Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
United States presidential election, 1876 wikipedia , lookup
Presidential system wikipedia , lookup
Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution wikipedia , lookup
Separation of powers in Singapore wikipedia , lookup
Separation of powers wikipedia , lookup
Separation of powers under the United States Constitution wikipedia , lookup
Checks and balances Legislative Branch Checks on the Executive Impeachment power (House) Trial of impeachments (Senate) Selection of the President (House) and Vice President (Senate) in the case of no majority of electoral votes o May override Presidential vetoes o Senate approves departmental appointments o Senate approves treaties and ambassadors o Approval of replacement Vice President o Power to declare war o Power to enact taxes and allocate funds o President must, from time-to-time, deliver a State of the Union address Checks on the Judiciary o Senate approves federal judges o Impeachment power (House) o Trial of impeachments (Senate) o Power to initiate constitutional amendments o Power to set courts inferior to the Supreme Court o Power to set jurisdiction of courts o Power to alter the size of the Supreme Court Checks on the Legislature - because it is bicameral, the Legislative branch has a degree of self-checking. o Bills must be passed by both houses of Congress o House must originate revenue bills o Neither house may adjourn for more than three days without the consent of the other house o All journals are to be published o o Executive Branch Checks on the Legislature o Veto power o Vice President is President of the Senate o Commander in chief of the military o Recess appointments o Emergency calling into session of one or both houses of Congress o May force adjournment when both houses cannot agree on adjournment o Compensation cannot be diminished Checks on the Judiciary o Power to appoint judges o Pardon power Checks on the Executive o Vice President and Cabinet can vote that the President is unable to discharge his duties Judicial Branch Checks on the Legislature o Judicial review o Seats are held on good behavior o Compensation cannot be diminished Checks on the Executive o Judicial review o Chief Justice sits as President of the Senate during presidential impeachment Open primary - a primary election in which voters do not need to be a member of a particular political party in order to vote for partisan candidates in the primary election Closed primary - a type of direct primary limited to registered party members who have declared their party affiliation, in order to vote in the election PAC - A committee set up by a corporation, labor union, or interest group that raises and spends campaign money from voluntary donations. Federalism – a. National supremacy over states – i. McCullough v. Maryland; judicial review ii. Gibbons v. Ogden; Congress regulates interstate commerce iii. Calhoun – nullification iv. Dred Scott; was not a citizen, property that should be returned to slave-holding state b. Dual federalism – (1865-1933) i. Federal gov’t and state are supreme within their own areas ii. 13-15th Amendments were designed to protect Af.Am iii. Plessy v. Ferguson; “separate but equal” iv. 14th Amendment does not apply to state action c. Cooperative Federalism – (1933-1968) i. More control of businesses ii. First New Deal, Second New Deal, Great Society grants d. New Federalism – (1968-Present) i. State and government powers begin to separate, but influence each others realms ii. States are given more powers, but government ultimately remains supreme categorical grants- federal grants for specific purposes defined by federal law: to build an airport for example, or to make welfare payments to low-income mothers. Such grants usually require that the state or locality put up money to “match” some part of the federal grants, through the amount of matching funds can be quite small. formula grants- a federal grant specifying a precise formula in the legislation creating the program; the formula is based off state characteristics related to the purpose of aid project grants- specific categorical grant; for example, money for a new public pool block grants (operational, capital, entitlement) - grants of money from the federal government to states for programs in certain general areas rather than for specific kinds of programs Voting tendencies – Hispanic: Mexicans vote Democratic; Cubans Republican AA: Democratic Religion: Catholic, Jews- Democrat; Baptist, evan. Christians- Republican Socioeconomic class: low-dem; high-rep Region: New Eng., Pacific coast, mid-west- Democratic; mid-west, south, b/w Pacific and MississippiRep Gender: women-Dem; men- Rep Age: young- Dem Political participation: protest, running/holding office, campaign contributions, campaign work, political awareness, contact media/public official, join interest group, litigation Presidential nomination process: delegates are selected and go to the floor to represent parties Selective incorporation: The process by which certain of the guarantees expressed in the Bill of Rights become applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. McCullough v. Maryland- Marshall declared that the states have no control of agencies in the federal government. Such actions would violate Congress’s “implied” powers. Miranda v. az- prosecutors could not use statements stemming from custodial interrogation of defendants unless they demonstrated the use of procedural safeguards "effective to secure the privilege against selfincrimination." Gregg v. Georgia – bifurcation (jury determines guilt/innocence and sentence), not cruel and unusual because procedure is detailed Brown v. board – desegregate schools, separate but equal Near v. Minnesota – freedom of press is applied to states Griswold v. CT – right to privacy exists in contraceptive stuff, made of 4 different amendments to create a new 9th amend. Roe v. Wade – right to choose abortion Gitlow v. NY- Bill of Rights was applied to states 1925 Political socialization: Family (strongest) Political leaders Media Religion School Peers Interest group: organization of members who share common interest and seek to influence gov’t policies; work with elected officials to draft legislature; provide info to public and officials; contribute to PACs Redistricting: the process of changing of political borders in the United States. This often means changing electoral district and constituency boundaries, usually in response to periodic census results. Public financing of elections goes majority of the time to Presidential elections Reserved powers – powers not given to gov’t or denied to states are the powers of the people and/or states (10th Amend) Critical election: Election that marks the emergency of a new, lasting alignment of partisan support within the electorate Iron triangle: the policy-making relationship between the legislature, the bureaucracy (executive) (sometimes called "Government Agencies"), and interest groups. Media political coverage campaigns: 1. only with campaign activities 2. horserace journalism (who is winning) Establishment clause: congress shall make no law establishing a religion Necessary and proper clause: congress shall do what it sees as necessary and proper Commerce clause: To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes Amendments: 1st – freedom of religion, press, assembly, speech 13th – abolition for slaves 14th – due process Wall of separation: church and state must be separate Formal amendment process: found in article 5 Proposal Ratification 2/3 vote in congress ¾ state legis. Vote 2/3 state legislature ¾ state conventions Gerrymandering: To divide (a geographic area) into voting districts so as to give unfair advantage to one party in elections Meaning and theme of Federalist 10: warning against factions in politics, tyranny of the majority: solution: create multiple factions -> checks and balances Political culture in US ++ core values: equality Voting requirements: Roles of media: Gatekeeper: alerts public to significant events as they happen Watchdog: expose gov’t wrongdoing/corruption Common carrier: politicians use media to communicate with public Redistricting: seats are reallocated – after 10 years/census, House determines, state governments redraw, party in power decides