Download Notes - Northern Highlands

Medical Terminology
Anterior (ventral) – nearer to or at the front of the body
Posterior (dorsal) – nearer to or at the back of the body
Superior (cephalic or cranial) – towards the head or the upper part of a structure
Inferior (caudal) – away from the head or towards the lower part of the structure
Medial - nearer to the midline of the body or a structure
Lateral – away from the midline of the body
Ipsilateral – on the same side of the body
Contralateral – on the opposite side of the body
Proximal – nearer to the attachment of an extremity to the trunk or structure
Distal – farther from the attachment of an extremity to the trunk of a structure
Superficial – toward the surface of the body
Deep – away from the surface of the body
ABDuction - To move away from the midline of the body or from an adjacent part or limb
ADDuction – To move inward toward the median axis of the body or toward an adjacent part or
limb
Inversion – Turning the foot medially resulting in the sole moving inward
Eversion – Turning the foot latererally resulting in the sole moving outward
Pronation – rotation of the forearm resulting in the palm moving posteriorly, or down.
Supination – rotation of the forearm resulting in the palm moving anteriorly, or up.
Dorsiflexion – movement which decreases the angle between the foot and the leg.
Moving the toes towards the shin
Plantar flexion – Extension of the ankle resulting in the forefoot moving away from the
body. Pointing the toes
Sign – objective indicators that are observable by others
- swelling, bleeding
Symptom – experienced only by the patient; subjective
- nausea, dizziness, sore throat
Etiology – the causes of a disease or injury
Diagnosis – establishing the cause and nature of a disease or injury and the opinion
derived from the evaluation
Prognosis – a prediction of the outcome of a disease or injury
ABDOMINAL QUADRANTS
Clinical Subdivisions
Right Upper Quadrant
RUQ
Left Upper Quadrant
LUQ
Right Lower Quadrant
RLQ
Left Lower Quadrant
LLQ
Injury Classifications
When dealing with sports injuries, it is vital that correct medical terminology is used to
avoid confusion.
1. Sprains
- injuries to ligaments
- ligaments are connective tissue that connect bones to bones
- 3 categories:
a. 1st degree sprain
mild, minimal swelling, and only minor ligament
damage
b. 2nd degree sprain
- damage to ligament (partial tear)
- increased pain, swelling, and abnormal motion
c. 3rd degree sprain
- complete ligament tear
- extensive damage, pain, and swelling
- significant hemorrhage – discharge of blood
2. Strains
- injuries to muscles, tendons, or the junction between the 2 – the
musculotendinous junction (MTJ)
- MTJ is most common location of a strain
- Grading system follows same system as sprains
3. Contusions
- a bruise
-
probably the most common sports injury
signs and symptoms:
a. pain, stiffness, and swelling
b. ecchymosis – discoloration
-
if improperly treated, can lead to a condition known as myositis
ossificans – the growth of bonelike structures in the muscle tissue
4. Fractures
- a break or crack in a bone
- 2 classifications
a. open fracture
bone pierces through the skin; must control
bleeding
b. closed fracture
bone does not pierce through the skin
-
types of fractures
a. Greenstick
incomplete break in the bone
b. Impacted
broken ends of the bone are wedged into each other
c. Comminuted
bone breaks into several fragments
d. Spiral
occurs due to twisting, the break is ragged
-
Signs and Symptoms of Fractures
 Pain at fracture site
 Sound or sensation of something breaking
 Crepitation – grating or grinding sound
 Deformity – swelling, protrusion, limb shortening
 LOSS OF FUNCTION DOES NOT ALWAYS
ACCOMPANY A FRACTURE
-
First Aid for Fractures
 Protect injured area
Splint: only if no increase in pain
In the position that you find it
Immobilize the joint above and below the
fracture


Check for proper circulation distally – no circulation is a
medical emergency
Control bleeding
5. Stress Fractures
- develop over a long period of time
- stress to bone exceeds recovery rate
- may not be visible with x-rays
- may be diet related, especially in females
6. Dislocations
- “the displacement of contiguous surfaces of bones comprising a joint”
(Booher and Thibodeau, 1989)
a. Subluxation
partial displacement
b. Luxation
total displacement
-
involves extensive damage to ligaments
7. Bursitis
- an inflammation of a bursa sac
- a bursa is a fluid- containing sac that reduces friction between 2
surfaces
8. Tendinitis
- inflammation of a tendon
- Tendons are connective tissue that connect muscle to bone
COMMON TREATMENT FOR SPORTS INJURIES:
R = rest
I = ice
C = compression
E = elevation