Download MO 6 Health and diseases

MO 6 Health and diseases
1 Human body
Name the three main parts of the body and describe them.
The human body consists of a bony skeleton and muscles. The three parts of the body are the head, the trunk' and the
limbs2.
Describe the head. What are its basic parts?
The head which is partly covered with hair contains the brain, the centre of the nervous system.
What does face consist of?
The parts of the face are the forehead, the temples3, the eyebrows. the eyes, the ears, the nose, the mouth, the cheeks,
the jaw and the chin.
The eyes are protected by the eyelids and eyelashes. People with bad sight are advised to wear glasses. Those who
cannot see anything are blind.
Name the five basic senses and describe the organs where they are found.
The eyes are the organs of sight. The nose of smell, and the ears are the organs of hearing. Those who do not hear are
deaf, and those who cannot speak are dumb. The nerves of the skin are the organs of touch. The five senses are: sight,
hearing, smell, taste and touch.
What parts does mouth contain?
The main parts of the mouth are lips, the tongue, the teeth, the palate 4 and the gums. We have two sets of teeth in our
lifetime. The first are the milk teeth and the second the permanent teeth. If we lose our permanent teeth, then the dentist
provides us with false teeth. We bite our food with the teeth, and after it is mixed with saliva it passes down the throat
into the stomach.
The head is attached to the trunk by the neck.
Describe the trunk.
The trunk includes the chest (in front), the back, the shoulders and the abdomen6.
What internal organs does it hold? What functions do the concrete organs have?
The internal organs, which we cannot see are the lungs, the stomach, the liver with the gall-bladder, the spleen, the
kidneys and the bowels. We breathe with our lungs, The heart pumps the blood through our body.
Divide the limbs (upper, lower) and describe the leg and the arm.
The arms and legs are called the limbs. The leg is composed of the thigh, the knee. the calf, the shin, and the foot. Each
foot has a heel, a sole, and five toes. The arm consists of the upper and lower arm, the elbow, the wrist and the hand.
The inner side of the hand is the palm. On each hand are four fingers and one thumb. The finger nails protect the finger
tips.
The movement of the body is produced by the expansion and contraction of the muscles. The muscles are connected
with the bones by sinews, the bones are bound together by ligaments. There are 230 bones in the human body.
2 Illnesses
What children diseases did you suffer from as a child? (Vypracovať)
What illnesses have you been vaccinated against as a child? (Vypracovať)
What common diseases do you usually have? How often do you get this illness? (Vypracovať)
What do you do to cure them? (Vypracovať)
Divide the illnesses into children, civilization, common and incurable.
Children diseases: scarlet fever, polio, measles, mumps, chickenpox, diphtheria, smallpox, rubella, whooping cough.
Common diseases: cold, sore throat, tonsillitis, flu, pneumonia, headache, stomach-ache
Incurable
diseases:
cancer,
AIDS
(Acquired
Immune
Deficiency
Syndrome).
Civilisation diseases: depression, nervous breakdown, headache, obesity, diabetes, insomnia, high blood pressure,
allergy, asthma.
Describe the most common diseases (e.g. flu, a cold).
Describe their symptoms and the treatment.
The flu (short for influenza) is an infectious disease caused by a virus.
Symptoms include fever, chills, sore throat, cough, muscular aches and pains, fatigue and weakness, and, as seen in the
cartoon, a runny nose. The disease is mostly spread through the air between people, often indoors where there are many
people together (such as in schools and hospitals.)
The common cold is a viral infection. Symptoms include runny nose, sneezing, watering eyes, sore throat, cough, slight
fever, mild body aches, and headache. Although not usually serious, colds make people very uncomfortable.
Colds usually last under ten days. It is believed that they are most easily spread when an infected person who has been
coughing into his or her hand touches another person. Therefore, many doctors recommend frequent hand washing
when in contact with a person who has a cold.
3 A visit to the doctor
How do we usually make arrangement with the doctor?
Describe the visit at the doctor-the concrete steps.
When you have a flue, you usually have a temperature, sore throat, cough and you sneeze very often. You also have a
headache and feel very weak and sick. You can go through it easily by staying in bed taking pills, keeping warm,
sweating, gargling and drinking herbal tea with honey or lemon. But overcoming an illness can be very dangerous and
the illness can become very serious and can have dangerous after-effects. When you feel unwell, you can see a
physician doctor called General practitioner (GP). You can make an appointment with the doctor in his surgery time and
you avoid a long waiting in the waiting room, which is often overcrowded. When the nurse comes out, you have to give
her your insurance card and then she invites you to a consulting room. The doctor usually asks “what’s the trouble?” or
“what’s the matter?” and then asks us to strip to the waist, because he must examine our chest and throat. He also wants
to know if we have a temperature, a good appetite and where you feel pain.
Then he listens to our lungs and heart. He also wants us to open our mouth and say “Ah” to see if our tonsils are red.
Sometimes he checks the blood pressure and the pulse, takes the blood or asks us to give him urine for lab tests. Finally
the doctor diagnoses the case and therapy and prescribes a medicine. With prescriptions you go to pharmacy (at the
chemist’s) and get antibiotics, vitamins, pain killers, ointment, syrup, herbs for a tea, spray, drops or gargle. Sometimes
the GP sends us to specialists: oculist, ear and throat specialist, and gynaecologist or for an X-ray examination.
What do we do when it is something serious?
What do we do in the case of emergency-e.g. car accident etc.
In more serious cases, if you get injured, you can call the doctor to come home or to the place of the accident. You can
be taken to hospital by an ambulance. In case of unconsciousness or heart attack the patient is put on a stretcher. In a
very serious car accident the patient can be taken to hospital by a special helicopter. Sometimes it is necessary to give
first aid such as mouth-to-mouth resuscitation or to stop the bleeding or fix fractures. In the hospital the injured people
are examined and X-rayed and serious cases are immediately operated in the operating room. There are many
departments: internal, surgical, dental, eye, dermatology, ear and throat, gynaecologist and a department for children.
If the operation is planned, patient must pass several tests and just before the operation he is anaesthetised by means
of an injection of narcotic. After the operation a scar often remains. The patient is sometimes sent to a health resort or a
spa for rehabilitation. There he undergoes water treatment, takes baths, massage, exercises and drinks the waters. We
should take care of our health because it’s the most important thing in our life, but we don’t realise it until we’re ill.
Money won’t cure a person with an incurable illness.
4 What do people do to protect their health?
What does the proverb “Prevention is better than cure” mean? Explain it in your own words.
In what ways can we prevent from getting ill? Give the examples.
What are the ways how to manage stress? Explain them.
What do you do to stay healthy?
In recent years, people in many countries have become more concerned about their health. They care very much about
the food they eat and are interested in the effect it has on their health. Many people have reduced the amount of salt, fat,
and sugar they eat in order to lose weight, lower their cholesterol, and reduce their risk of getting heart disease. And
many people exercise to stay health
Many people, especially women, go on diets regularly. They eat less than usual in order to become thinner. Some do
this because they think they will look more attractive, others do it because of health problems. There are many health
programmes and diet plans, for instance the Hollywood Diet, the Atkin's Diet, the point-counting diet and the bloodgroup diet, which are advertised regularly in magazines and on TV Every year new books are published about the latest
diets.
A healthy lifestyle (regular exercise, plenty of rest, enough sleep, good eating habits, a lot of vitamins, no smoking or
alcohol), prevention and personal responsibility for our health can help us avoid possible dangers like infectious
diseases, heart attacks and brain damage. We need to go to the doctor for check-ups, get eye exams done, weigh
ourselves regularly, and see the dentist twice a year. Many people care about their health and never forget to clean their
teeth, do breathing exercises, go for a run, take vitamin pills, have a massage, and have a sauna or a steam bath. Others
need to learn that if they don't take care of themselves now, they may not be around later.