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S1 – Lost Summary Notes Important terms: Solute – the dissolved substance in a solution Solvent – the substance in which the solute is dissolved Solution – the product made when a solute is dissolved in a solvent Soluble – a substance is able to be dissolved Insoluble – a substance will not dissolve Filtration - process where insoluble solids can be separated from a liquid. Evaporation – the process of turning a liquid in to a gas and can be used to separate solids from liquids Distillation – the process of separating liquids based on different boiling points Fermentation is the process of converting sugar in to alcohol. The sugar is fermented with yeast (an enzyme) to help speed up the reaction. The equation for this is: Distillation can be used to increase the percentage of alcohol by separating the ethanol from water. Signs of a chemical reaction: Temperature change Gas given off (effervescence) Colour change A new substance is formed In every chemical reaction a new substance is always formed. We can speed up a chemical reaction by using a smaller particle size, increasing the temperature or increasing the concentration. Fertilisers are chemicals which are essential for plant growth. They must contain nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) or potassium (K). These are known as essential elements. Examples of natural fertilisers are manure or compost. All metals have a different reactivity. Metals can be listed in order of their reactivity (e.g. magnesium, zinc, iron, tin, copper). Their reactivity will have an effect on what they are used for. For example a metal like lithium which is very reactive in water would not be a suitable metal to construct pipes. A metal’s reactivity will also affect how we find them in nature and how they are extracted. We can dig up gold or silver but need to heat copper to extract it from its ore. All you need to make a chemical cell/battery is 2 different metals and an electrolyte. This can provide us with energy. We can also burn a fuel as this reaction will produce lots of energy. Renewable energy is useful because it can be made from natural sources. Examples of renewable energy are: Wind power Solar power Tidal power Hydroelectric power Wave power Solar power S1 – Lost Practice Test 1. Explain, using a labelled diagram, how you separate a solid from a liquid. (2 marks) 2. Complete the definitions in the table: (2 marks) Word Solvent Solute Soluble Insoluble Definition 3. State what happens in every chemical reaction. (1 mark) 4. Fermentation is the process by which alcohol is made from sugar. a. Write a word equation for this reaction. (Remember a gas is given off!) (1 mark) b. How can the percentage of alcohol be increased? (1 mark) 5. State two ways that a chemical reaction can be made quicker. (2 marks) 6. Using the information in the table put the metals in order of reactivity, starting with the most reactive. Metal Gold Potassium Magnesium Reaction with water No reaction Loud pop and lots of fizzing Fizzes gently (3 marks) 7. Name two of the three essential elements found in fertilisers. (1 mark) 8. State an advantage and a disadvantage of renewable energy. (2 marks)