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Greek Theatre Read chapter 4 (pages 63 - 120) in Theatre 2nd edition by Robert Cohen and answer the questions below: 1. Where did Western theatre originate? GREECE 2. Greek Theatre specifically refers to theatre in the city of ATHENS during the 5TH century B.C. 3. Why is the theatre of that time so significant? - one hundred year span, only 150,000 people, socially important and aesthetically majestic 4. 5. 6. 7. How was Greek theatre misinterpreted in the Victorian era? White robed actors strutting ceremonially through marble buildings, speeches about morality, pallid, stiff Name the four most known playwrights from that time: Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes 8. The theatre of these playwrights combined the following elements: myth, legend, philosophy, social commentary, poetry, dance, music, public participation, visual splendor – archetypes remain What was ancient Greek theatre actually like? Spectacle of loud music, vivid colours, vigorous dancing, bawdy, obscene, scandalous, passionate, controversial 9. Where did acts of violence occur and why? Off stage – later monks librarians determined which plays survived 10. What topics/themes were at the heart of Greek drama? Ethics, war, murder, lust, betrayal 14. What did the annual festival include? New dramas, week of public wine drinking and phallus worshipping – religious orgy 15. The Greeks believed that gods had HUMAN form and believed themselves to be created in the IMAGE of the gods. Today, the following items still remain: 43 plays, fragments of plays, Aristotle’s Poetics (criticism), remnants of theatres, a record Origins and Evolution 11. 12. Greek theatre originated from RELIGION. The religion at the time was a POLYTHEISTIC RELIGION with BELLIGERENT not benevolent deities. At the time, gods were viewed as: meddlers, disrupters, prayed to appease 13. The theatre in Athens was dedicated to the god DIONYSUS the god of FERTILITY (and WINE AGRICULTURE and SEXUALITY) The Classic Period 16. Define and describe the tetralogy. Four play sequence – trilogy of tragedies (cast of gods, demigods and historical figures) followed by satyr play 17. Define and describe the satyr play. Grotesque travesty of same trilogy – features satyrs dressed in goatskins – comic tone EXTRA – tragedy in Greek is tragoidia meaning “goat song” 18. How did the first actor come about? Thespis, an Icarian, first to move out of dithyrambic chorus and assume the role of answerer – introduced impersonation and enactment – also invented mask 19. actor Hypokrites means answerer – first word for 19. What was Aeschylus’ significant innovation? Explain.increased number of actors to two, allowing for dialogue 20. What dramatic techniques were founded by Sophocles? Added third actor allowed for “overheard” dialogue and more subtle and complex character interactions 21. What were the basic elements of the tragedy/satyr form? Limited number of masked characters, a singing and dancing chorus, , triad of tragedies followed by satyr 22. Describe Greek comedy. `Audacious, sexy, political The Theatron 23. Define and describe the following areas of the Greek theatre: a) orchestra, b) thymele, c) theatron, d) skene, e) periaktoi, f) pinakes a) orchestra – “dancing place” – a large circle on the ground b) b) thymele – a simple altar (replaced phallus) c) theatron – “seeing place” – semicircular tiers of seats dug into hillside adjoin orchestra – later wooden bleachers or stone d) skene – wooden changing room – on other side of the orchestra, opposite hillside, actors not chorus could enter orchestra through its door – skene originally meant hut or tent e) periaktoi – pivoting 3 sided prism f) pinakes – abstract panel of painted scenery – introduced by Sophocles 24. Draw the layout and areas of the Greek theatre. 25. Explain how Greek audience members were “active spectators”. Participated , audience was visible, players could see audience, interactive 26. Many Greek plays were little more than staged DEBATES. The Spectacle 27. The spectacle of Greek theatre cam e from: costuming, acting, dancing, music 28. 29. 30. Comedy – more realistic, simulated partial nudity, phallus (penis and testicles) blatantly displayed, adorned, masks to amuse Greek tragic actors were always MALE. 31. Define phallus. Penis/testicle representation 32. How did Greek society demonstrate the importance of theatre? Business closed, allowed everyone to attend, ceremonies to introduce playwrights , processions, sacrifices, awards Describe the masks. Wooden, carved, full faced, richly painted, stylized, extended up to wig How did the costumes of the comedy/satiric form differ from the tragic? 33. Match the terms up to the definitions: a) chitons, b) chlamys, c) himation, d) kothurnoi, e) onkoi (plural - onkos) E fancy, stylized wiggings exaggerated in scale to give the actor the appearance of height B a short tunic D footwear which was exaggerated in scale to give the actor the appearance of height C a long tunic A brilliantly coloured full-length robes The Greek Plays 34. Hundreds of plays were written and performed at the time. Today only 43 complete playscripts remain. Of these there are 31 tragedies, 11 comedies and 1 satyr play. 35. Which celebrated playwright wrote comedies? ARISTOPHANES 36. Define prologue. Opening speech - Aristotle’s structure The Three Greek Tragedians 37. Name three classic Greek tragedies. Briefly describe. a) Prometheus Bound – Aeschylus – primitive structure, series of 2 character scenes, epic narrative speeches, looks on beginning of time, old fashioned style, simple plot Zeus and Prometheus - abstract themes b) Oedipus Tyrannos/ Oedipus Rex or Oedipus the King – Sophocles – ancient absolute ruler of Thebes - prophecy and exposition human tragedy * human focus is Sophocles trademark b) The Trojan Women – Euripides – most powerful antiwar play ever written – from perspective of Trojan women – survivor victims of war Aeschylus - Wrote epic works time of great Athenian military victory over Persians Sophocles - Serene, philosophical - - golden age of Athenian democracy Euripides - Firebrand – irreligious, iconoclastic, enraged at politics of time - Acute political insight in time of corrupt tyrant Alcibiades - psychological insight - inspired later playwrights to use ancient history to cast light on current political issues The Roman Theatre 38. When was the Roman era and how long did it last? After Greek, 1000 years to beginning of Christian era 39. Define the following Roman theatrical terms that still exist today: a) auditorium, - hearing place b) vomitorium- a tunnel leading through audience and onto the stage and c) persona – mask or character represented by mask 40. What were Roman plays based on? Greek plays 41. What did Roman plays compete with? Circuses, celebrations, gladiator contests, combats 42. How did Roman plays differ from Greek plays? Free of cultural rituals, religious odes, serious politics or Dionysian revelry 43. Name three Roman comic playwrights and explain how they differed from one another. Titus Maccius Plautus – most popular – 21 known plays adapted from Greek comedies, fast-paced, joke-filled, farcical Publius Terentius Afer (Terence) freed African slave – 6 comedies – more elegant and refined than Plautus – prized for rhetorical excellence and philosophical depth in Middle Ages and Renaissance Lucius Annaeus Seneca – tutor of Emperor Nero, nine tragedies, - none performed – influenced Elizabethan plays beauty of choral passages 44. Plautus plays inspired later playwrights. Name the plays and playwrights. 45. Describe/draw the Roman theatre building and its parts. -vast, outdoor, build to hold many thousands, freestanding, semi-circular , semi-circular orchestra surrounded by audience in forty or more rows rising in an arc, long narrow stage backs the orchestra, itself backed by elaborately decorated wall (frons scaenae) doorways in wall provided entrances and exits to dressing room behind Stage devices – front curtain (falls into pit at beginning of play), extravagant stage machines - water filled orchestra battles 46. What caused the end of Roman theatre? The decadence and extravagance at end of Roman empire, stern condemnation of Christian church – late Roman times excommunicated all actors and forbade the faithful from attending theatrical performance of any kind 47. Define the influence of the dark age on theatre. No plays written or performed for nearly 500 years Theatre Diagrams Greek Theatre Roman Theatre