivalent scale of
their distance from the Sun as far as Neptune.
The rotational speed of the Sun around its equator is approximately 2 Km /Sec
What can be seen in the diagram, though not accurately to scale, is that the
planets drop neatly onto the same scaled curve out as far as Neptune.
This implies that Disrupted Gravitational pulses from the Sun emanate outwards
from the Sun and radially with the motion of the Sun from its equatorial
periphery. This almost suggests that gravitation does not move out equally in all
directions from the Sun but with a concentration from the higher speed at its
equatorial regions.
That suggests that the trajectory speeds of the Planets is actually driven by the
radial gravitation from the Sun, at the same time applying a force of repulsion
upon the planetary gravitational force for an Anti-clockwise spin, dependant
upon the axial tilt of the planets at their polar regions.
This means that all solar planetary bodies of matter travel at a speed within their
trajectories driven by the Suns disrupted pulses of gravitation with a positive
potential. These pulses of gravitation move outward, and in a radial direction
holding and maintaining the planets in their trajectories.
Planets closest in to the Sun are affected by much greater force, such that
Mercury at its closest point, at its perihelion, is driven to move in a counter
clockwise direction with increased force, shifting its perihelion further around
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its trajectory.
This same action affects all other planets, but at their increased distance the
effect is not sufficient to produce the same force upon their trajectories.
91
92
Hafele Keating Experiment
This diagram shows the Earth with a linear equatorial rotation of 1600 Km/Hr –
0.5 Km / sec moving counter-clockwise around the Sun in its trajectory at
107,280 Km / Hr – 29.8 Km / sec
This concept suggests that the Suns radial disrupted pulses of gravitation pass
through the Earths trajectory at the same 107,280 Km/Hr – 29.8 Km / sec, but at
a much lower density than that of Earths gravitational force upon the Aircraft.
An Aircraft traveling at say 500 Km/Hr at the equator would be experiencing
the same Earths gravitation from East to West or from West to East.
Earth’s gravitational influence would the same irrespective of the direction of
flight East to West or West to East.
Because the spin of the earth is induced by the passing radial gravitation from
the Sun, and ignoring the equal gravitational force on both aircraft from Earth’s
Gravitational force.
The aircraft travelling from East to West would be moving in a trajectory with
less radial gravitational influence from the Sun than the aircraft traveling from
West to East, with the Sun’s radial gravitation on the Sun facing side of Earth
The clocks an board this aircraft would be seen to speed up by 275 ns, go faster,
through increasing energy caused by reduced Sun’s gravitational influence.
The aircraft moving from west to east would be moving in a trajectory with
more radial gravitational influence from the Sun than the aircraft traveling from
East to West against the Sun’s radial gravitation on the Sun facing side of Earth
The clocks an board this aircraft would slow down by 40 ns, go slower, through
decreasing energy caused by increased Sun’s gravitational influence.
The difficulty in assessing this Hafele Keating experiment is that the
gravitational influence from the Earth can be ignored as equal to both aircraft.
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For most of the circumference around the Earth forces balance out, e.g. on the
dark side of the Earth the forces would be the same, on the sides of the Earth the
force in both directions would balance out, leaving only the Sun’s facing side
with the two different gravitational forces.
Assessing the influence of gravitational pulses from the Sun is more difficult
because we cannot measure them. They must travel outwards and through the
Earth, but they must also travel radially through the Earth causing the effect of
Spin and trajectory, but we cannot measure that either. The fact remains that
radial gravitation from the Sun does help generate planetary spin and trajectory,
and therefore must also affect the mass of these two aircraft in flight in the
manner described above.
Why can we not measure gravity directly ? Is it too small a value, or is it at a
potential we either cannot measure, or is too small to be measured ?
The new concept for gravitation suggests that gravity is generated as waves
from within all Protons, and subsequently disrupted by interference into pulses
of gravitation with a positive potential which either we cannot measure, or is so
small a value we cannot measure.
Any clock or timepiece mechanical, electrical, or atomic Caesium, is affected
by gravitation, increasing gravitation increasing Mass, and decreasing
gravitation reducing Mass.
Note :- See section on active and passive Mass for description of how this mass
effect takes place.
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Gravity Probe B Experiment
This diagram shows the Earth with an equatorial rotation of 1600 Km/Hr
moving counter-clockwise in its trajectory at 107,280 Km/Hr.
This concept suggests that the Suns radial disrupted pulses of gravitation pass
through and radially over the polar areas of the Earths trajectory at the same
1600 Km/Hr.
If gyroscopic rotors were housed in a chamber and moved through these polar
regions in a spacecraft, it was invisaged that they would align with the Earths
polar fields, axially towards the centre of the earths gravitational force, and in
alignment with its spin.
Although this did occur, there were anomalies in that some of the alignments
disagreed with predicted effects, such that the results were listed as unreliable
and un-predictable.
It can be seen from the sketches, that the flow over and around the polar regions
would be to a great degree unpredictable, particularly if the spin of the Earth is
taken into account. Incoming gravitational radiation from the Sun would disrupt
with outgoing gravitational force radially outwards from the Earth.
Alignment of the gyroscopes would take place but inconclusively and unrepeatable, such that the experiment remains unproven.
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Gravitation Summary
It is difficult to comprehend that Time is of such consequence as to be in
command of the disposition of gravitation, the mass that it generates among all
atomic elementary matter, and its dispersion throughout the Universe.
Mass can be active passive or inertial, all of which accumulate to create the
property of weight and density.
Mass is a property that results from either an atomic elementary structure and its
configuration, or a charge that is moving in relation to a gravitational force.
Conventional Gravitation is dispersed throughout the Universe emanating either
from bodies of atomic elementary matter or from free Protons devoid of
electrons dispersed through the Universe as Dark Energy. It attracts all bodies
of atomic elementary matter and all electromagnetic waves comprising Photons
having an extremely small negative potential bias 10 -52 e.
This alone suggests that gravitational force must comprise a charge potential
capable of attracting negative charge potentials. Because gravitation can hold
bodies of atomic elementary matter in equilibrium of force balanced between
attraction and repulsion, it suggests that gravitation must therefore be a positive
charge bias, which would therefore be repulsed by, and would repulse all
positive charge particles within bodies of matter, but not repulse
electromagnetic waves.
Why then do we have a problem in identifying this force of gravitation ?
Is it because the disrupted pulses of gravitation have a positive potential
probably less than + 0.00001e, and we can’t discriminate them amidst
background noise and interference ?
We must consider the effects of gravitation and its influence upon the Mass of
Atomic elementary structures and the attractive and repulsive effects upon
electromagnetic waves. Have we reached a point where the issue is too complex
to resolve and better to configure a solution in Relativity terms which closely
resemble the true situation, ie, Relativity Theories ?.
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