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Anatomy and Physiology 2B Study Guide Unit Test #l: The Nervous System (This is not a complete list of all you need to know; however, it is a majority of the information) You should be able to define, describe, relate, discuss, and diagram the following: I. The Nervous System: An Overview Neuron: parts of the cell, function of each part, including axon hillock, axolemma, Neurilemma, myelin and cells that produce this, Neuroglia: astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, Satellite cells: what is the function of each? Primary tissue type? Location? Types of neurons: multipolar, unipolar, and bipolar: sensory or motor? Location of each? Number of dendrites? Number of axons? Role of ions: calcium, sodium, potassium Membrane potential and action potential Axolemma vs. Neurilemma, ion concentrations across the resting membrane Action potential: depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, Relative refractory vs. absolute refractory Synapse: presynaptic membrane vs. postsynaptic membrane Neurotransmitters. Vesicles. Saltatory conduction Myelin production Effect of diameter on rate of nerve impulse transmission Nerve fiber vs. Tracts Connective tissue layers in a nerve Organization of a nerve: fascicles, etc. II. The CNS: Know the embryonic origins of all parts of the brain and spinal cord. Know the ventricles and CSF production. Be able to trace the circulation of the CSF: spaces and connections between spaces. Be able to describe the organization of the meninges around the brain and spinal cord. Dura mater (septa): periosteal and meningeal dura Falx Cerebri, Falx cerebelli, Diaphragma sellae, Tentorium cerebelli Arachnoid Subarachnoid space Pia mater Be able to describe the cranial fossae in which the parts of the brain are located Brain: cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, Lobes, brain mapping, separations (e.g. Longitudinal fissure, etc.) Structures and functions of diencephalons Cortex, commissural tracts, association tracts, projection tracts Spinal Cord: \. Anterior median fissure, posterior median sulcus, white columns and tracts, gray Horns and commissural tracts Cervical enlargement (brachial plexus) and lumbar enlargement (lumbosacral plexus) Conus Medullaris Cauda Equina Denticulate ligament and Filum terminale III. PNS: Spinal nerves: organization Brachial plexus: roots. Trunks, divisions, cords, Terminal branches Musculocutaneous: area that is supplied, cord from which it arises Median: same as above Ulnar: same as above Radial: same as above Axillary: same as above Lumbosacral plexus: how does the organization of the plexus differ from the Brachial Plexus? Femoral nerve: Obturator nerve: Sciatic nerve Tibial nerve Common fibular (Peroneal) Superficial branch Deep branch Cranial nerve: know the numerical designation, foramen through which it passes, Innervation. Primary function (sensory. motor, or both) Which have the autonomies? Reflexes: which are monosynaptic? Which are polysynaptic? How many neurons? Define the term "reflex". Ipsilateral? Contralateral? Pyramidal Decussation, Patellar reflex, ankle jerk reflex, Photo pupillary reflex, corneal reflex, accommodation reflex: what is the sensory nerve? What is the motor nerve? What are the receptors, what path do they trigger and where are they: Free Nerve endings, Meissner’s, Pacinian, muscle spindle, Golgi tendon organ Tracts: ascending vs. descending, sensory vs. motor. 2 neuron vs. 3 neuron Corticospinal, Fasciculus Gracilis and Cuneatus, Spinothalamic, Spinocerebellar: S ensory? Motor? Type of information conveyed? Somatic nervous system or ANS? If ANS. sympathetic or parasympathetic Where do the cross overs occur? Medulla? Point of exit? IV. ANS: Somatic vs. Autonomic? (Thoracolumbar vs. Craniosacral) Both are motor responses to a single sensory stimulus All autonomic responses are visceral reflexes. Is the structure or concept associated with the sympathetic? Or parasympathetic division of the ANS? Neurotransmitters: serotonin, dopamine, acetylcholine, epinephrine norepinephrine, GABA, Melatonin.
