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Chapter 1
Match the following terms with the correct definition:
a. clan
b. Middle Passage
c.conquistador
d. Columbian Exchange
e. Mayflower Compact
f. Magna Carta
g. English Bill of Rights
h. Enlightenment
i. Great Awakening
j. Bill of Rights
k. ratify
l. Shays’ Rebellion
m.federalism
n. Separation of powers
o. checks and balances
p. Alien Act
q .Sedition Act
r. judicial review
s. Louisiana Purchase
t. impressment
u. embargo
v. cotton gin
w. Monroe Doctrine
1.
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___Signed by King John and Queen Mary
in 1688, written list of freedoms that
government promised to protect
___Signed by King John in 1215, limited
power of French monarch
___Extended family group
___Transatlantic commerce that harms
West Africa’s economy but Europeans
benefit
___European intellectual movement
___led by Daniel in 1786 in Massachusetts,
a revolt troops had to suppress
___Spanish invader who strongly
influenced South America
___A framework of self government (on
Plymouth)
___European monarchies could not
interfere with American republics
___simple machine making cotton
production easier
___divided sovereignty (New Constitution)
___seizing soldiers from us ships for the
royal British navy
___made it a crime for citizens publicly to
discredit the federal leaders
___suspending trade by stalling ships in
port
___Jefferson bought a vast territory for 15
million
___An exchange of disease, goods, food,
animals, people from New World to Old
World
___In 1740s there was a great religious
movement
___within federal government defining
three branches: executive, legislative,
judicial
___list of freedoms guaranteed by state
government
___made it more difficult for immigrants to
become citizens
Match the following people with their description:
a. George Washington
b.Thomas Jefferson
c. Christopher Columbus
d. James Madison
1.
2.
3.
4.
___Advocated a national union that was
strong and republican
___Italian mariner took voyages funded
by Spain, discovered America
___Great leader of Patriots
___Drafted the Declaration of
Independence in 1776
Many Cultures Meet
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
Scientists believe the first inhabitants of the Americas migrated from the North East coast of Asia
between 40,000 and 15,000 years ago.
Bering Strait-a land bridge that connected what is now Alaska and Russia. Currently submerged, but
in the Ice Age when more of the world’s oceans were frozen is glaciers and the sea levels were lower,
it would have been exposed. Believed to be the way Nomads got to North America.
American Indians
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Native Americans traveled southward, occupying North and South America.
The cultivation of corn, beans, and squash stemmed from Native Americans living in central Mexico
and traveled Northward into the American South West and Mid West. A steadier and larger supply of
food allowed these populations to grow.
Europe
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Renaissance-An era of great advances is science, economics, political thought, art, and economic
wealth from the 14th to the 16th century.
Exploration voyages to Asia and Africa searched for a way to join the competitive and profitable
trade of silks, gems, gold, ivory and spice.
At this time, Muslims in North Africa, The Balkans, and South West Asia dominated this trade as
well as Italian merchants who had access to the Mediterranean sea
Age of Exploration-Era lead by the Portuguese who had the best designed ships and methods of
navigation at the time.
Bartolomeu Dias-Portuguese mariner who traveled around the Southern Tip of Africa and into the
Indian ocean in 1487-1488
Vasco de Gama-Portuguese mariner who opened trade with India in 1498.
West Africans
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A highly civilized and densely populated kingdom with sophisticated agricultural systems, iron tools,
and a writing system.
Moved their goods Northward through caravans or canoes
Portuguese Mariners arrived at these kingdoms and gained interest in the gold, salt, and enslaved
Africans.
Portuguese expanded the slave trade greatly, especially after 1500.
The 11 million forced by slave traders were sent across the Atlantic Ocean, known as the
Middle Passage.
Slave trade weakened West Africa’s economy.
First Encounters in America


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Christopher Columbus-Italian mariner whose voyage set out for the Indies of East Asia in 1492,
going Westward he was unaware the Americas would be there to block his ships.
Columbus explored several Caribbean Islands that he believed were the Indies, which is why he
called the Natives “Indians”
Columbus tried to convert the Indians to Christianity and Europeans also took Indians’ lands and
enslaved Indians. Conquistadores-Spanish invaders who were quick to conquer a vast empire around
the Caribbean, and in Central and South America. (Hernando Cortes overpowered Aztecs in Mexico,
Juan Ponce de Leon and later Hernando de Soto in Florida, Francisco Coronado searched for gold in
the South West)
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European colonizers carried deadly plagues (measles and small pox) that Native Americans had no
immunity too and died by the thousands.
The widespread sickness made conquering and colonizing much easier for Europeans, but also meant
there weren’t as many potential Indian slaves.
Colonizers forces millions of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas to make up for
this loss.
Columbian Exchange-the traffic of goods and ideas between Europe and the Americas.
Colonizers brought new animals (pigs, horses, mules, sheep and cattle) and learned from Native
Americans about agriculture and diversified their crops. (maze and potatoes)
Chapter 1 Questions
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20.
Religious freedom was most offered in what colony?
Anti-federalists were against the constitution because...?
What helped the Native American civilizations the most?
How did mass amounts of Native Americans die when in contact with foreigners?
What plant changed the way Indians lived?
What animal changed the way Indians lived?
Why did Jay’s treaty anger many Americans?
Constitution was supported by Federalists, why was this so?
How did the Great Compromise appease Southern states?
What did the Vasco de Gama of Portugal do in 1498?
What was John Locke’s philosophy?
How did Locke’s philosophy change US government?
Why did missionaries come to South America?
Why did political leaders want to change the Articles of Confederation?
What is the major hypothesis that scientist think for movement to America?
What major event happened during Jefferson’s presidency?
Which country established colonies along the Atlantic Coast?
What are the similarities of Adams, Washington, and Jefferson?
In 1760 American Colonists rebelled against the British Parliament. Why?
What did the arrival of Europeans do to Native American Culture?
Chapter 2 Study Guide
Terms:
Second Great Awakening- religious movement that swept across America and encouraged the belief that people should
try and achieve moral perfection, fueled the growth of Baptists and Methodists
Abolitionists: people who sought a gradual or immediate end to slavery
Missouri Compromise: 1820, allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state, as long as a free state was admitted at
the same time
Elizabeth Cady Stanton: helped organize the nation’s first women’s right convention
Compromise of 1850: to ease southern concerns this was passed, undid Missouri Compromise and permitted slavery in
the north at the 36-30 N latitude
Dred Scott vs. Sandford: the Court made a sweeping ruling that said that African Americans were not citizens and did
not have the right to sue in court
Robert E. Lee: originally offered command of Union forces but chose to remain loyal to the Confederate States,
provided expert military leadership for the South
Emancipation Proclamation: freed all slaves in the south (of the Mason-Dixon line), the slaves in the South in
Confederate states and were “free” to come serve in the Union army
13th Amendment: ended slavery in 1865
14th: guaranteed full citizenship status and rights to every person in born in the US including African Americans
15th: guaranteed that no man would be denied the right to vote on the basis of “race, color, or previous condition of
servitude.”
Summary Chapter 2
Ch. 2.1
Mid 1800’s westward expansion also stirred up thoughts for democratic expansion. Second great awakening brought a
sweeping religious movement that brought about conflict. Mexican and women’s rights were fought for as well.
Ch. 2.2
Differences on views between North and South grew leading to an armed struggle. Kansas-Nebraska Act along with
Dred Scott vs. Sanford furthered differences eventually leading to the secession of the South.
Ch.2.3
The civil war starts and the North has the advantage of a well-developed railroad network and systems for farming,
mining and processing raw materials. The North had more business success, but the South benefited from the strong
military leaders and a strong morale. The North used the Anaconda Plan as their military strategy and Lincoln frees all
slaves in Confederate States with the Emancipation Proclamation. Civil War used total war and the Union Army won.
Ch. 2.4
At the end of the Civil War, after the union wins, North & South try to reunite through reconstruction. The 13 th, 14th &
15th amendments aimed to give rights to African Americans. Nonetheless, de jure segregation came into effect in the
South, separating the two races.
Terms/Things to Know for Ch. 2
Second great awakening
Radical reconstruction
Ku Klux Klan
Reconstruction
North versus South Differences
Andrew Jackson
Dred Scott versus Sandford case
Andrew Jackson's reconstruction plan
15th amendment
President Hayes
Abraham Lincoln
Abolitionist
Women's rights
Mexican American war
Sabbatarian Controversy
Missouri compromise
Kansas Nebraska act
South Carolina seceding from the Union
Vanessa falls convention
compromise of 1850
Battle of Gettysburg
nullification crisis
Fill in the blank:
1. Andrew Jackson, known as the _________president, represented the _______________ when 1828 he was elected
president.
2. Tariffs, high _______ on imported goods, protected _________ by raising the prices of foreign goods.
3. 2nd great awakening, a ____________movement swept across America. This helped ________ to social reform
4. Civil disobedience, argued that people should _____________to obey laws they considered criminal.
5. Abolitionists, sought ________ or____________ to end slavery.
6. Missouri Compromise, of 1820 allowed ___________to enter as a _________ state, as long as a free state
was
admitted as well.
7. Wilmot Proviso thought slavery would _________________.
8. The compromise of 1850 passed to ease __________ concerns
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Chapter 2 Review Questions
Why did Radical Republicans call for the South to be punished?
What was one result of the Second Great Awakening?
Because of the Compromise of 1850, California....
After the Nullification Crisis.....
What was the outcome of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
Which year did the court rule in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case?
What did the Emancipation Proclamation apply to?
8. What was the first state to secede from the union?
9. The Seneca Falls convention marked beginning of what?
10.
What amendment gave black people the right to vote?
11.
This organization tried to take away Afro Americans right to vote?
12.
Who did Jackson versus the Supreme Court fight for rights for?
13.
What decision prohibited slaves from suing?
14.
What did women want in the middle of the 19th century?
15.
What did the south lack during the war?
16.
What was a result of the second great awakening?
17.
What did Kansas do as a result of the compromise of 1850?
18.
How did Lincoln's election of 1860 lead to secession?
19.
How did the battle of Gettysburg turn the tide of the Civil War?
20.
What happened after the nullification crisis?
21.
What group of people helped the US expand Westward by finding and blazing trails to the Pacific?
22.
Who particularly disliked Johnson's reconstruction plan?
23.
Why was the 15th amendment passed?
24.
The end of the reconstruction came along with what?
25.
What did the election of Abraham Lincoln into the office mean to southerners?
Chapter 3
Chp 3 Sec 1
 Thomas Alva Edison- designed the electric light bulb and the phonograph, in addition to many
other inventions.
 Andrew Carnegie- sold his steel business to the newly formed United States steel corporation.
 John D. Rockefeller- gained control of the oil industry through his company Standard Oil.
 Trust- Companies assign their stock to a board of trustees, who combine the stocks into a new
organization.
 Social Darwinism- argument that in life only the fittest survive in all aspects including the work
place.
 Gospel of Wealth- called all those who accumulated wealth to share their riches for the betterment
of society.
 Monopolies- single corporations came to control entire industries.
 Knights of Labor- sought to organize workers. All races
 American Federation of Labor (AFL)- did not focus on large social gains for workers. Instead
focused on very specific workers' issues such as wages, working hours, and working conditions.
Summary
 Causes of Industrial Expansion
 national geography provided natural resources (lumber, coal, oil)
 millions of immigrants from south and east Europe, and Asia filled labor demand
 government policies encouraged success in businesses
 national cultural climate
 New Technology Transforms Economy
 -Edison: electric light bulb, phonograph
 -the telephone
 Impact of Industry & Big Corporations
 -Carnegie: steel business
 -Rockefeller: oil industry
 -Robber barons: ‘stole’ money by underpaying workers
 -Captains of industry: steered the way to economic prosperity
 Federal Regulations Target Corporate Abuses
 -Enacting Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890 outlawed monopolies and mergers
 -10 to 12 hour days, 6 days a week, 15 cents per hour
 -No health benefits, and no vacation time
 -Nearly all women and children were paid much less

Labor Unions and Workers’ Rights
 -Knights of Labor:
 -AFL:
 -Eugene V. Debs: socialist, ran for president a few times
 Clashing
 -Homestead Strike (Carnegie & Frick)
 -Pullman Strike (railroad union led by Debs)
Ch 3 Sec 2
 Ellis Island- located in New York harbor; place were immigrants coming to the United States first
arrived.
 Angel Island- located in San Francisco Bay, Most Asian immigrants came here upon arrival to get
checked for sicknesses.
 Tenements- housing for immigrants that did not have a lot of money and could not afford a nice
comfortable home.
 Suburbs- residential areas surrounding the cities.
Summary:
 New Immigrants
 -From Ireland and Germany. Big rush between 1880-1920 from Asia also
 -Mostly Jewish and Catholic (not Protestant)
 Push and Pull Factors
 -PUSH: religious persecution, mandatory military service
 -PULL: finding work, promise religious and political freedom
 Arrival

-Ellis Island in New York, Angel Island in San Francisco

-Contributed by building churches, foreign language newspapers and institutions

-Irving Berlin wrote ‘God Bless America’ and ‘White Christmas’ 1893
 Moving
 -Immigrants and American-born farmers moved to urban cities and out of rural areas
 -Suburbs form
 -Immigrants fit into tenements, crammed 20 families together uncomfortably
 Social Trends
 -A growing middle class started to afford things
 -Visiting amusement parks, or going to a ball game
 -Educational criteria changed. More kids at school graduating with diplomas
 -College and pro sports, MLB formed, and literature by Twain was entertaining
 -Religion followed the masses to urban areas
ch 3 sec 3
The end of the war led to a huge wave of migration to the West. The end of the war also led to a boom in
ranching, mining, and farming. This migration would cause suffering for most Native Americans Indians
and change the way people in the South and West lived.
ch3: sec 4
The U.S had reached a New Golden Age with the pace of Industrialization and expansion in late 19th
century. However, the nation faced many troubles, including the distance between peoples'
dreams of wealth and the reality of their difficult lives. This period during the late 19th century is known as
The Gilded Age, implying that under the glittery, or gilded, surface of prosperity lurked troubling
issues, including poverty, unemployment, and corruption.
Causes of Industrialization:
- Civil War: encouraged production, innovation, and expansion of railroads.
-Natural Resources: Ample natural resources, including oil, fueled growth.
-Growing Workforce: Immigrants willing to work for low wages flowed into the country.
-Technology Innovation: New Technology and innovative business practices spurred growth.
-Government policies: encouraged investment in business and new technology.
The "New South":
Economic Growth:
-Development of new industries such as textiles, lumber, iron, and steel.
-Expansion of rail lines
-Some agricultural diversification to reduce dependence on cotton.
Limits to Growth:
-Shortage of skilled workers
-Wealth concentrated in hands of a few
-Few banks to finance business expansion
Thomas Alva Edison
Andrew Carnegie
John D. Rockefeller
Trust
Social Darwinism
Gospel of Wealth
Monopolies
Knights of Labor
American Federation
of Labor
Anarchists
Section 2
Ellis Island
Angel Island
Suburbs
Tenements
Section 3
Sharecropping
Dawes Act
Assimilate
Open Range
Section 4
Gilded Age
Jim Crow Laws
Graft
Pendleton Act
Gold Standard
Populist Party
William Jennings
Bryan
Designed electric light bulb and phonograph
Sold steel business to US Steel Corp.; made him one of the richest men in
the world.
Gained control of oil industry
A board of trustees, where companies assign their stock to a board of
trustees, who combine the stocks into a new organization
Theory where it took away the guilt for those who were rich; “life is a
struggle where only the fittest survived”
Doctrine, called on those who accumulated wealth to s hare their riches
for the betterment of society
Where single corporation came to control who id it
Sought to organize all workers male and female, black and white, skilled
and unskilled
Focused on specific worker issues, ex. wages, working hours, and
working conditions
Political radicals opposed to any form of government
East coast immigrant island located in NY, where authorities asked
questions and checked health, etc.
West coast immigrant island located in San Francisco Bay, experienced
harsher conditions than Ellis Island
Residential areas surrounding the cities; (areas where people lived in
between the cities and the farms)
Subdivided homes where immigrants crowded into to live, very cramped,
airless and tiny, very few windows or sanitation
Farming system where landowners owned the crop and provided the
sharecropper a place to live as well as tools, seeds, and a share of the
crop
1887; sought to destroy the Native Americans way of live by making
them become more American
To be absorbed into another culture (how Natives were forced to
become more American)
A vast area of grassland owned by the federal government
Period during the late 19th century where under the surface of where
people thought that things were going very well, there were issues,
poverty, unemployment and corruption
Laws that separated blacks and whites
Bribery and corruption
Created a test for people to take if they wanted to work for the gov.
Policy in how much money would be worth in gold
The People’s Party; a political party created from the Farmer’s Alliance
Democratic and Populist candidate for presidency in 1896; talked about
free silver
Manufacturing and industrialization grew in the United States after the Civil War. It rapidly transformed
the U.S. There were many reasons for rapid industrial expansion in the U.S. First, the nation’s physical
geography provided abundance of natural resources- including lumber, coal, and oil- that manufacturers
relied on to power their factories and lubricate their machines. Second, as industries expanded, millions of
immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, as well as from Asia, poured into the United States to fill
the demand for labor. Third, government policies encouraged the success of businesses in the late 1800s.
Finally, the nation’s cultural climate, with its’ favorable view of entrepreneurs, contributed to the growth of
industry. By assigning stock to a board and then combining the stock into a new organization, companies
form a trust. Sherman Antitrust Act outlawed monopolies. Andrew Carnegie was the head of the steel
industry. To form cartels and trusts, large corporations often bought out smaller firms.
south and west transformed
southern farmers worked hard but suffered from declining prices for their
crops. sharecropping system: landowners cheated sharecroppers to take on further debt. sharecropping
was an endless cycle of debt and poverty ku klux klan terrorized African Americans who sought to
exercise new political rights. indians encountered resistance and persecution. dawes act divided
reservations into individual land holdings. wanted Indians to assimilate into the united states. restricted
from practicing religious beliefs. discovery of gold and silver in the west attracted consumers. tensions
between railroad owners and farmers increased due to high freight prices. open range ended after terrible
winters.
People To Know:
Andrew Carnegie: United States industrialist and philanthropist who endowed education and public
libraries and research trusts (1835-1919) He created the Gospel of Wealth and believed in Social
Darwinism.
John D. Rockefeller: United States industrialist who made a fortune in the oil business and gave half of it
away (1839-1937).
Workers United to Make….
Knights of Labor: All laborers going for what they want. They have their famous eight-hour quote.
AFL: American Federation of Labor: a federation of North American labor unions that merged with the
Congress of Industrial Organizations.
Mini-Quiz:
Which of these sentences best describes the situations of most industrial workers?
A) They made a fortune in industry.
B) They believed in Social Darwinism.
C) They were well educated.
D) They endured long days for low wages.
2. The light bulb and phonograph were invented by
A) Andrew Carnegie.
B) Thomas Edison.
C) John D. Rockefeller.
D) Phillip Armour.
3. Young men were hired to work as breaker boys in
A) coal mines.
B) textile mills.
C) factories.
D) railroad companies.
4. After the Haymarket Riot, the government arrested eight __________, political radicals who were
opposed to any form of government.
A) anarchists
B) trustees
C) philanthropists
D) entrepreneurs
5. In 1894, a nationwide strike against the __________ companies occurred; this became known as the
Pullman Strike.
A) steel
B) railroad
C) oil
D) textile
I.
Issues of the Gilded Age
A. Segregation and Social Tensions
1.
Separate but Equal
a)
Jim Crow Laws*
b) Plessy v. Ferguson
(1) Supreme Court: upheld segregation as long as “Separate but
Equal” (didn’t really work)
2.
Mexican American and Chinese Immigrants Face Discrimination
a) Mexicans were discriminated when they went to court to get their property
back from the whites
(1) Las Gorras Blancas (White Caps): ex. of vandalism after not
getting what they wanted, (protested)
b) Chinese discriminated and were not allowed to work at certain places,
Whites say that they were taking jobs away
(1) Chinese Exclusion Act: 1882: banned further immigration for 10
years. In 1902: made permanent
3.
Women’s Suffrage
(1) Few states granted women to vote
(2) 1900 women made up 1/3 of all college students (educational
opportunities were given)
B. Political Challenges
1.
Corruption plagues Government
a)
2.
Politicians bribe in order to gain support
Tariffs, Civil Service, and Monetary Policy
a)
Republicans wanted high tariff, Democrats: low taxes on imports
b) Pendleton Act*
c)
Gold Standard*: made everything more expensive
C. Farmers and Populism
1.
Farmers face complex problems
a) Farmers migrated to West, however still has problems; crop prices are still
low and they still have debts, as well as the Gold Standard
2.
Farmers Organize and demand reforms
a) Grange movement (Midwest) Farmer’s Alliance (South and the Plains)
Populist Party (Omaha, Nebraska)
(1) Wanted to lower shipping and storage rates, either through gov.
regulation of railroads or use of grain elevators or both
(2) Brought General James Weaver for presidency in 1892
(3) William Jennings Bryan for president: to make it easier for
farmers to gain money with his free silver policy
3.
Economic Crisis and Populism’s Decline
a)
Bryan failed to convince the benefits of free silver
b) William McKinley, the Republican candidate won
c)
Populist Party never recovered
Chapter 3 Questions:
1) What industrial accomplishment, constructed by the Public Works Department, extended for miles
underground?
Answer: sewer systems
2) Who wrote ‘God Bless America’ and ‘White Christmas’ in 1893
Answer: Irving Berlin
What was urban life like for most city residents?
Answer: crowded, busy. forced to live in tenements in suburbs. not easy
True/False
Andrew Carnegie owned the oil industry. False: steel business
5) Social Darwinism refers to survival of the fittest. True
6) Benjamin Franklin invented the electric light bulb. False: Thomas Edison
Chapter 4
Summary: Industrialization, Urbanization and immigration brought many benefits to America.
Social problems emerged from this. Progressivism emerged in the 1980’s. Progressive ideas brought lasting
reforms. They believed that new ideas and efficient government could bring social justice. Women wanted
a bigger role in society and won the right to vote. Discrimination became a major part of society. In the late
1800’s the US has several weak and ineffective presidents. The arrival of Theodore Roosevelt, a
charismatic figure who embraced progressive ideas. Roosevelt passed progressive reforms and expanded
the powers of the Presidency. He changed the way Americans viewed the roles of the President.
Republicans, Theodore Roosevelt, and William Howard Taft introduced the country to forceful Progressive
Presidents. Democrat Woodrow Wilson used the expanded power of the presidency to promote a farreaching reform agenda.
Terms:
 Progressivism- movement that emerged in response to the pressures of the industrialization and
urbanization that promoted reforms to bring about social justice
 Suffrage- the right to vote temperance movement a group that promoted the practice of never
drinking alcohol
 Booker T. Washington- believed by being patient and waiting that they would eventually win
white Americans respect and voting rights
 Theodore Roosevelt- 1901 elected as president. He stopped illegal monopolies and reduced
abusive business practice.
 Square Deal- its goal was to keep the wealthy and powerful from taking advantage of small
business owners and the poor
 16th Amendment- 1913 constituted amendment that gave congress the authority the to levy an
income tax
Section1
Progressivism started to become popular in United States. They believed that industrialization and
urbanism had created troubling social and political problems. They thought that political reform was the
most urgent need. Most progressives wanted to change big businesses and governments. The wealthy and
the poor gap was also a big concern to them, and the conditions of the urban life.
Muckrakers started to reveal the conditions throughout the country by taking pictures and writing
journalism. They often exaggerated what was happening throughout the urban America. People
throughout America became more familiar with the social problems in America thus wanting to change
things more often.
Progressives start to change the government and reform society. Walter Rauschenbusch created
the social gospel that states that by following the Bible’s teachings about charity and justice people could
make society “the kingdom of God.”
People started to live in settlement houses, which were a
community center that provided social services to the urban poor; Jane Addams was one of the leaders of
this idea. Protecting children and improving education became a popular goal along with helping industrial
workers. Finally the progressives improved city government and election rules. Such improvement as
referendum, recall, and initiative. So after all the progressives became a power within the government.
Section 2
Women start to want change with their role in society and government. Women started to become
more educated and wanted to do more about their role in society and equality. Florence Kelley was one of
the women that believed women were hurt by the unfair prices of goods. Unions for women started to form
such as the National Consumer League and the National American Woman Suffrage Association. The
temperance movement began which was promoting never drinking alcohol. Margaret Sanger was a woman
who believed in more modern thoughts on society such as having fewer children. IN the 1920’s the
Nineteenth Amendment was passed allowing women to vote. Overall in this section women are granted
more independence and rights within government and society.
Section 3
The goal of Progressives was to reform and fix social and political problems but they contradicted
themselves because they were against minorities and immigrants. Many took place in Americanization
efforts in an attempt to change immigrants and make them more “American” so they would become more
loyal to the United States. They also discriminated against the black community and thought they were
dumb. The Plessy vs. Ferguson decision was made and segregated the two races in all aspects of life.
African American leaders started to rise up, such as Booker T. Washington, who said to be patient with
progress while other leaders, such as W.E.B. Du Bois demanded immediate changes and new rights. The
Niagara Movement took place during this time and was lead by leaders such as Du Bois and Trotter who
said that gradual progress would not work and more radical decisions were needed. This movement did not
make a big enough difference and after a riot against the black community occurred in Springfield, white
and black reformers realized the need for the NAACP. The National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People attempted to help African Americans in society as well as the workforce. Many African
Americans moved to urban areas and the Urban League was formed which helped poorer workers while the
NAACP helped mainly middle-class people. Other groups besides African Americans were discriminated
against such as Jews who formed the Anti-Defamation League and Mexicans who formed the Partido
liberal Mexicano to protect their rights and fight against discrimination. Some Mexican Americans formed
mutualistas, groups that made loans and gave legal assistance and Native Americans and Asian Americans
also made groups to help protect their rights.
Section 4
Theodore Roosevelt became president of the United States in 1901 and was known as an
extremely enthusiastic, intelligent, and opinionated man. He became a war hero as a young man and
became president after McKinley was assassinated. He immediately started on his idea of the Square Deal,
which was a program whose goal was to keep the wealthy from having too much control over business and
the poor. He did not want everyone to become rich or for lazy people to be given money by the government
but he wanted everything to be run fairly. Roosevelt took more control over businesses by dealing with
strikes and instituting the Department of Commerce and Labor to watch over businesses and to make sure
that they were not corrupt. The Interstate Commerce Commission was created to make sure corporations
shipping products were all taxed the same amount and the Hepburn Act strengthened the ICC by allowing
the government to set shipping costs. Roosevelt was not against trusts but did break up large businesses that
did not act fairly and were breaking rules or making illegal decisions. During this time, he also helped the
food department by passing the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act, both of which
established regulations in an attempt to make food healthier and safer to eat. Roosevelt wanted to take care
of national forests and agreed with John Muir and Gifford Pinchot who were both actively involved and
caring for the environment. He created the National Reclamation Act, which allowed the government to
have control over the water supply in the United States. After Roosevelt’s presidency he supported Taft in
becoming president, but Taft made different decisions in office than Roosevelt would have, such as
supporting an income tax and making no distinction between good and bad trusts. After this, Roosevelt
began speaking about New Nationalism; a program that he hoped would reinstitute the government’s power
in getting rid of corrupt trusts. The Republican Party was split between Taft and Roosevelt and many set up
the Progressive party which elected Roosevelt as their candidate for the next presidential election.
Section 5
In 1912, the Republican party split over reform. As a result of the split, an opportunity arose fro
the Democrats and their presidential candidate, Woodrow Wilson. Wilson had many ideas for reform that
he would uses and made a program named the New Freedom, which was like Roosevelt's New
Nationalism. This program would place strict government controls on corporations and would aim to
provide more freedom for small businesses. Once Wilson was elected he aimed to prevent big
manufacturers from unfairly charging high prices to their customers, by lowering tariffs on goods imported
from foreign countries. Wilson convinced the members of Congress to pass the Underwood Tariff Bill,
which cut tariffs and included a provision to create a graduated income tax, which the 16th amendment
gave Congress the power to do. Wilson also tried to reform the banking system by pushing Congress to
pass the Federal Reserve Act, which placed national banks under the control of a Federal Reserve Board.
Also, Wilson would focus on trusts and as a result of focusing on trusts, he created the Federal Trade
Commission, which would monitor business practices that might lead to monopoly. Congress also passed
the Clayton Antitrust Act that strengthened earlier antitrust laws by spelling out those activities in which
businesses could not engage. The Clayton Antitrust Act also protected labor unions from being attacked as
trusts. Following this act, Wilson thought of the Workingman's Compensation Act, which gave wages to
temporarily disabled civil service employees, and the Adamson Act, which prevented a nationwide railroad
strike.
Questions:
1. Why were some immigrants sent back after they were tested?
a. religion
b. criminal recorded
c. Disease
d. race
2. African American leader who wanted blacks to slowly move toward racial progress by being patient and
win respect.
a. Booker T. Washington
b. W.E.B DuBois
c. Ida B. Wells
d. Martin Luther King Jr.
3. 1903 Muller V. Organ fought over:
a. Limited working hours for women
b. Temperance
c. Birth control
d. Right to vote
4. Theodore Roosevelt wanted corporation to:
a. Work business fairly
b. Supported the middle class
c. Control smallest businesses
d. Tried to get into politics
5. National reclamation Act affected which resource:
a. Coal
b. Gold
c. Oil
d. Water
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Chapter 5 Review Packet: An Emerging World Power
Section 1: Summary
U.S. and Japan begin to follow European model of imperialism
Extractive economies-desire for raw materials (Europe+Japan)
American surplus requires for expanding trade
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Countries build up military strength
Alfred T. Mahan-make America a naval power
Acquire foreign bases where American ships refuel and get supplies
Social Darwinism-only the fittest survive, certain races and nations are superior
Manifest Destiny-right to expand to the Pacific Ocean
Josiah Strong-Americans have right to expand western values
Frederick Jackson Turner-urge overseas expansion and acquiring new frontier to avoid internal conflict
Matthew Perry- sails to Japan and negotiates an trade agreement with U.S. and Japan
William Seward-“Sewards Folly” by buying Alaska, turned out to be prosperous in Timber, oil and other natural
resources
James Blain advocates cooperation to delegates of 17 Latin American countries
Missionaries establish churches, schools, and plantations in Hawaii, also limit the voting right to white planters with new
constitution
Sugar becomes more expensive, tough on farmers and they fear that they would suffer decreasing sales and profits
Queen Liliuokalani abolishes the constitution that gave power to white farmers
John Stevens orders military to seize Hawaii
Harrison signs treaty of annexation of Hawaii into U.S.
In order to be ratified Cleveland must sign it but he doesn’t
McKinley’s administration goes on to ratify it
Terms:
 Imperialism: the policy by which strong nations extend their political, military, and economic control over weaker
territories.
 Extractive economies: when an imperial country extracts or removes raw materials from the colony and ship them to
the home country.
 Alfred T. Mahan: a military historian and an officer in the U.S. Navy.
 Social Darwinism: belief that life consists of competitive struggles in which only the fittest survive.
 Frederick Jackson Turner: said that the frontier was officially closed.
 Queen Liliuokalani: Hawaiian leader who rebelled against the U.S. annexation but failed.
Section 2: Spanish-American war:
 Cubans rebelled against Spanish rule
 Americans didn’t want to be involved
 The Maine exploded (U.S. navel ship) which caused the U.S. to go to war.
 U.S. helps Cuba win
 The Yellow Press made people think that we need to be on the side of Cuba against the Spanish. And the cry,
“Remember the Maine”
 U.S. takes the Philippines for $20 million
 Treaty of Paris, Spain gave up control of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Pacific Island of Guam
Terms:
 Jose Marti-Cuban patriot who launched a war for independence against Spain. Used guerilla warfare and hit
and run tactics against the Spanish
 William Randolph Hearst- heightened public’s dislike of the Spanish government. His publication were called
the Yellow Press
 Yellow Press- Newspapers with sensational headlines and pictures on their front pages. Their stories
exaggerated Spanish atrocities and compared Cuban rebels to the patriots of the American Revolution.
 Jingoism-Aggressive Nationalism. Fueled by letter written by Spain’s ambassador that called McKinley weak
and stupid
 George Dewey-destroyed Spanish force in Manila Bay. No Americans lost their lives
 Emilio Aguinaldo-Filipino Nationalist who helped defeat the Spanish army. Spanish surrenders with the help of
the US
 Rough Riders-cavalry unit commanded by Teddy Roosevelt. Made up of rugged westerners and upper class
easterners who relished “strenuous life”
 Treaty of Paris-officially ended the war against Spain. Spain gave up control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the
pacific island of Guam. It sold the Philippines to the US for $20 million
Section 3: Summary:
Philippines:
Emilio Aguinaldo initiates an insurrection in response to the US' attempt to capture the Philippines. To squash the
rebellion, the US went to great extremes and made use of concentration camps. I response to the rebellion, Taft tried to
rebuild the Philippines. Eventually, the people gained their independence with the Jones Act.
China:
Influences in China led to many complications and negotiations. For a long times, the US stressed that they had no
means of stealing territory, and only wanted trade. However, tensions still rise and the Boxer Rebellion goes against the
foreign influence that is spreading in China.
Japan:
Roosevelt puts an end to the Russo-Japanese War with a peace treaty. Then, he also negotiated the Gentlemen's
Agreement, which calmed tensions between America and Japan.
Terms:
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Insurrection: rebellion
Guerilla warfare: non-traditional warfare involving small bands of fighters to attack behind American lines.
William Taft: president of the US and governor of the Philippines
sphere of influence: distinct sections of China where each power (Britain, France, Germany, and Russia) had its
own access to Chinese ports and markets
John Hay: US Secretary of State who issued notes to imperial leaders that stated the US wanted "perfect
equality of treatment for commerce"
Boxer Rebellion: Chinese rebellion against foreign influences such as missionaries and the foreign diplomat's
district
Open Door Policy: states that America would not colonize China, they just wanted free trade
Russo-Japanese War: War between Japan and Russia in which Roosevelt put an end to, and thus received a
Nobel Prize
Gentlemen's Agreement: US school board pledged to end its segregation policy. In return Japan agreed to limit
immigration of citizens to the US
Section 4:Summary:
 Puerto Rico remain under direct U.S. military rule
 Congress pass Foraker Act-establish civil gov. in Puerto Rico where U.S. chooses governor and makes up part
of their legislature
 Insular cases determine the rights of Puerto Ricans
 Americans sign Jones-Shafroth act which gives the Puerto Ricans more rights and gives them greater control
over island
 Platt Amendment-restricts the rights of Cubans and place it within the US sphere
 Teddy Roosevelt advocates Big Stick Diplomacy-“speak softly and carry a big stick
 Depends on a strong military to achieve its goals
 Believes that their moral responsibility is to civilize and uplift weaker nations
 French company abandons its Panama canal attempt, convinces US to purchase it for $40 million
 US supports Panamanian revolution from Colombian government so they pay much less for the land
 Construction was difficult-Bad working conditions, completion of canal required scientific breakthroughs to
battle tropical diseases, 5000 died from disease or accidents (35000 work)
 Roosevelt Corollary-in case of “chronic wrongdoing” by Latin American countries US has to fight to restore
order
 Latin American countries resent it
 Roosevelt handpicks Taft to succeed him as republican candidate
 Taft believes in Dollar Diplomacy-increase investments in business and banks throughout Central America and
the Caribbean
 Sometimes required military intervention
 Wilson reduces military conquest
 In Mexico, Porfirio Diaz ruled for decades as a dictator while he benefited only the small upper class while the
farmers struggled in poverty
 1911 Francisco Madero leads revolution and topples Diaz but he was weak
 Victoriano Huerta seizes power and executes Madero
 Venustiano Carranza is a reformer who organized anti-Huerta forces
 Wilson supports Carranza
 Helps him attain power
 Huerta’s fall from power advocated “moral diplomacy” but Carranza was slow in bringing reforms
 Carranza is overthrown by Francisco “Pancho” Villa
 Wilson sends John J. Pershing to find him but failed to capture him
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US becomes involved in WWI, freeing Villa from hunting
Terms:
 Foraker Act: established civil government in Puerto Rico.
 Platt Amendment: restricted the rights of newly independent Cubans and effectively brought the island within
the U.S. sphere.
 “Big stick” Diplomacy: the U.S. uses its big military to achieve America’s goals.
 Panama Canal: U.S. paid Panama (newly independent country) $10 million to build canal.
 “Dollar” Diplomacy: increased American investments in business and banks throughout Central America,
“dollars for bullets”.
 “Moral” Diplomacy: Wilson wanted the U.S. to be friends with other countries.
Major Ideas
Roots of Imperialism
1. Economic Gain
Extractive Economies- takes everything away from their colonies
-Europe is industrializing so they need natural resources (African Colonies)
-Japan is industrialized and needs natural resources (Pacific Colonies)
2. Militarism
Build up militaries to protect what they have need foreign bases for refueling/supplies
3.Nationalism and Social Darwinism
Imperialists use race as a justification that the superior have the right to rule over the inferior
Frederick Jackson Turner
“The significance of the frontier in American history” [Aka Turner thesis]
Basically states that since the birth of the Americas we have wanted to expand and civilize Frontiers and once the
west is civilized our frontiers move.
People to Know…
Commodore Perry
William Seaward (Seaward’s folley…buying Alaska)
Queen Liliuokalani
US minister John Stevens
Spanish American War
3 causes
1. Yellow Journalism [invented by Joseph Pulitzer NY World and William Hearst NY Journal]
-Delome Letter
2. Cuban Revolt (US had strong economic interests in Cuba)
Jose Marti (Cuban Rebel Leader) v.s. Spanish General Weyler
3. US was immersed in a spirit of nationalism…
Remember the Maine!(Started the Spanish-American War)
Rough Riders(Led by Teddy Roosevelt)
Treaty of Paris
Emilio Aguinaldo (Pilipino rebel leader)
Insular Cases
“Does the constitution follow the flag?”
The US and East Asia section 3
Questions that may help you out
What was the Jones Act?
What was the name of the secret society in china that despised westerners and Christianity? What happened
when they rebelled?
What happened in San Francisco that inspired the creation of the Gentleman’s agreement?
What was the Great White Fleet? Why was it sent to sail around the World?
Sec 4
Define
Foraker Act
Platt Amendment
What did the Roosevelt Corollary update?
PANAMA CANAL
Why did the U.S. support the Panamanian rebellion against Columbia?
Presidents…
Roosevelt 1901-1909
Big Stick diplomacy- depends on a strong military to meet the US’s goals
Taft 1909-1913
Dollar Diplomacy- Increase American investments in businesses and banks throughout Central America and the
Caribbean
“Substitute Dollars for Bullets”
Wilson 1913-1921
Moral Diplomacy- US would not use force to assert influence in the world, but would instead work to promote
human rights
REVIEW
Matching
1. A Military Historian and officer in the US
navy who wrote the influence of sea power
and played a key role in transforming America
into a naval power
2. Historian that claimed the frontier had been
closed by gradual settlement in the 14th
century
3.Stated that we would not take over Cuba but
bring it with the Sphere of influence
4.Est. that the US could not annex Cuba
5. An aggressive form of nationalism
popularized by US press
6. Privileged accessibility to France, Britain,
and Russia to Chinese ports
7. Sailed a fleet of American Warships into
present day Tokyo bay, Japan
a.Alfred T. Mahan
b.Frederick Turner
c.Teller Amendment
d. Platt Amendment
e.Jingoism
f.Sphere of Influence
g.Mathew Perry
Study Questions with Answers
1. How did country’s benefit from possessing colonies?
A: It gave nations an edge in the competition for global resources
2. What was a major complaint for farmers about overproduction?
A: Complained that excess production resulted in declining crop prices and profits
3. Who was the military historian and officer in the United States Navy, who played a key role in transforming
America into a naval power?
A. Fredrick Turner
B. Alfred Mahan
C. Matthew Perry
D. FDR
4. What was one reason that Americans embraced Social Darwinism?
A: They had long believed that God had granted them the right and responsibility to settle the frontier
5. Who sailed a fleet of American warships into present day Tokyo Bay, Japan in 1853?
A. Turner
B. Perry
C. Dewey
D. Roosevelt
6. How did Perry negotiate a treaty that opened Japan to trade with America?
A: the Japanese people thought their ships looked like ‘giant dragons puffing smoke’, showered the Japanese
emperor with lavish gifts, and realized they had fallen behind in military technology.
7. What did the treaties of 1875 and 1887 do?
A: Increased trade with Hawaiian Islands and gave US the right to build a naval base at Pearl Harbor
8. What did Queen Liliuokalani do after becoming Kalakaua’s successor?
A: She abolished the constitution that had given political power to the white minority
9. What did Cuban patriot Jose Marti do in 1895?
A: He launched a war for independence from Spain
10. What resulted from the Treaty of Paris being signed, besides ending the war?
A: Spain gave up control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Pacific Island of Guam. Also sold the Philippines to
the US for $20 million
11. What did the Foraker Act do when it was passed in 1900?
A: The act authorized the President of the United States to appoint a governor and part of the Puerto Rican
legislature
1.
Chapter 5 Questions:
What happened a year after Commodore Matthew Perry’s arrival?
2.
Hawaii was annexed in what year?
3.
Why did U.S. Commodore George Dewey lead attack on ships in Manila Bay during Spanish
American war?
4.
Who were the “Rough Riders”
5.
When did the U.S. grant independence to the Philippines?
6.
What was the Platt Amendment?
7.
Why did President Roosevelt send troops to support Panamanian rebels in the fight against Cuba?
8.
An economy based on mining or producing raw materials to be used in foreign industries is called:
9.
Journalists called the purchase of Alaska in 1876, “Seward’s Folly” for what reason?
10. What was the relationship with Hawaii that congress approved in 1898?
11. Social Darwinism is the theory that:
12. The teller Amendment stated that:
13. Which presidential candidate ran on an anti-imperialism platform?
14. Why might the closing of the frontier have encouraged American imperialism?
15. What did Taft do to help restore order in Philippines?
16. In 1916, congress passed the Jones Act which:
17. America’s Open Door Policy in China was designed to:
18. After the Spanish American war, Cubans and Puerto Ricans were:
19. What was Roosevelt’s “big stick” diplomacy?
20. How did the U.S. get access to canal zone?
21. What is “moral” diplomacy?
22. Which diplomatic style most promoted military action?
23. What was one result of “moral” diplomacy?
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Chapter 6
Irreconcilables- opposed any treaty in the League of Nations
Reservationists- opposed the treaty of the League of Nations as it was written
Woodrow Wilson- president at the time of world war I
Influenza- flu virus
Inflation- rising prices
Red Scare- wave of widespread fear of suspected communists and radicals thought to be plotting a
revolution in the US
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Palmer Raids- police arrested thousands of people, some radicals and some immigrants from southern
and eastern Europe
Sacco and Vanzetti- charged with shooting and killing two men in a holdup at a shoe factory near
Boston
Warren G. Harding- Republican candidate of Ohio, against the League of Nations
Creditor nation- other countries owe more to that nation than that nation owes to others
Alsace-Lorraine- territory taken by Germans that the French longed to get back
Militarism- glorification of the military
Francis Ferdinand- heir to the throne in Austria-Hungary, but was assassinated by Gavrillo Princip
Western front- 450 miles of trenches from Belgium to Switzerland
Casualties- soldiers killed, wounded, or missing
Contraband- weapons and other articles used to fight
U-boats- submarines
Lusitania- British passenger liner sunk by a German u-boat off the coast of Ireland
Zimmerman Note- German proposed alliance with Mexico that was intercepted by British
Selective Service Act- act that authorized a draft of young men for military service
Bernard Baruch- head of the WIB which decided which products industries would make
CPI- educated the public of the causes and nature of the war
George Creel- head of CPI
Conscientious objectors- people whose moral or religious beliefs forbid them from participating in
war
Espionage Act- allowed postal authorities to ban treasonable or seditious newspapers, magazines, or
other printed materials from mail
Great migration- movement of African Americans from rural South to the industrial North
Convoy- groups of merchant ships that sailed together, protected by warships
Vladimir Lenin- staged revolution and gained control of Russia
John J. Pershing- commander of American forces in Europe
Alvin York- recipient of a Congressional Medal of Honor
Fourteen points- America's war aims proposed by Wilson, for peace
Self-determination- the right for people to choose their own form of government
League of Nations- supposed to secure "mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial
integrity to great and small states alike"
Henry Cabot Lodge- Republican foreign policy expert
Reparations- payment for war damages
“World War I and Beyond”
Chapter Summary:
June 28th, 1914, Francis Ferdinand was killed. This was the beginning of a chain reaction of fights
breaking out. Soon after Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, the whole European continent as well as
Russia and the Ottoman Empire, was a tangle of alliances and enemy lines. Most of the fighting took place in
France on the Western Front. All along the western front the soldiers took to their trenches for safety. With
these trenches it wasn’t uncommon for long stalemates to occur. While all this was going on Wilson urged the
U.S. to stay neutral. The neutrality was challenged when Germany sunk both the Lusitania and the Sussex. In
January of 1917 the U.S. found out about the Zimmerman Note and on April 2, 1917 Wilson declared the U.S.
part of the war.
America jumped into the war by passing the Selective Service Act, and drafted young men to serve in
Europe. The U.S. had 4 million men in Europe to fight along side the Allies in France. While the men were
away many Americans began protesting the war. Also during their time overseas women took it upon
themselves to fill in for the men at their jobs. In June of 1917 the Espionage Act was passed giving permission
to postal authorities to ban anything that was treasonable or seditious in newspapers, magazines, or printed
materials in the mail. The Great Migration of African Americans and Mexicans also happened due to racism
and better job opportunities in the north.
While all this was happening at home, the troops were welcomed with exuberance in Europe. All the
U.S. troops were fresh and ready to jump in battle and just in time too. The French soldier and their allies
were becoming tired from fighting for so long. With the help of the American soldiers the war was over in a
matter of months, but that didn’t mean peace was near. There was lots of fuss between the Allied forces and
the Central powers and Wilson wasn’t helping trying to force his idea for a League of Nations on the U.S. As
well the senate rejected Versailles Treaty.
The war was over but the death toll was not done rising. Back in the U.S. in September of 1918 a
deadly form of the influenza was spreading like wild fire. This pandemic itself claimed more people dead than
the war. Inflation was also becoming a problem causing labor unrest. Part of this unrest was caused by the
Red Scare. A series of raids broke out between 1919 and 1920 called the Palmer Raids. But after a few more
months things settled down and became normal only for the roaring twenties to come rolling in soon after.
Define:
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Yellow Journalism
Red Scare
Espionage Act
Treaty of Versailles
Selective Service Act
John J. Pershing
Creditor Nation
Bernard Baruch
Reparations
Western Front
Summary
Chapter 9 is mostly about the involvement of the US in World War I. We did not enter the
war until very late and it wasn’t fought at all on our ground. There were split opinions in the public
about whether we should enter the war and on which side. We chose to enter with the British and the
French (Allies). In the end we win the war, without as much of a toll on us as it took on the other
countries. Also, afterwards our president, Wilson, decides to put together a League of Nations and a
lot of countries join, not including the US. We decided to stay out of the league even though it was
our idea. After all is done Harding wins the election of 1920 and Germany has to pay reparations
and give back land to all of the other countries it fought against.
Chapter 6 Questions:
1. Who were the Allies?
2. Who were the Central Powers?
3.What was a Hispanic neighborhood called?
4. What was the 19th amendment?
5. Which country had a lot of influence on the League of Nations, but did not join?
6. Who won the election of 1920?
7. What is the ACLU?
8. Between what two months of 1918 did most of the virus victims die in the US?
9. The formation of what communist nation spread fear of radicals?
10. German Americans thought the punishment of Germany was to _____.
11. How many Ally soldiers died?
12. How many Central Power soldiers died?
13. What major event shocked American people that caused Wilson to no longer call for peace?
14. What was the peace treaty that was signed at the end of the Spanish-American War?
15. Which event was most influential in turning the American public’s opinion against Germany?
16. Who were the rough riders and what did they do?
17. What event led to the Red Scare?
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
During WWI women’s efforts and sacrifices caused the U.S. government to which women’s reform?
Why did Congress pass the National Defense Act and the Naval Construction Act in 1916?
Why was the post war period difficult for farmers?
What did Wilson hope to accomplish with the League of Nations?
African Americans traveled to the “Land of Hope” cause the
Which nations were included in the Triple Alliance?
What was the effect of the Sedition Act of 1918?
Who sailed the Great White Fleet and what was its purpose?
What was the Boxer Rebellion?
Who was George Creel? What methods did he introduce to “sell America”?
What was the Fourteen Point Plan?
Who were the irreconcilables and reservationists?
What was one cause of the labor strikes in 1919?
WWI brought increased immigration to the U.S. from
During WWW, what did the U.S. produce most of?
What was one main event that led to WWI?
How did the U.S. encourage Americans to volunteer and join the Army?
What did the conscientious objectors resist and object to?
What killed more people than WWI?
Summary
Chapter 6 is mostly about the involvement of the US in World War I. We did not enter the war until
very late and it wasn’t fought at all on our ground. There were split opinions in the public about whether we
should enter the war and on which side. We chose to enter with the British and the French (Allies). In the end
we win the war, without as much of a toll on us as it took on the other countries. Also, afterwards our
president, put together a League of Nations and a lot of countries join, not including the US. We decided to
stay out of the league even though it was our idea. After all is done Harding wins the election of 1920 and
Germany has to pay reparations and give back land to all of the other countries it fought against.
Chapter 7
Summary:
In the decade after ww1 America experience a tremendous growth in its economy, Americans were living in
the moment and buying everything on credit, which had falsely boomed the economy. This false sense of
prosperity had covered up the growing debt. During this time the stock market seemed like it was booming,
people were buying shares left and right, but buying on margin. People started to move into cities and life was
becoming for urban. While city life seemed pretty well off, farmers were taking a huge impact and life was
rough. Business scandals were popping up, like the Teapot Dome Scandal which Albert Fall had taken oil
reserves from the navy and loaned with" bribes". America started to see the growing debt and demanded
Britain and France to pay their huge war debts off. The Dawes Act came about which loaned money to
German businesses so it could help them pay their debts. The KKK rose up again and people were blaming
minorities and African Americans for the rising problems. The government also decided to ban alcohol and the
reason was because it was thought that the house life and working life of men was being damaged by it. Cities
still were growing and many American had a leisurely lifestyle but families on farms suffered greatly. Movies
began to become popular and people went to watch them to escape their problems. Jazz became a very popular
style of music, and it portrayed the troubles in life.
Key terms and ideas
*Andrew Mellon: secretary of treasury liked low taxes
*The Jazz Singer: first talking movie
*Albert Fall: secretary of interior, Teapot Dome scandal
*Langston Hughes: powerful African American literary voice
*Nora Zeale Hurston: powerful voice too,
*Bessie Smith: blues singer
*Louis Armstrong: prominent jazz musician
*T.S. Elliot: wrote hollow man
*Ernest Hemingway: wrote farewell to arms, postwar writer
*Sinclair Lewis: author of main street
*Gertrude Stein: poet writer "lost generation"
*Mary Pickford: silent movie star became less popular when talkie movies came around
*Gertrude Ederle: first woman to swim English Channel
* Douglas Fairbanks: starred in adventure movies, silver screen star
Section 1 notes
The Roaring 20's was a time of partying and letting loose. After the death and destruction of WWI, many
people wanted to live it up. Henry Ford did not invent the idea of mass production, (which is the rapid
manufacturing of products by assembly line), he merely perfected it. This mass production does not require
skilled workers, so anyone can be trained to produce a car. Ford invented the Model T which was the first car
that was affordable due to it's innovative production. Many people could now afford to tour the country in cars,
leading to a new type of tourism and the development of better roads.
The 1920's was a time of a consumer revolution. With many new and affordable goods available, people
always wanted to buy. Many people could not pay the entirety of the price, so they paid in installments. This
involved paying only a portion of the price, and then paying the rest over a few months. Buying on margin was
similar to installment buying, but applied to the stock market. Buying on margin involved paying even as little
as
10% of the full price for the stock. The people counted on their earnings to pay back the full price of their
stocks. The people of the 1920's enjoyed a bull market, which is a period of extremely rising stock prices. The
bull market provided a shaky ground of prosperity.
During this time period, many people migrated from rural areas to urban areas. This lead to improved
streetlights, transportation, and buildings. This migration, coupled with the development of cars, lead to the
creation of the suburbs. People could now drive their Model T's into the city for work, yet still enjoy the
comfort and space that the suburbs provided. America's wealth at this time seemed universal, but it was
actually poorly distributed. Many poorer people remained poor, while the rich got even richer. Farmers were
particularly untouched by the prosperity of the decade. Over-production lead to lower prices. Debt piled up as
the farmers struggled to pay for the expensive machinery they used to supply soldiers during WWI with food.
Section 7.2: The Business of Government
Andrew Mellon
• Wealthy bank owner who served in the Hardening administration
• Favored low taxes on individuals and corporations
• Mellon and Hardening worked to reduce government regulation in businesses
Hardening
• Trusted others to make decisions for him→Ohio gang-hardenings untrustworthy public servants who saw
government service as a chance to get rich from the citizens who they were supposed to serve
Coolidge
• Placed trust in businesses
• “Silent Cal”
• Admired productive business leaders
• When the nation had problems (farmers couldn’t keep land, discrimination, labor unions demanded higher
wages, etc), he remained silent because he said it wasn’t his job to interfere
• Coolidge continued to follow the goals of Mellon by reducing national debt, trimming federal budget, and
lowering taxes to give incentives for businesses
• Needed a solution for WW1 to never happen again→Washington Naval Disarmament-meeting held in 1921
and 1922 where world leaders agreed to limit construction of warships
• Also created Kellogg-Briand which was an agreement in 1928 where the nations agreed to outlaw war
• Money was an issue: US needed Britain and France to pay them their loans but Britain and France needed
Germany to pay them their loans
• Dawes plan arranged loans to Germany (which was US money)
• Germany paid back Britain and France who paid back US
Questions with Answers
1. What type of policies did Hardening and Coolidge favor?
A: policies that aided the growth of business
2. Which of Hardenings cabinet members worked hard to achieve advancements specifically for business?
A: Mellon and Hoover
3. What did Hardening do as president?
A: he reduced the regulations on businesses put into place by the progressives
4. What was the Teapot Dome scandal?
A: involved transferring oil reserves from the navy department to the interior department and then forgot about
the navy’s needs
Chapter 7 Section 4
The 1920s was all about the enjoyment of life. The industry workers had more leisure time than ever before so
they could buy the products being produced. There was also a rise in entertainment such as films, radio, and
sports.
Key Terms:
Charlie Chaplin- comedian in the 1920s who acted in silent films such as the Little Tramp. Portrayed ordinary
people
The Jazz Singer- First movie with sound “You ain't heard nothin' yet”
Babe Ruth- Baseball home-run king, leading sports hero
Flapper- young women with short skirts and rouged cheeks who had their chair cropped close in a bob.
Reinvented the woman.
The Lost Generation- American writer that no longer had faith in the cultural guide spots of the Victorian era.
F. Scott Fitzgerald- Wrote The Great Gastby to show the emptiness of the Jazz age
Traditionalism and modernism clash:
Americans enjoyed new consumer products and many leisure activities. They accepted social change and new
discoveries. They were open to a wider variety. Modernism is the growing trend to emphasize science and
secular values over traditional ideas about religion. Formal education was more important to urban areas rather
than rural. Many Americans became upset by the attacks on churches in Europe and Asia, and turned to
fundamentalism for religion. Fundamentalism was based exactly on the bible. Clarence Darrow was Scope's
defense attorney in the Scope's trial. When Darrow questioned William Jennings Bryan about the bible, Bryan
fined him $100.
Restricting immigration:
Congress passed a law requiring immigrants to take a literacy test, because of the communism and socialism in
other countries. The quota system governed immigration from specific countries. Formulas were set up so that
only a certain amount of immigrants could enter America each year. The quota system didn't apply to Mexico,
and Mexicans immigrated to the southwest and made major economic contributions.
The NEW Klu Klux Klan:
The Klu Klux Klan reformed itself to terrorize not only African Americans, but other nationalities. Many
Americans and organizations fought against the Klu Klux Klan.
Prohibition and crime:
In 1919, the states ratified the 18th amendment that forbade alcohol production and consumption. The
amendment wasn't final until congress passed the Volstead Act. Most Americans disagreed with this act and
crime rates rose from bootleggers who sold alcohol illegally. The country tried to repeal the Act, but congress
kept it, which created a separation of people.
Chapter 7 Questions
1. How did the booming economy of the 1920's lead to changes in American life?
2. How did domestic and foreign policy change direction under Harding and Coolidge?
3. How did Americans differ on major social and cultural issues?
4. How did the new mass culture reflect technological and social changes?
5. How did African Americans express a new sense of hope and pride?
6. What did the New woman do?
7. Who was America’s sweet heart?
8. What was different about the workweek in the 1920s and what reason did this happen?
9. What was modernism in the 1920s and what influenced it?
10. Who was the pilot that became a new bread of hero, a romantic daredevil, who risked death with every
flight and flew alone to Paris in 38.5 hours?
11. What were American writers of the 1920's referred to as?
12. Explain why farmers did not benefit from the prosperity of the decade.
13. What was the benefit of living in the suburbs and why did it develop?
14. How was the Model T different than the cars before it? How did this contribute to its success?
15. Define a Bull Market, and explain how it related to the 20's.
16. What were Big Ticket Items, and how did they add to the deceivingly inflated market?
CHAPTER 8
Section 1:
Summary:
The economy was booming during the 80’s due to the fact that people were living “in the moment.” But people
didn’t see that underneath the booming economy, there were a lot of problems. American’s were buying
everything on credit, which led to the stock market crash.
Terms:
Herbert Hoover- republican candidate of 1928 who won the presidential election
Speculation-people buying stocks only because it is a popular stock
Business Cycle- periodic growth and contraction of the economy
Great Depression-period lasting from 1929 to 1941 in which the economy faltered and unemployment soared
Hawley Smoot Tariff- raised prices on foreign imports
Section 2:
Summary:
After the stock market crashed, poverty took over cities and farms, unemployment rose, and food was
becoming a problem. Long drought and wind brought a Dust Bowl that caused a great migration.
Define the following:
-Bread line
- Tenant farmer
-okies
-repatriation
Section 3:
Summary:
After the economy fails, Hoover tries to create new programs that will help America. When Hoover fails with
all these programs, America wants a new leader.
The causes of the great depression were many. They included easy credit, optimism, speculation and Black
Tuesday. The uneven distribution of wealth ensured problems for later.
- Hoover felt that economy was in the bottom of the business cycle meaning that a capitalistic economy had its
ups and downs and during the depression the business cycle was in one of its downs.
-Hoovers Policies did not cause depression but he was blamed largely due to his slow and ineffective response
At first Hoover turned to volunteerism and localism meaning he thought it was not the government’s role to
interfere with helping people.
- Believed that wealthy should help by donating to charities and the poor
- These policies failed to help the poor in a huge way.
- Hoover towards end of his term Hoover began to get more involved with programs like building the Hoover
dam and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) (1932)
(RFC) – gave billions of dollars to large businesses and banks so then banks would lend more money. Also
money given to big businesses would then make it so that companies could keep employment high.
This is known as Trickle-down economy- Money would start at top and trickle down to consumers.
However this failed under Hoover’s guidance and in many cases the money was just kept so they could
weather the storm.
-Hoover lost his slim chances of reelection in July 1932 when the Bonus Army marched on D.C.
WWI veterans that were promised bonuses in 1945 but due to economic circumstances wanted the bonus early.
Hoover ordered Douglas Macarthur to clear the men.
-Men used tear gas and fixed bayonets to clear veterans this hugely damaged Hoovers reputation.
-Overall Hoover was seen as a symbol of failure during the depression this is seen with his name being used to
describe poor towns and mule drawn carriages.
Questions with Answers
1.
What year did people start noticing that the economy was in trouble?
1929
2. What event occurred on black Tuesday?
Investors sold more than 16 million shares of stock
3. The policy of volunteerism called for which of the following?
Public work programs.
4. Why did so many of the banks collapse at the beginning of the great depression?
Too many investors tried to withdraw money all at once.
5. What were Hoovervilles?
Makeshift shantytowns of tents and shacks built on public and vacant lots.
6. How many terms did FDR serve?
Four.
7. What is an Okie?
Dust bowl refugees
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Chapter 8 Questions
On average, most Americans in 1929 earned less than?
What percentage of the workforce did farmers make up during the late 20’s and early 30’s?
By 1935, what percent of American workers had lost their jobs?
In 1931, Henry Ford closed 3 Detroit factories. How many people were put out of work?
Where did most Okies migrate to when the Dust Bowl hit and why?
In 1932, the unemployment rate among these people was nearly double the national rate.
Blaming President Hoover for the Depression the poor lived in shanty make shift towns called what?
How did farmers contribute to the problems that led to the Dust Bowl?
Why was the Depression more personal for men than it was for the children and wife?
Which one of Hoover’s projects succeeded?
What is localism?
What did Douglas Macarthur do?
Why did the RFC fail?
Why did many people think the country needed a new president?
Why was the bonus army so mad at Hoover?
What was trickle down-economics?
Why were Americans so optimistic?
Why did so many banks collapse?
What is Black Tuesday?
Why did Hoover put tariffs on American product?
Why was Hoover so slow to react to the depression?
What was his first response? What was his Second?
Why did the trickle down economy fail?
What event determined that Hoover would not be reelected?
Across
2. Small shanty towns during the depression
6. U.S. government or state government trying to convince Mexicans to move back to Mexico
8. money that was given to big businesses and banks so they could hire more people and give more loans
9. when investors would gamble on what would happen in the stock market
Down
1. WWI veterans that marched on D.C. to get their bonuses earlier
3. Policy where problems would be figured out locally not by the government
4. Refugees of Oklahoma dust bowls that move west
5. Raised prices on foreign goods so that they could not compete with American goods
7. Passed 1932 created by Hoover to put money into economy