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Semester Exam I Review Semester Exam on Tuesday December 17, 2013 You will need to read each question and answer each to the best of your ability. Vocabulary words will need to be defined on YOUR OWN PAPER. You may use your old Science Notebooks and /or dictionary to answer vocabulary words. You will be responsible for answering all questions in class and for homework. Completed review is due on Monday as soon as you walk in the door. 1. Procedures: established or correct methods of doing something 2. Preventative Safety Equipment: Equipment used to help prevent an accident. Ex: goggles, apron, gloves, etc….. 3. Emergency Safety Equipment: Equipment needed when an accident has happened. Ex: fire extinguisher, eye wash station, gas shut off 4. Atoms: the smallest portion into which an element can be divided and still retain its properties 5. Protons: A subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom and has a positive charge. 6. Electrons: A subatomic particle of an atom that is found in the electron cloud and has a negative charge. 7. Groups: The vertical columns found on the Periodic Table of Elements. 8. Periods: Horizontal rows found on The Periodic Table of Elements. 9. Periodic Table: a table of the chemical elements arranged according to their atomic numbers 10. Periodic Trend: Patterns that are found in the Periodic Table of Elements. 11. Atomic Number: The number that tells you the location of an element on the Periodic Table of Elements. 12. Reactivity: taking part in a chemical reaction 13. Chemical Formula: a representation of a substance using symbols for its constituent elements 14. Chemical Equation: a representation of a chemical reaction using symbols of the elements to indicate the amount of substance, usually in moles, of each reactant and product 15. Balanced Equation: An equation that has the same number of elements and atoms on both sides. 16. Coefficient: the number placed before an element symbol 17. Subscript: a character that is printed on a level lower than the rest of the characters on the line, e.g. the "2" in the chemical formula "H2O" 18. Product: a substance produced in a chemical reaction 19. Reaction: A change or transformation in which a substance decomposes, combines with other substances, or interchanges constituents with other substances 20. Chemical Change: any process determined by the atomic and molecular composition and structure of the substances involved (CGLTP) 21. Physical Change: a change from one state (solid or liquid or gas) to another without a change in chemical composition 22. Speed: distance an object travels in a certain amount of time 23. Velocity: The direction and distance an object travels in a certain amount of time 24. Acceleration: the rate at which something increases in velocity 25. Law of Inertia: An object at rest stays at rest, an object in motion stays in motion, unless an unbalanced force is applied 26. Law of Force and Motion: If the mass of an object remains constant, then acceleration increases as the force increases. 27. Law of Action and Reaction: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction 28. Unbalance Force: 29. Action: the way somebody or something moves or works, or the movement itself 30. Reaction: A change or transformation in which a substance decomposes, combines with other substances, or interchanges constituents with other substances 31. Plate Tectonic Theory: Plate tectonics is the scientific theory that attempts to explain the movements of the Earth's lithosphere that have formed the landscape features we see across the globe today. 32. Lithosphere: The lithosphere is basically the layer of the Earth that is strong enough to flex rather than flow. 33. Continental Drift Theory: The theory that states that the continents are slowly moving away from each other. 34. Trench: A deep depression of the sea floor caused by the subduction of one plate under another 35. Fault: A crack in the Earth’s crust where rocks slide past one another. Different types of faults may form based on direction of plate movement (divergent, convergent, and transform). 36. Rift: An area in the middle of a continental plate where the plate is beginning to separate. A large valley will form in the area as the crust thins. 37. Topographic Map: A map that shows the three dimensional shape and elevations of an area of land in two dimensions. 38. Satellite Map: A map made of pictures of the Earth taken from a satellite orbiting the Earth 39. Contour Line: Line that connects places on a topographic map that are all at the same elevation (eventually a closed loop) 40. Relief: The difference between the highest elevation point and the lowest elevation point on a map 41. Topography: The study of the shapes and features of the Earth’s surface. 42. Elevation: The height above sea level. 43. Gravity: the attraction due to gravitation that the Earth or another astronomical object exerts on an object on or near its surface 44. Centripetal Force: a force that pulls a rotating or spinning object toward a center or axis 45. Kinetic Energy: the energy that an object has as a result of moving 46. Short Answer Questions: 1. Alfred Wegner believed in what theory? Pangaea What 2 Continents did he believe fit together like puzzle pieces? South America and Africa 2. What part of the crust did scientist believe was responsible for the movement of the plate of the Earth’s crust? Lithosphere 3. What is the formula for Speed? Speed = Distance divided by Time. 4. What is the formula for Force? Force = Mass Times Acceleration 5. What is the formula for Acceleration? Acceleration = Force Divided by Mass 6. What is the formula for Mass? Mass = Force Divided by Acceleration 7. What is the difference between Speed and Velocity? Speed is the distance an object travels in a certain amount of time. Velocity is an object’s speed and direction at a given time 8. List the four types of Boundaries and explain each. Convergent: Areas where plates move toward each other and collide, causing uplift. →← Divergent: Areas where plates move away from each other, forming either mid oceanic ridges or rift valleys. ← → Transform: Areas where two plates grind past each other resulting in faults such as the San Andreas. Earthquakes often occur at fault lines. ↓ ↑ Subduction Zone: Convergent boundary where an oceanic plate is pushed beneath continental plate forming a trench. The oceanic crust melts resulting in the formation of volcanoes. 9. What causes the sliding, folding, and faulting of rocks? The movement of what we know to be the plate tectonics. 10. Know how to read a topographical map: Space between contour lines is called: Contour Line Interval Dark solid lines represent: Equal Elevation above sea level. Dotted Lines represent: Running water source “V shaped areas help you follow what? River or water sourceThe area from highest elevation to lowest elevation: Relief 11. A student pushes a 25 kg grocery cart at Wal-Mart with a force of 2 Newtons. Determine the acceleration of the cart. A=F÷M A = 2N ÷ 25 kg A = 12.5 m/s/s 12. Draw an image of three classmates on either side of a tug-of-war. Label names and amount of Force. Draw in arrows to demonstrate direction force is being applied. a. Show one image where the force is 25N in one direction and 25 N in the other. 25 N 25N b. Show one where there is a force of 30 N on one side and a force of 60 N on the other. 60 N 30 N 13. When we did the Speed of a Tennis Ball Lab, what was the velocity and speed of the ball? 8.1 m/s/s South 14. List and explain Newton’s Three Laws? Law of Inertia: An object at rest stays at rest, an object in motion stays in motion, unless an unbalanced force is applied. Law of Force and Acceleration: If the mass of an object remains constant, then acceleration increases as the force increases. Law of Action and Reaction: "For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction." 15. List equipment needed to conduct an experiment dealing with vinegar and baking soda? Graduated cylinder, Beaker, Spoon, Triple Beam Scale, Safety Goggles, Apron, Thermometer. 16. What are the five items that identify a chemical Reaction? Remember (CGLTP) City/Country Girls/Guys Love Their Phones Color Gas Light Temperature Precipitate 17. Identify the three subatomic particles found in an atom. Tell me where they are found in an atom and what type of charge they have. Proton: Nucleus, Positive Neutron: Nucleus, Neutral Electron: Electron Cloud, Negative 18. What was the name of the scientist that is famous for creating the Periodic table? Dmitri Mendeleev 19. What are the limitations of any model? Not the same size, not the same texture, not real, ect……. 20. What are the advantages of any model? Gives you an idea of what it looks like, able to have it sized (If real item is large, brought down to scale, If item is small, scaled to be able to see.) 21. Draw an atom model of Boron, Carbon, and Oxygen? Label each Proton, Neutron, Electron, Nucleus, and the Electron Cloud. Identify and label the valence electron of each. Oxygen Atom 22. Draw a Venn Diagram of Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration. distance an object travels in a certain amount of time distance an object travels in a certain amount of time distance an object travels in a certain amount of time a change in velocity Direction an object travel Direction an object travel 23. Draw a Venn Diagram on Proton, Neutron, and Electrons. 24. Be able to read a periodic table. Know where to find: groups, period, metals, non-metals, metalloids, noble gases, alkaline earth metals, alkali metals, and halogens. Use your Science Book to answer this question. 25. How do you determine valence electrons? Valence Electron are the electrons found in the outer shell. 26. Write the chemical formula for photosynthesis. Identify the elements and the number of atoms found in each element. 6 Carbon 6 Carbon 18 Oxygen 18 Oxygen 12 Hydrogen 12 Hydrogen 27. NH3 + HCl NH4Cl REACTANTS PRODUCTS Nitrogen = 1 Nitrogen = 1 Hydrogen = 4 Hydrogen = 4 Chlorine = 1 Chlorine = 1 a. Are the elements in the reactants and products the same? Yes b. Are the numbers of atoms of each element in the reactants and products equal? Yes c. Is the equation balanced? Yes If not, what is missing? Nothing 28. 2H2O + O2 2H2O + OH REACTANTS PRODUCTS Hydrogen = 4 Hydrogen = 5 Oxygen = 4 Oxygen = 3 a. Are the elements in the reactants and products the same? Yes b. Are the numbers of atoms of each element in the reactants and products equal? No c. Is the equation balanced? No If not, what is missing? The reactant side needs one more Hydrogen atom and the Product side needs one more Oxygen atom. 29. 2 Na2O2 + 2 H2O 4 NaOH + O2 REACTANTS PRODUCTS Sodium = 4 Sodium =4 Oxygen = 6 Oxygen = 6 Hydrogen = 4 Hydrogen = 4 a. Are the elements in the reactants and products the same? Yes b. Are the numbers of atoms of each element in the reactants and products equal? Yes c. Is the equation balanced? Yes If not, what is missing? Nothing 30. Review your notes on The Eight Stations on Newton’s Laws. See your Science Notebook for this.