Download Learning, Therapy, and Social Psychology Exam Review 1. A child

Learning, Therapy, and Social Psychology Exam Review
1. A child was scratched and frightened by a white cat. The child now cries when she sees
white cats, white rabbits, and other white furry objects. This is called __________.
A) Spontaneous recovery.
B) Stimulus discrimination.
C) Stimulus generalization.
D) dislocation.
2. In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, the tone was initially a(n) ________
stimulus; after it was paired with meat, it became a(n) ________ stimulus.
A) conditioned; neutral
B) neutral; conditioned
C) conditioned; unconditioned
D) unconditioned; conditioned
3. In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, salivation to meat was the
A) CS.
B) CR.
C) UCS.
D) UCR.
4. During extinction, the ________ is omitted; as a result, the ________ seems to
disappear.
A) UCS; UCR
B) CS; CR
C) UCS; CR
D) CS; UCR
5. The type of learning associated with Skinner is
A) classical conditioning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) respondent conditioning.
D) observational learning.
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6. The highest and most consistent rate of response is produced by a ________ schedule.
A) fixed-ratio
B) variable-ratio
C) fixed-interval
D) variable-interval
7. Putting on your coat when it is cold outside is a behavior that is maintained by
A) discrimination learning.
B) punishment.
C) negative reinforcement.
D) classical conditioning.
8. You teach your dog to fetch the paper by giving him a cookie each time he does so. This
is an example of
A) operant conditioning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) conditioned reinforcement.
D) partial reinforcement.
9. Leon's psychology instructor has scheduled an exam every third week of the term. Leon
will probably study the most just before an exam and the least just after an exam. This is
because the schedule of exams is reinforcing studying according to which schedule?
A) fixed-ratio
B) variable-ratio
C) fixed-interval
D) variable-interval
10. Learning is best defined as
A) any behavior produced by an organism without being provoked.
B) a change in the behavior or an organism.
C) a relatively permanent change in the behavior of an organism due to experience.
D) behavior based on operant rather than respondent conditioning.
11. After exploring a complicated maze for several days, a rat subsequently ran the maze
with very few errors when food was placed in the goal box for the first time. This
performance illustrates
A) classical conditioning.
B) discrimination learning.
C) observational learning.
D) latent learning.
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12. The technique in which a person is asked to report everything that comes to his or her
mind is called ________; it is favored by ________ therapists.
A) active listening; cognitive
B) unconditional positive regard; humanistic
C) free association; psychoanalytic
D) systematic desensitization; behavior
13. The technique in which a therapist echoes and restates what a person says in a
nondirective manner is called
A) active listening.
B) free association.
C) systematic desensitization.
D) transference.
14. Which type of psychotherapy emphasizes the individual's inherent potential for selffulfillment?
A) behavior therapy
B) psychodynamic therapy
C) humanistic therapy
D) biomedical therapy
15. Which type of psychotherapy focuses on changing unwanted behaviors rather than on
discovering their underlying causes?
A) behavior therapy
B) cognitive therapy
C) humanistic therapy
D) psychodynamic therapy
16. In which of the following does the client learn to associate a relaxed state with a
hierarchy of anxiety-arousing situations?
A) cognitive therapy
B) aversive conditioning
C) counterconditioning
D) systematic desensitization
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17. Which type of therapy focuses on eliminating irrational thinking?
A) EMDR
B) client-centered therapy
C) cognitive therapy
D) behavior therapy
18. Family therapy differs from other forms of psychotherapy because it focuses on
A) using a variety of treatment techniques.
B) conscious rather than unconscious processes.
C) the present instead of the past.
D) how family tensions may cause individual problems.
19. Which biomedical therapy is MOST likely to be practiced today?
A) psychosurgery
B) electroconvulsive therapy
C) drug therapy
D) vagus nerve stimulation
20. The antipsychotic drugs appear to produce their effects by blocking the receptor sites for
A) dopamine.
B) epinephrine.
C) norepinephrine.
D) serotonin.
21. Antidepressant drugs are believed to work by affecting serotonin or
A) dopamine.
B) lithium.
C) norepinephrine.
D) acetylcholine.
22. After many years of taking antipsychotic drugs, Greg's facial muscles sometimes twitch
involuntarily. This behavior is called
A) tardive dyskinesia.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.
D) EMDR.
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23. Which of the following is the mood-stabilizing drug most commonly used to treat
bipolar disorder?
A) Ativan
B) chlorpromazine
C) Xanax
D) lithium
24. Increasing the number of people present during an emergency tends to
A) increase the likelihood that people will cooperate in rendering assistance.
B) decrease the empathy that people feel for the victim.
C) increase the role that social norms governing helping will play.
D) decrease the likelihood that anyone will help.
25. In one experiment, college men were physically aroused and then introduced to an
attractive woman. Compared with men who had not been aroused, these men
A) reported more positive feelings toward the woman.
B) reported more negative feelings toward the woman.
C) were ambiguous about their feelings toward the woman.
D) were more likely to feel that the woman was “out of their league” in terms of
attractiveness.
26. The deep affection that is felt in long-lasting relationships is called ________ love; this
feeling is fostered in relationships in which ________.
A) passionate; there is equity between the partners
B) passionate; traditional roles are maintained
C) companionate; there is equity between the partners
D) companionate; traditional roles are maintained
27. The belief that those who suffer deserve their fate is expressed in the
A) just-world phenomenon.
B) phenomenon of ingroup bias.
C) frustration-aggression principle.
D) scapegoat theory.
28. We tend to perceive the members of an ingroup as ________ and the members of an
outgroup as ________.
A) similar to one another; different from one another
B) different from one another; similar to one another
C) above average in ability; below average in ability
D) below average in ability; above average in ability
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29. Conformity increased under which of the following conditions in Asch's studies of
conformity?
A) The group had three or more people.
B) The group had high status.
C) Individuals were made to feel insecure.
D) All of these conditions increased conformity.
30. Two neighboring nations are each stockpiling weapons. Each sees its neighbor's actions
as an act of aggression and its own actions as self-defense. Evidently, these nations are
victims of
A) social loafing.
B) groupthink.
C) deindividuation.
D) the fundamental attribution error.
31. According to cognitive dissonance theory, dissonance is most likely to occur when
A) a person's behavior is not based on strongly held attitudes.
B) two people have conflicting attitudes and find themselves in disagreement.
C) an individual does something that is personally disagreeable.
D) an individual is coerced into doing something that he or she does not want to do.
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