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1. General
Israel is situated in the northern section of a desert zone that surrounds the Earth, and a
much of the area is arid. Even in its fertile regions, Israel does not have an abundance of
water. There are yearly fluctuations in precipitation, and it is difficult to meet the need for
water among the country's steadily growing population. Because water in Israel is a scarce
and costly resource, of great importance to the economy and the environment, the water
economy is managed and developed through a central mechanism of the government – the
Israel Water Authority.
The Central Bureau of Statistics, in collaboration with the Water Authority, has launched a
project for the establishment of a water data system in Israel (satellite account), to serve as a
comprehensive planning tool that will allow for tracking of quantities and costs of water by
type. Data were analyzed on the basis of water consumption by the different sectors of the
Israeli economy. In addition, the system allows for tracking the utilization of water that is
returned to the environment after use, and for measurement of its quantity and quality. The
system is intended to facilitate the preparation of future forecasts for the water economy, as
well as to facilitate the formulation of a strategy for efficient planning of the use of water
sources and for the supply of water to the different industries in the economy. The data
system is based on common international definitions, and the system's outputs are 10
tables,1 which were constructed in advance using the NAMEA (National Accounting Matrix
Including Environment Accounts) method developed by Eurostat2 Another table was
constructed using the SEEA (System of Environmental and Economic Accounting) method
developed by the UN,3 and three more tables were constructed at request of the Water
Authority.
In order to acquire the professional knowledge necessary to construct the water data system,
the staff of the CBS and the Water Authority relied on the experience accumulated by
international organizations and foreign statistical institutions.4
The experience of those institutions facilitated the formulation of actions that were required
for implementation of the project. The project is being overseen by an interministerial
1
Originally there were three additional tables dealing with "pollutants," but due to lack of data these
tables do not appear in the publication.
2
The European Union's statistical organization.
3
http://unstats.un.org.unsd/envaccounting/seea.asp
4
Assistance received through workshops:
- Study tour on the development of water accounts (Spain 2005), organized by Medstat I and INE
- Working group on the development of environmental accounts (Luxembourg 2007), organized by
Medstat II
- Training course on water accounts (Netherlands 2007), organized by Medstat II.
- Working group on water accounts (Vienna 2009), organized by Medstat II.
- XVII -
committee, which follows its progress and compliance with the objectives of the system, and
ensures that the needs of the different users are met.
This publication presents the data for 2006, and constitutes the basis for updating the data
on Israel's water economy in the coming years.
The information in this publication includes aggregated data at the level of industries,
according to a predetermined level of specification. The publication also integrates data from
diverse administrative sources obtained from various bodies with detailed data from a special
survey conducted by the CBS on water industries and wastewater treatment. The survey
included all water-related and wastewater treatment establishments, such as water
associations in agriculture, water corporations, wastewater treatment plants, water
abstractors and reclamation plants.
The publication covers four main topics:
1. Economic activity of the water economy
2. Physical flows of water resulting from economic activity
3. Physical flows of water from the economy to the environment and vice versa
4. Pollutants formed as a result of economic activity.
Owing to the shortage of water from freshwater sources (groundwater and surface water),
the use of recycled water and de-salinated water (non-freshwater) has been increasing. As a
result, there is a need for updated data on the quantity and cost of water from each source.
Accordingly, the physical and economic data include a detailed breakdown of water sources
and types. The tables focus on the following topics:

Quantities of supplied, consumed and discharged water, by economic industry5

Water sources and uses

Quality of wastewater after treatment in wastewater treatment plants

Costs of water abstraction

Costs to users of water and related services, by economic industry

Income, investments, inputs and outputs of water-related establishments
5
Central Bureau of Statistics, Standard Classification of the Economic Activities 1993, Second
Edition, Technical Publication No. 63, Jerusalem, 2003.
- XVIII -
2. Main Findings
2.1 Water Economy Activity
In 2006, 2,061 million cubic meters (million m3) of water were supplied for agriculture and the
industries in the economy6 as well as for domestic and public use, including export of water
to the Palestinian Authority and Jordan in accordance with political agreements. The water
was supplied from numerous sources: pumping of surface water, groundwater drilling, desalination of seawater and salinated water, reclamation of effluents, and catchment of
floodwater. Table A below shows the quantities of water supplied to households, to
agriculture, and to economic industries, by water type. The table does not include quantities
of exported water, quantities of water transferred to natural systems, and data on water
losses in the national water system.
TABLE A.- WATER SUPPLY TO HOUSEHOLDS, TO AGRICULTURE
AND TO ECONOMIC INDUSTRIES, BY TYPE OF WATER(1)
2006
Million m3
Drinking Water
Total
Total
Surface
Ground
1,952
463
745
543
162
1,101
308
Households
Agriculture
Economic Industries
(1) Excluding 7 million
m3
Non-drinking Water
Desalinated
Effluents
Salinated
122
355
223
44
327
54
0
0
0
219
255
40
354
189
44
82
163
28
1
34
0
transferred into the natural systems and 102.19 million
m3
Flood
of exported water.
The difference between water abstraction and water supply stems from the amount of water
losses in the national water supply system, as well as from the quantities of exported water
and from unconsumed effluent surpluses discharged into the environment. The distribution of
the abstraction and supply of water in 2006 is presented below.
6
Economic industries = manufacturing, commerce and services, excluding water-related establishments.
- XIX -
DIAGRAM 1.- WATER ABSTRACTION AND SUPPLY, BY TYPE OF WATER
2006
ABSTRACTION BY TYPE OF WATER
Desalinated
5.9%
SUPPLY BY TYPE OF WATER
Effluents
18.1%
Desalinated
6.2%
Effluents
20.8%
Salinated
11.4%
Salinated
9.2%
Flood
2.3%
Flood
2.5%
Ground
38.8%
Ground
38.4%
Surface
22.8%
Surface
23.6%
Total 1,959 million m3
Total 2,259 million m3
DIAGRAM 2.- WATER CONSUMPTION, BY USER SECTOR
2006
Households
26.4%
Economic industry
14.9%
Exports
5.0%
Water to nature
0.3%
Agriculture
53.4%
Total 2,061 million m3
Diagram 2 presents data on water consumption by sector. Water consumption in the
economic industries includes consumption in the manufacturing and the services sectors,
and household consumption includes domestic consumption and water losses within local
authorities.
- XX -
Diagram 3 presents data on uses of water, by type of water and sector of users. Most of the
consumption of non-drinking water in 2006 was in the agricultural sector, which accounted
for 50%.
Water consumption (million m 3)
DIAGRAM 3.- WATER CONSUMPTION, BY TYPE OF WATER(1) AND SECTOR OF USERS
2006
1,200
1,000
800
Drinking water
600
Non-drinking water
400
200
0
Agriculture
(1)
Water to
nature
Economic Households
industry
Exports
Drinking water includes water from natural sources and de-salinated water.
Non-drinking water includes salinated water, effluents, and floodwater.
The quantity of wastewater treated at different treatment levels (including septic tanks) in
2006 was 491 million m3, approximately 95% of the total quantity of wastewater produced
that year (517 million m3). Twenty six million m3 of raw wastewater were discharged into the
environment without treatment. Highly treated wastewater was used mainly for agricultural
irrigation (72% of the quantity of treated wastewater). Wastewater was generated from a
variety of sources: domestic (68.6%), manufacturing (30.8%), and agriculture (0.6%). Table
B shows the quantities of treated wastewater by different treatment levels.
TABLE B.- TREATED WASTEWATER, BY TYPE OF TREATMENT
2006
Million m3
Type of Treatment
Total
491
Total
Primary treatment (including septic tanks
and sedimentation and evaporation basins)
9
Secondary treatment (including oxygenation ponds,
and reservoirs)
347
Tertiary treatment (including treatment with membranes)
135
- XXI -
2.2 Water Account
Out of 2,061 million m3 of water supplied in 2006, 102 million m3 were exported and another
37 million m3 were used for self-consumption. The remaining 1,922 million m3 generated
income amounting to NIS 6,105 million (at basic prices).
TABLE C.- WATER SUPPLY AND INCOME, BY SUPPLIER
2006
Water Supply(1)
(million m3)
Income
(NIS millions)
1,922
6,105
Water abstractors and reclamation plants
901
3,398
Water associations in agriculture
374
300
Water and sewage corporations
143
527
Local authorities (municipalities, local councils
and regional councils)
504
1,880
Total
(1) Excluding 37 million
m3
for self consumption by the economic sectors (without agriculture).
In addition to the income of NIS 6,105 million, the water economy generated NIS 1,550
million from the collection and treatment of wastewater, so that the total income amounted to
NIS 7,655 million (excluding water-related administrative services). Table D presents the
water account by type of activity. Activities in the water abstraction/supply sector comprise
approximately 80% of the total output at basic prices, and activities in the wastewater sector
comprise the remaining 20%.
TABLE D.- WATER ECONOMY ACCOUNT IN THE WATER AND SEWAGE SECTORS,
BY TYPE OF ACTIVITY(1)
2006
Value
(NIS millions)
Output at basic prices – total
7,655
Abstraction/supply of water
6,105
Collection/treatment of wastewater
1,550
Purchased inputs (intermediate consumption) – total
4,437
Abstraction/supply of water
3,257
Collection/treatment of wastewater
1,180
Product (gross value added) – total
3,217
2,848
Abstraction/supply of water
Collection/treatment of wastewater
(1) Excluding water-related administrative services.
- XXII -
369
Total gross fixed capital formation in the water economy in 2006 amounted to NIS 2,031
million. The distribution of this investment by the type of water-related establishment is
presented in Diagram 4.
DIAGRAM 4.- FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION, BY WATER-RELATED ESTABLISHMENTS
2006
Wastewater
treatment plants
5.0%
Water abstractors
and reclamation
plants
49.8%
Water corporations
5.0%
Water associations
2.9%
Local authorities
37.2%
Total NIS 2,031 million
In 2006, most capital formation (approximately 50%) was created by water abstractors and
reclamation plants (including de-salination plants). The share of local authorities in capital
formation was approximately 37%, the share of wastewater treatment plants and water
corporations were 5% each, and the share of water associations was approximately 3%.
Table E presents various aspects of the economic development of the water economy. The
data on activity in the water economy in 2002 are based on a study conducted by the Water
Authority.7 The table indicates an increase in the economic activity of the water economy and
wastewater treatment system, from NIS 6,438 million in 2002 to NIS 9,686 million in 2006
(excluding investment grants received).
TABLE E.- ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN THE WATER ECONOMY
2002, 2006(1)
NIS millions
2002
Total
Gross fixed capital formation
Output at basic prices
Product (gross value added)
2006
6,438
9,686
1,134
2,031
5,304
7,655
)2(3,182
3,217
(1) Excluding water-related administrative services (NIS 51 million in 2006).
(2) The product estimates were calculated on the basis of an estimated 60%
of the economic activity of the water economy.
7
Goldfarb, O. (2006) Economic activity of the water economy. Water Engineering,.45, May-June 2006.
- XXIII -
2.3 Water Supply Cost
The water supply cost includes the value of the water at source and the price of delivering
the water to consumers. Water supply costs are not uniform throughout the country.
Geographical distances and hydrological conditions cause differences in costs and affect the
costs of water abstraction and distribution.
The supply cost includes:

Abstraction levies imposed on abstractors of drinking water from groundwater and
surface water sources reflect the regional and local shortage of water (water scarcity),
and express the value of the water at source in its natural state, prior to the investment of
resources in abstraction, improvement, and distribution.

Wage costs.

Maintenance costs.

Cost of purchased inputs (intermediate costs), which consists of the cost of maintenance
of pipes, pumps, reservoirs, etc., energy consumption (electricity for transporting and
lifting water), water, materials, etc.
The average water supply cost in 2006 was NIS 2.09 per one m3 of water, for all types of
water. This amount also includes the cost to suppliers for purchasing water from water
abstractors.
TABLE F.- WATER COSTS AND WATER PRICES (AVERAGE), BY SUPPLIER
2006
Water Supplier
Cost
(NIS per m3)
Consumer Price
(NIS per m3)
General average
2.09
2.30
Water abstractors, water corporations
and reclamation plants
1.94
2.08
Water associations in agricultural
1.01
0.95
Local authorities
3.50
3.73
The water supply cost includes all of the resources invested in abstraction and supply of
water. The price of water is the amount per cubic meter (m 3) that the consumer is required to
pay for the use of water. The average price of water in 2006 was NIS 2.30 per m3: the
average price for non-drinking water was NIS 1.11 per m3, and for drinking water was NIS
2.60 per m3. The average price per m3 for the consumer reflects more than just the costs of
abstraction and supply of water. There are differences between the overall costs for
abstractors and the water prices for the consumer, which stem from subsidies and taxes. A
subsidy/tax may be overt and expressed in the state budget, or it may be hidden, so that
some of the costs will not be reflected directly.
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Diagram 5 indicates that the main expenditure for water consumption (about 70%) is borne
by the domestic sector and by the trade and services sectors, whereas water consumption in
these sectors comprises 38% of the total water consumption.
DIAGRAM 5.- WATER CONSUMPTION AND EXPENDITURE ON WATER, BY CONSUMER
2006
60
Percentages
50
40
30
20
10
0
Agriculture
Households
Water consumption
Trade and services
Manufacturing,
electricity and
construction
Expenditure on water consumption
The difference in the distribution of water consumption versus expenditure on water
consumption stems from the difference in the tariffs paid by the consumers.8 An examination
of drinking water consumption (Diagram 6) reveals a smaller difference between the
distribution of drinking water consumption and the distribution of expenditure on its
consumption. The expenditure on drinking water consumption by households and by the
trade and services sector amounted to about 80% of the total consumption, whereas
consumption of water by both sectors amounted to 55% of the total consumption.
8
The main water consumption (56%) is in agriculture, but the main expenditure on water (53%) is by
households.
- XXV -
DIAGRAM 6.- DRINKING WATER CONSUMPTION AND EXPENDITURE
ON DRINKING WATER CONSUMPTION, BY CONSUMER
2006
70
Percentages
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Agriculture
Households
Drinking water consumption
Trade and services
Manufacturing,
electricity and
construction
Expenditure on drinking water consumption
Diagram 7 presents the relative contribution of the industries in the economy to water and
wastewater treatment activities, compared to their economic contribution (revenue). The
diagram indicates that out of all industries in the economy, water consumption was highest in
the agricultural sector (almost 80%). The trade and services sector consumes approximately
12% of water, whereas this sector's expenditure on water consumption and wastewater
treatment amounts to about 40% of the total expenditure. The quantity of treated wastewater
from the trade and services sector is highest, amounting to 65% of all treated wastewater in
the economic industries.
DIAGRAM 7.- THE RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION FROM ECONOMIC ACTIVITY,
BY INDUSTRY AND OTHER VARIABLES
2006
Agriculture
Water consumption
Trade
and services
Expenditure on water
and wastewater treatment
Manufacturing
Quantity of treated wastewater
Electricity
production
and distribution
Total revenue
Construction
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Percentages
- XXVI -
70
80
2.4 International Comparisons
DIAGRAM 8.- PER CAPITA WATER CONSUMPTION IN ISRAEL AND IN OECD COUNTRIES
2006
1,800
1,600
1,400
m3
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
United States
Australia
Spain
OECD Average
Portugal
Japan
Netherlands
Turkey
Global average
South Korea
France
Germany
Sweden
Israel
United Kingdom
Czech Republic
Denmark
0
Diagram 8 indicates that per capita water consumption in Israel is significantly lower than the
OECD average and the global average.
In contrast to other OECD countries, where water is abstracted primarily from surface water
sources, most of the water in Israel is abstracted from groundwater sources.
DIAGRAM 9.- WATER ABSTRACTION FROM FRESHWATER SOURCES IN ISRAEL
AND IN SELECTED OECD COUNTRIES, BY TYPE OF WATER
2006
100
90
70
60
Groundwater
50
Surface water
40
30
20
10
- XXVII -
Israel
Turkey
Switzerland
Spain
Czech
Republic
Austria
New
Zealand
0
Japan
Percentages
80
DIAGRAM 10.- WATER ABSTRACTION FROM FRESHWATER SOURCES IN ISRAEL
AND IN SELECTED OECD COUNTRIES, BY ABSTRACTOR
2006
100
Water suppliers
90
Percentages
80
Agriculture – self-abstraction
70
60
Manufacture – self-abstraction
50
40
Electricity – self-abstraction
(cooling water)
30
20
Other
10
Switzerland
Israel
Czech Republic
Austria
Turkey
Spain
New Zealand
Australia
Japan
0
Diagram 10 indicates that most of the water in Israel is abstracted by water suppliers,
whereas in various OECD countries a substantial proportion of water is self-abstracted.
3. Terms, Definitions and Explanations
The Israeli water data system is based on the European NAMEA methodology (see details in
the Methodology section). This system is used in order to comply with international
requirements, and to enable comparison of the data with other countries. In some cases,
variables have been added and the level of detail has been expanded in order to adapt the
system to the conditions of Israel's water economy. The terms and classifications used in
constructing the system are presented below, according to the following categories:
a. Water sources and types of water
b. Terms from the field of national accounts
c. Economic terms
d. Water flows (physical)
e. Pollutants and types of wastewater treatment
A. Water Sources and Water Types

Freshwater sources – Sources whose water is intended for use in its natural state,
without any need of human intervention, e.g., separation of salt or other materials
dissolved in the water.

Non-freshwater sources – Sources whose water is not intended for use in its natural
state. Water from these sources is derived from nature (seawater) or from a human
source, and is intended for consumption after undergoing de-salination or treatment.
- XXVIII -

Drinking water – Good quality water, which is suitable for drinking and for any other use.

Non-drinking water – Salinated water, floodwater and effluents.
In accordance with the requirements of the Water Authority, and for the purpose of the
background calculations that do not appear in the tables of this publication, types of water
were defined in the Israeli system at a greater level of detail than in the NAMEA system (to
enable adaptation of the system to other methods in the future and the production of higher
resolution data). The following types of water defined in the data system:

Ground water: Water found in the pore spaces and cracks of rocks, which derives from
rainwater that infiltrates into the ground until it reaches an impermeable stratum, on which
it accumulates and is stored.

Surface water: Water flowing on the surface of the earth and reaching streams, rivers and
lakes. This is an important source for the supply of water, due to its availability and the
ease with which it can be exploited.

De-salinated water: Water that has undergone de-salination or purification (removal of
materials that are dissolved in the water) and is intended for consumption, including desalinated groundwater and de-salinated seawater.

Effluents: Raw wastewater that has undergone treatment to reduce the organic load.

Reused water: Purified wastewater that is supplied directly to the consumer as effluents.
Reused water does not include wastewater that has been discharged into streams and
re-extracted downstream or the reuse of water at industrial sites.

Flood water: Water of variable quality9 (used mainly for irrigation or for groundwater
infiltration), formed when strong rainstorms cause large amounts of water to accumulate
on the ground.

Salinated water: Water of significantly less salinity than seawater, with a total
concentration of salts in the range of 1,000 to 10,000 milligrams per liter (mg/l).
B. Economic Terms
The data system that was developed also includes financial data relating to the costs of
water abstraction and supply. In order to present the system's variables, economic terms
accepted at the Central Bureau of Statistics were used. A list of the main economic terms is
presented below:

Sector and sub-sector: Classification of business enterprises according to control of
company shares. In the Israeli economy there are five sectors, some of which are divided
into sub-sectors:
1. Non-financial corporations
1.1 Private corporations (Israeli and foreign owned)
9
Floodwater included in the system is of low quality.
- XXIX -
1.2 Government corporations
1.3 Cooperatives
2. Financial corporations
2.1 Financial institutions
2.2 Other financial intermediaries
2.3 Insurance and provident funds
2.4 Auxiliary financial services
3. General government
4. Households
5. Private non-profit institutions

Dealer: Whoever sells products and assets or supplies services on the condition that the
dealer is not a non-profit firm or a financial institution.

Household: One person or a group of persons living together in one dwelling on a
permanent basis most of the week, who have a common expense budget for food. A
household may include persons who are not a family.

Final consumption expenditure: Total expenditure on final consumption of households, of
the government sector and of non-profit institutions serving households.

Exports of goods and services: Sales, barter, or gifts or grants of goods and services by
residents to non-residents.

Output: The value of goods and services produced by an establishment, excluding the
value of any goods and services used in an activity for which the establishment does risk
using the products in production, and excluding the value of goods and services
consumed by the same establishment (except goods and services used for fixed capital
formation, for inventories, or for own final consumption).

Basic price: The amount receivable by the producer from the purchaser for a unit of a
good or service produced as output, minus any tax payable by the purchaser, and plus
any subsidy receivable, by that unit as a consequence of its production or sale. It
excludes any transport charges invoiced separately by the producer.

Taxes on products: Taxes payable per unit of a good or service.

Subsidies on products: Subsidies payable per unit of a good or service.

Purchaser's price: The amount paid by the purchaser, excluding any deductible VAT or
similar deductible tax, in order to deliver a unit of a good or service at the time and place
required by the purchaser. The purchaser's price of a good includes any transport
charges paid separately by the purchaser to deliver at the required time and place.
- XXX -
 Intermediate consumption (purchased inputs): The value of the goods and services
consumed as inputs by a process of production, except for consumption of fixed capital,
registered as depreciation.

Compensation for employee jobs (formerly: Compensation of employees) is defined as
the total expenditure for wages and salaries and supplementary expenditures for wages
and salaries.

Other taxes on production: Taxes other than those incurred directly as a result of
engaging in production – mainly consisting of current taxes on the labour or capital
employed in the enterprise, such as employer's taxes or current taxes on vehicles or
buildings.

Other subsidies on production: Total subsidies (excluding subsidies on products),
calculated as a fixed amount per unit, as a percentage of the price or as the difference
between the market price and any target price, etc.

Consumption of fixed capital: The reduction during the accounting period in the current
value of the fixed assets owned and used by the producer, resulting from physical
deterioration, normal obsolescence, or normal accidental damage.

Investment grants received: Capital transfers in cash or in kind made by government and
other units to enterprises for financing the cost of purchasing fixed assets, wholly or
partly.

Gross fixed capital formation: The total value of a producer's acquisitions, less disposals,
of fixed assets during the accounting period, plus certain specified expenditures on
services that add to the value of non-produced assets.

Closing stocks of fixed assets (net capital stock): Total depreciated value of all fixed
assets still in use. Net capital stock can also be defined as the difference between the
gross capital stock and consumption of fixed capital.

Total hours worked: The aggregate number of hours actually worked – also including
overtime. The data do not include days of paid absences (e.g. holidays, sick leave, etc.)
nor do they include the working hours of owners and their family members.
C. Water Flows (Physical)

Water use: Quantities of water received by the consumer for known purposes, such us
industrial, agricultural and domestic use, including water returned to the environment.

Water consumption: Quantities of water received by the consumer for known purposes,
such as industrial, agricultural and domestic use, excluding water returned to the
environment.

Irrigation water: Water supplied for the irrigation of agricultural crops.

Cooling water: Water intended to absorb heat and to reduce heat in industries and in
cooling systems.
- XXXI -

Supply of water: Delivery of water to the end consumer by a water supply system, and
self-supply (supply for own use).

Self-supply (supply for own use)10: Supply of water by users through the abstraction of
water or the delivery of water from the national system.

Gross water abstraction: Pumping of water from groundwater or surface water sources,
including water abstracted for own use.

Returns of water: Flow of water from various sources that was returned to the
environment and to the sea after use.

Water losses: Loss of water during the process of supplying water to consumers, due to
evaporation or leaks in the water supply system. A distinction is made between losses in
the national system11 and local losses. The calculation of losses relates to differences
between the amounts of water received and the amounts of water actually supplied.

Consumptive water use: Water that was abstracted but is not available for use due to
evaporation or incorporation in products, or due to another use in the economic system.
Excluding water losses resulting from leaks in the water supply system.

Discharge of wastewater – Discharge of used and polluted water after domestic or
industrial use into the sewage system, the sea or the (land) environment.
D. Pollutants and Types of Wastewater Treatment

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD): The amount of
microorganisms while decomposing organic matter in water.

Chemical oxygen demand (COD): The amount of oxygen needed for the chemical
oxidation of water by a strong oxidant.

Total suspended solids (TSS): Particles of varying sizes (from one millimicron) and from a
variety of sources (sewage, industry, sediment, etc.) causing turbidity in water and liable
to be harmful to health and to damage pipes.

Total phosphorus: Phosphorus is an essential component in the development of animals
and plants. At high concentrations it contributes to a lack of oxygen in water. Phosphorus
is found in sanitary and industrial effluents, in runoff and in surplus agricultural fertilizers.
Total phosphorus is an index of all forms of phosphorous in water.

Total nitrogen: Nitrogen is an essential component in animals and plants. At high
concentrations it contributes to a lack of oxygen in water. Nitrogen is found in wastewater
and in fertilizers. Total nitrogen is an index of all forms of nitrogen in water.

Heavy metals: A group consisting of various elements found in nature, some of which (at
extremely low concentrations) are required for proper biological activity, but could be toxic
oxygen
consumed
by
10
In the SEEA tables the term "own use" is used.
11
The amounts of losses in the national system were attributed to leaks from the water supply
system.
- XXXII -
at high concentrations. The main source of heavy metals is industrial and domestic
wastewater.

Wastewater treatment: Purification of wastewater by the removal and decomposition of
pollutants, for the prevention of pollution.

Wastewater without treatment: Raw wastewater that did not undergo any treatment.

Primary treatment: Treatment of wastewater by a physical and/or chemical process
involving precipitation of suspended solids or another process in which the BOD in the
wastewater is reduced by at least 20% and the TSS in the wastewater is reduced by at
least 50%.

Secondary treatment – Treatment of wastewater by a biological process resulting in at
least a 70% reduction in BOD and at least a 75% reduction in COD.

Tertiary treatment – Treatment (in addition to secondary treatment) designed to reduce
the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus or any other pollutant affecting the quality of water.
The qualities obtained from tertiary treatment are:
- A reduction of at least 95% in BOD
- A reduction of at least 85% in COD
- A reduction of at least 70% in nitrogen
- A reduction of at least 80% in phosphorus.
4. Data Sources
The system contains three types of data:
1. Information about physical quantities –abstraction, supply, consumption and returns of
water.
2. Economic information – revenue from the supply of water in the water industry,
expenditure on water consumption by economic industries.
3. Information on pollutants – quantities of pollutants in treated wastewater.
For the purpose of presenting the data according to the above breakdown and at the
required level of detail in the tables, algorithms were defined based on information from two
main sources:

Water industry survey – Data received from a survey conducted by the CBS among
companies engaged in water abstraction, wastewater treatment and purification etc. The
information was received for individual companies and underwent a process of imputation
and inflation.

Administrative data – Aggregated data and coefficients received from administrative files,
primarily of the Water Authority. The data in the files and their coefficients are used to
calculate the physical and economic variables and the quality data. Some of these data
are estimates calculated by the Water Authority, based on surveys that it conducted.
- XXXIII -
Below is the list of sources:
Report on the Consumption of Water, by Purpose of Consumption and Type of Locality –
Administrative files received from the Water Authority, which present the aggregate national
water consumption by consumption purpose, type of water, municipal status and type of
locality. Aggregate consumption by municipal status and type of locality includes
municipalities, local councils, regional councils (community localities, kibbutzim, moshavim,
Bedouin localities), and "other". Domestic consumption in this survey includes consumption
in additional economic industries beyond consumption in dwellings. The sources of
information for this report consist of data on water abstraction in private abstraction facilities,
as well as data on the water supplied by the Mekorot company. In the water data system of
the CBS, this report is used to calculate the data on water supply and use of water according
to type of water and user sector.
Report on Water Allocations for Manufacturing – A file received from the Water Authority,
which presents the amounts of water allocated to manufacturing industries by supplier, water
source, and type of water. Allocations to Manufacturing are determined once a year by the
Water Authority based on production norms. In the water data system of the CBS, this report
is used to calculate the distributions of water abstraction, supply, and use, by manufacturing
industry (coefficients file).
Annual Report on Water Consumption in Local Authorities – A file received from the Water
Authority, which contains data on water consumption in all municipalities and local councils.
The report breaks down the consumption in the authorities by consumption for dwellings,
water losses, and industries. The report does not include regional councils and gasoline
stations. The water consumption data contained in the report were compiled by the Water
Authority from reports of local authorities. The water purchase data were compiled from
reports of water suppliers, and the water abstraction data were derived on the basis of
reports received from water abstractors and monitoring in the field. The Water Authority
imputed data for several authorities that did not provide reports, based on the data for 2005.
In the water data system of the CBS, this report is used to calculate the amounts of water
abstracted and supplied by local authorities and the distribution of consumption by user
sector in local authorities (coefficients file).
Final Account and Balances after Final Account Reports – Reports received from the Water
Authority which contains data on the amounts of abstraction levies payable by water
abstractors and data on the quantities of water abstracted from freshwater sources, by
abstractor and water source. In the water data system of the CBS, this report is used to
calculate the distribution of water abstraction across the different sectors.
Wastewater Collection and Treatment and Use of Effluents for Agricultural Irrigation – A
Water Authority report, which contains quantitative and qualitative data on wastewater and
effluents by wastewater producers (localities, industrial areas, recreation areas, etc.), by
geographical distribution, municipal status, drainage basin, groundwater basins, etc. The
report includes data provided by the Water Authority, the Administration for the Development
of Sewage Infrastructures, district offices of the Ministry of Health, and the Ministry of
- XXXIV -
Environmental Protection. Data on the quality of effluents from wastewater treatment facilities
were collected by the water quality department of the Water Authority, from facilities that
conduct regular sampling, and from the Ministry of Environmental Protection. The data were
compiled from the monitoring program which is conducted through inspectors of the Israel
Nature and Natural Parks Authority's monitoring unit. In the water data system of the CBS,
this report is used to calculate quantities of wastewater and wastewater discharge by
destination, as well as pollutant loads in effluents at different levels of treatment.
Profile of Local Authorities – A CBS publication, which is based on administrative sources as
well as on surveys conducted by the Bureau. The publication contains data on population,
education and welfare, infrastructures and financial data of local authorities in Israel. The
data of each local authority are presented in a concentrated manner. In the water data
system of the CBS, the publication is used to present data relating to income and
expenditure of local authorities on water-related activity.
Water Rates and Abstraction Levies – A file received from the Water Authority, which
presents the amount of money that a supplier/consumer is required to pay per cubic meter of
water abstracted or consumed. In the water data system of the CBS, these data are used to
calculate the expenditure on water consumption and wastewater treatment.
Development, Exploitation, and Status of Israel's Water Sources – A report of the Water
Authority, which contains maps of the network of hydrometric stations as well as data on
water levels and flow rates, water elevations, flows in streams and springs, chemical
variables, and precipitation volume. Data on water inflows and outflows in freshwater sources
appear by geographical distribution, and by drainage basin and aquifer. The data in the
report were collected by the Hydrological Service from measurements of water levels in
drillings as well as from measurements and sampling of flow rates in streams and springs. In
the water data system of the CBS, this report serves as a source of information on quantities
of water returned to the environment.
Cash Budget Performance Report – A Ministry of Finance file, which contains financial data
by budget items. In the water data system of the CBS, this report serves as a source of data
on water-related income and expenditure in the public administration and the government.
Water Industry Survey – A specialized CBS survey on the water and wastewater treatment
industries. The survey included the water industry (41), water-related establishments, as well
as companies engaging in sewage and refuse disposal and sanitation services (from industry
90). The survey's questionnaire (see Appendix 4) consisted of four parts:
1. Details of the establishment
2. General economic data on the establishment
3. Water abstraction and water supply
4. Collection and treatment of wastewater
In the water data system of the CBS, the survey served as a source of information on the
income and expenditures of water-related establishments, and as a source of physical data
on water abstraction and water supply.
- XXXV -
5. Methodology
5.1 Background: International Methodology
The water data system is constructed on the basis of the European NAMEA methodology,
which was developed by Eurostat and relies on experience accumulated in several countries.
The work model selected for construction of the water account reflects water-related
economic activity and data on physical flows, as well as data on the quality of the water
flowing from the environment to the economy and vice versa. The NAMEA methodology thus
comprises a framework that enables an integrated presentation of physical and economic
data and data on water quality. The methodology includes tables that describe four basic
flows:
a. Water-related economic activities and physical flows of water within the economic
system.
b. Physical flows of water between the economic system and the environment.
c. Flows of pollutants resulting from economic activity between the economic system and
the environment.
d. Physical flows in the environment outside the economic system (not included at this stage
in the system developed in Israel).
Diagram 11 – Water Data System According to the NAMEA Methodology
A - Economy
Abstraction, supply, and use of water
services within the economic system
(physical and economic flows)
B - Water
(economy/environment)
Water use, reclamation
of effluents and
discharge of
wastewater between
the economy and the
environment (physical
flows)
D – Water (environment)
Flows outside the economic system
- XXXVI -
C-Pollution
\
Flows of
pollutants
(physical)
Apart from the NAMEA methodology, the United Nations is promoting the development of
environmental accounts using the SEEA methodology. In order to prepare for future changes
and comply with accepted international standards, it was decided to produce a main table
using the SEEA method in the water data system of the CBS.
At the Water Authority's request, three tables were added, which specify quantities of water
abstraction and consumption, as well as costs and prices of supplies, and various data for
local authorities. These tables are compiled from the database and from calculated data.
5.2 The Study Population
The water data system contains data on companies whose main occupation is the
abstraction and distribution of water and the disposal of wastewater. Also included are waterrelated establishments, such as local authorities and agricultural water associations. The
classification of the companies according to economic industries differs somewhat between
NAMEA and SEEA. In order to maintain the structural uniformity and consistency of the
tables built according to the NAMEA methodology, an adjustment was made between the list
of industries according to the CBS's accepted standard classification (based on ISIC3) and
the European National Classification of Economic Activities (NACE). For the purposes of the
adjustment, several industries in the standard classification were grouped together. In tables
compiled by the SEEA methodology, the economic industries are grouped at a lower
resolution based on the ISIC4 classification. For the purpose of presenting data by the SEEA
methodology, additional operations were performed for the conversion and grouping of
industries (see Appendix 1).
The water and wastewater treatment industry, which is covered in detail in the water data
system, includes part of Division 90 – Sewage and refuse disposal and sanitation services
(excluding refuse and sanitation services) and division 41 – Collection, purification and
distribution of water. The following is a detailed description of the activities included in these
industries in the water data system:
41 Collection, purification and distribution of water – Includes: storage, pumping, purification
and distribution of water to users in agriculture, households, manufacturing, and trade as well
as to other users; national enterprises that supply water; water enterprises and plants
managed by local authorities including kibbutzim, which supply water to consumers through
a network of pipes; operation of a network of water pipes, operation of de-salination facilities
for drinking water, and operation of the National Water Carrier. Excludes: operation of
irrigation equipment (for agricultural purposes) (0141); laying of water lines (4610); erection
of pumping stations and water towers (4620); and treatment of wastewater to prevent
environmental pollution (90).
90 Sewage and refuse disposal and sanitation services – Includes only various processes for
the disposal of wastewater, maintenance of sewage pipes and treatment of wastewater to
prevent environmental pollution. Excludes collection of refuse and waste from households
and from manufacturing or commercial units, as well as transport and disposal thereof by
burning or other means.
- XXXVII -
5.3 The Study Period
The information in this publication relates to activities conducted during 2006 which relate to
the water economy and to the collection and treatment of wastewater.
5.4 Sampling Methods
The sampling frame for the water industry survey was constructed on the basis of existing
information in the business register of the CBS. The frame included Division 41 –
Organizations and companies that engage in activity related to water abstraction and supply;
and Division 90 – Sewage and refuse disposal sanitation services (excluding refuse and
sanitation services). Given the complexity of Israel's water economy, and in order to compile
a complete list of all the organizations that are affiliated with the water industry for the
system, establishments whose main activity is not in the water industry but is associated with
water were also classified in the water industry (e.g., agricultural water associations). The
Israel Farmers' Federation, the Agriculture Ministry, and the Water Authority assisted in the
identification and classification of the establishments by activity.
The following is a list of classes of industries that engage in activities related to water
abstraction and delivery and wastewater treatment, which were included in the survey:
Wastewater purification plants – Facilities in which the harmful components are separated
from the wastewater. The purification process reduces the damage caused by the
wastewater to the environment and enables reuse of the water for irrigation and
manufacturing.
Water abstractors – Water enterprises whose principal activity is the abstraction of water
from different sources, the purification of water and its delivery to consumers. The water
economy includes a national water enterprise as well as local water enterprises.
Water associations in agriculture – Water associations owned by agricultural establishments
or local authorities. The purpose of the associations is to provide water for agricultural needs
to members of the associations or to the local authorities in which they operate.
Reclamation plants – Effluent reclamation plants utilize the effluents produced by the
wastewater purification plants for agricultural irrigation, through laying a network of pipes and
reservoirs.
Water and sewage corporations – These corporations operate within the local authorities for
the purpose of supplying water to the residents, disposing of wastewater to wastewater
purification plants, and maintaining the water and sewage systems. The water and sewage
corporations were set up for the purpose of centralizing water-related activities in local
authorities.
- XXXVIII -
5.4.1 Sampling Strata
The list of businesses in the survey was divided into strata, according to the breakdown of
industries described above. Each stratum was subdivided into size strata according to annual
revenue. The revenue figures for businesses without revenue information in the business
register were imputed in order to assign them to the appropriate size strata. Absence of
revenue data was due to:

Subsidiaries that belong to a partnership

Non-profit institutions or other businesses not liable for VAT

Unknown reason for not reporting
The revenue for subsidiaries was calculated evenly according to the number of subsidiaries
out of the total revenue of the parent companies. Therefore, the figure obtained does not
reflect the actual size of the subsidiaries in comparison with the data obtained after the
survey was conducted. In cases where there no data on company's revenue but data on the
number of employees were available, company size was imputed on the basis of regression
models, where number of employee jobs was the explanatory variable and revenue was the
explained variable. Company size was imputed separately for each stratum using the
regression model. When no relationship was found between the two variables, an estimate
was made. Businesses without data on revenue and without data on the number of
employees were sampled separately as an "unknown" stratum.
A simple random stratified sampling without replacement was used in all the sampling strata.
The five sampling strata belonging to the water economy were defined together with size
substrata. Sampling was performed using the permanent random number (PRN) method. For
each unit in the sampling frame, a random number was assigned with a distribution between
0 and 1.
Companies in the sample were assigned to size substrata on the basis of the HidirogluLavelle method (1988). This method ensures a minimum sample size that conforms to the
desired criteria for accuracy, so that the relative sampling error in each sampling stratum is
uniform. Accuracy was measured on the basis of the relative sampling error (CV – coefficient
of variation), and the level of accuracy of the size parameter was set at 3%. Because a
relatively large proportion of the size data were imputed, the relative sampling error of the
revenue is actually unknown and could be larger. The sample size obtained was 71. In
addition, a sample of the companies in the water and sewage corporations industry (10
businesses) was included, as well as an "unknown" stratum sample (5 businesses), and a
stratum of units sampled with certainty from the wastewater disposal industry (4 businesses).
Thus the overall size of the sample amounted to 90 businesses.
- XXXIX -
5.5 Survey Methodology
The data collection period in the water industry survey lasted some 8 months, from January
2009 until the end of August 2009. The data were collected in three stages:
1. Questionnaires were mailed to the companies. If necessary, reminders were sent as well.
2. Data were completed by telephone for those who did not respond by post, or for those
who gave incomplete responses.
3. Data were supplemented from administrative sources, including financial statements of
the sampled companies.
Companies for which the data were derived from the questionnaires (see Appendix 4) and
through supplementation from the financial statements comprised 58% of the total sample
and covered all five of the sampling strata. The rest of the companies were either irrelevant
to the survey or were inactive during the survey year.
TABLE G.- DISTRIBUTION BY CENSUS STATUS DESCRIPTION
Percentages
Total
Zero cases
100
42
100
Closed/inactive business
The business's activity does not match the
Belongs to the population
58
14
survey12
28
Data from companies in the sample
39
Data from administrative sources only
19
5.6 Data Processing
The CPA classification (Classification of Products by Activity, Eurostat) was used as a basis
for defining the types of economic activities and products related to water (see Appendix 3).
According to the CPA, products are classified into homogeneous categories based on
physical characteristics, production technologies, and purpose of the product. According to
the principles of the CPA, a product can belong to only one category. In order to adjust the
water data system to local needs, and at the Water Authority's request, the level of
specification in the classification was expanded to include subcategories relevant to the
Israeli water economy – for example, the category of drinking water was divided into surface
water and groundwater. A technological system developed by the CBS was used for entry
and examination of the data on water as well as for the production of statistical outputs. The
system includes a computerized database and applications, which provide a basis for
organizing and examining the data. as well as for presentation and cross-checking of the
data stored in the database. The database contains the following types of data:
a. Aggregative data: Data for an entire industry.
12
In sector (90), Sewage and Refuse Disposal and Sanitation Services, it was difficult to identify
companies that engage in wastewater treatment. As a result, there was a high percentage of
companies whose activity did not fit the survey.
- XL -
b. Specific data: Data for an individual company obtained from a completed questionnaire.
c. Auxiliary data for calculation of the aggregative data: Coefficients, tariffs and general
variables.
The data obtained from administrative files and from questionnaires were transferred to the
database. In addition, coefficients were calculated based on administrative sources, and they
were also entered into the system.
In order to process the data, and in order to achieve the required level of specification by
economic industries, algorithms were defined and applied to the data received from various
sources.
For companies that did not provide work hour data in the water industry survey, work hours
were imputed according to the number of employees in the company. For companies that did
not provide data on quantities of water, those quantities were imputed by dividing revenue
from sales of water by price of water paid by other companies with a similar type and scope
of activity.
5.7 Estimation Methodology
Each of the companies in the water industry survey was assigned a weight called the
"weighting coefficient," which reflects the number of companies "represented" by that
company in the survey year. The weighting coefficient was calculated according to the
inverse of the sampling probability in the stratum to which the company belonged. The higher
the sampling probability, the lower the number of companies "represented" by the company
in that stratum, and vice versa. The data for the water industry presented in the publication
were obtained by weighting of the data of the water industry survey by the weighting
coefficients.
5.8 Limitations of the Data

Many variables in the water data system are calculated by means of coefficients and are
not obtained from specific surveys. For example, the data on de-salinated water supplied
to economic industries were calculated on the basis of the distribution of water allocations
for manufacturing. This method was used, because there is no way of distinguishing
between the types of drinking water supplied through the national system to the different
economic industries, due to the mixing of water in the drinking water delivery lines.

During the course of the survey, we had difficulty breaking down the income of
companies from supply of water by water sources and types. In these cases, the income
was divided according to the distribution of the physical quantities of water supplied by
those companies.

Investments in water enterprises that did not yield income during the survey year were
not included in the data.

The distribution of the supply of drinking water by type of water in the economic industries
is based on estimates.
- XLI -
6. Tables and Table Production Method
NAMEA tables show the types of water and water sources in the columns and industries are
presented in the rows. Each main column classifies the type of product or activity (CPA
classification) and indicates the flow code, which facilitates orientation in the summarizing
table (table 9). In SEEA tables the structure is reversed.
Table 1 – Supply of Distributed Water and Wastewater Services (Income), 2006
The table presents data on the income of companies whose main activity is related to water
and wastewater. The sources for the data are the water and wastewater treatment industry
survey conducted by the CBS (see Appendix 4 for the water and wastewater treatment
industry survey questionnaire), and the cash budget performance report of the Ministry of
Finance. Data on income are presented in the table by type of activity, water source, and
type of water (columns), as well as by the breakdown of economic activities described in the
table of water-related industries (rows) (see Appendix 2). The data on income in the
“services for distribution of water” column do not include revenue from distribution of the
water in the national system.

The data on income are obtained by summing up sections 14.1.1-14.1.6 and 18.1.118.1.5 in the water and wastewater treatment industry survey questionnaire, excluding
sections 14.1.3 and 18.1.2.

The figure in the row "taxes on products" is obtained from sections 13.1.6 and 17.1.6 in
the questionnaire, with the addition of VAT.

The figure in the row "subsidies on products" is obtained from sections 14.1.6 and 18.1.5
in the questionnaire, excluding the figures for activity not related to water and wastewater.

The figure in the row "total supply at purchaser's price" is obtained after deducting
"subsidies on products" from "total output at basic prices" and adding "taxes on products."
Table 2 – Use of Distributed Water and Wastewater Treatment Services (Expenditure),
2006
The table presents data on the expenditure for use of water and on wastewater treatment in
the different industries. Types of water and the water sources appear in the columns, and the
distribution of industries appears in the rows. To calculate these data, the quantities of water
consumed were multiplied by the water prices, according to the types of water and purposes
of use (see the calculation for Table 6). The sources of data for the calculation of the
variables in the table were administrative files: weighted abstraction levies, weighted water
tariffs, a consumption survey by consumption purposes and type of locality, and the report on
water consumption in local authorities. Tariffs and abstraction levies were calculated on the
basis of weights, by aquifers, geographical areas and water enterprises. In addition to the
expenditures made by end consumers, the table includes expenditures on the purchase of
- XLII -
water by intermediate suppliers. The source of data is the water and wastewater treatment
industry survey and the profile of local authorities.

The row "total intermediate consumption" sums up the expenditure on water consumption
and on water-related services in each of the industries.

The row "total final consumption" is obtained by summing up the rows "households" and
"government."

The row "total uses at purchaser's price" is obtained by summing up the rows "total
intermediate consumption," "total final consumption", and "exports "FOB".
Table 3 – Economic Accounts for Water Distribution and Wastewater Collection
Industries, by Type of Activity, 2006
The table contains financial data: the accounting items appear in the rows, and types of
activities appear in the columns. The sources of data are the water and wastewater
treatment industry survey carried out by the CBS (see the transition table from the survey
questionnaire in Appendix 5), the profile of local authorities produced by the CBS, and the
cash budget performance report of the Ministry of Finance.
The following is a list of the columns in the table:

The column "collection and treatment of sewage" in the table presents sections 17-18 of
the questionnaire, plus sections 8-12 of the questionnaire multiplied by the field
"percentage of wastewater disposal activity" in section 4.1 of the questionnaire.

The column "collection, purification and distribution of water" in the table presents
sections 13-14 of the questionnaire, plus sections 8-12 of the questionnaire multiplied by
the field "percentage of water supply activity" in section 4.1 of the questionnaire.

When the option "other" in section 4.1 of the questionnaire was selected, the data in the
questionnaire were categorized according to the distribution of the sources of income –
sections 14 and 18.
Table 4 – Economic Accounts for Water Distribution and Wastewater Collection
Industries, by Institutional Sector, 2006
As in Table 3, Table 4 contains financial data: the accounting items appear in the rows, and
the various sectors appear in the columns. The sources of data are the same as for Table 3.
The sector was taken from the field "form of enterprise ownership" in section 5 of the water
and wastewater treatment industry questionnaire.
Table 5 – Physical Flows of Water Corresponding to Economic Supply Recorded in
Table 1, 2006
This table presents data on the quantities of water supplied by water-related establishments
and the quantities of wastewater collected by the sewage system (corresponding to Table 1,
- XLIII -
which presents financial data). The types of water and their uses appear in the columns, and
the economic activities are set out in the rows.

The data in the table were calculated on the basis of “the survey of water consumption by
purposes of consumption” and on the basis of consumption coefficients, with adjustments
from the water industry survey and administrative files.

The row "total output" sums up the total amounts of water supplied by the water industry
and wastewater collected.

The row "total supply" sums up the rows "total output" and "imports."

The quantity of water supplied for domestic use includes water losses within the local
authority.

The source of data on water supplied by municipalities, local councils and water
corporations is the annual water consumption report of the local authorities.

Data on the water supply of water associations in agriculture are obtained by summing up
sections 16.1.1, 16.1.2, 16.1.3 and 16.2 in the water and wastewater treatment industry
survey questionnaire. Data on water losses were included in supply of water for irrigation.

The source of data on water supplied by regional councils is the reports of the local
authorities. These data were assigned to the category of consumption in the domestic
sector.

The source of data on quantities of wastewater collected by sewage systems is “the
report on the collection and treatment of wastewater and the use of effluents for
agricultural irrigation”.

To prevent duplications, the data on water supply appear in the table according to the
quantity of water delivered to the end consumer.
Table 6 – Physical Flows of Water Corresponding to Economic Uses Recorded in
Table 2, 2006
The table describes the use of water and sewage services (corresponding to Table 2 in
physical terms). Types of water are presented in the columns, and industries are presented
in the rows. In order to present the data at the required level of specification, the data
received from administrative files were distributed by multiplying the consumption coefficients
by the quantities of water consumed.

The data in the table were calculated using algorithms defined on the data from “the
survey of water consumption by purposes of consumption”, “the report on the collection
and treatment of wastewater and use of effluents for agricultural irrigation”, and the
consumption coefficients file.

The row "total intermediate consumption" is obtained by summing up the water
consumption in the industries listed in the table.

The row "total final consumption" sums up the rows "households" and "government."
- XLIV -

The row "total uses at purchaser's price" is obtained by summing up the rows "total
intermediate consumption," "total final consumption", and "exports."

The data on quantities of water losses outside the national system were loaded on
household consumption.

The consumption coefficients in Manufacturing industries were calculated using the data
in the file on allocations of water to Manufacturing and the data in the reports on the final
account and balances after the final account.

The consumption coefficients for households and for the economic industries excluding
Manufacturing and Agriculture were calculated using the annual report on water
consumption in local authorities.

The quantities of non-drinking water in local authorities (from the survey of water
consumption by purposes of consumption and by type of locality) were classified as water
consumption in the "Public Gardening + Other Consumption" industry.
Table 7 – Abstraction of Water, 2006
This table describes the quantities of water abstracted by water abstractors, whether for own
use or for distribution. Data on water sources and types of abstraction are presented in the
columns, and the breakdown of industries is presented in the rows.

The table contains data calculated using algorithms defined on the data from the survey
of water consumption by purposes of consumption, allocations of water for
Manufacturing, and the final account and balances after final account reports.

The row "total industries" sums up the total amount of water abstracted by water-related
establishments and private abstractors.

The source of data on water abstracted by municipalities, local councils and water and
sewage corporations is the annual report on water consumption in local authorities.

The data on water abstraction of water associations in agriculture are obtained by
summing up sections 15.1.1, 15.1.2, 15.1.3 and 15.1.4 in the water and wastewater
treatment industry survey questionnaire.

Floodwater is included in surface water sources.

Non-de-salinated brackish water is included in groundwater.

Non-freshwater also includes unused effluents discharged into the environment.
Table 8 – Returns of Water to the Environment, 2006
Table 8 describes the quantities of water returned to the environment after use, according to
types of water and flows (columns) and industries (rows). The table contains variables
obtained from a number of sources:

Data on returns from irrigation are obtained from the report on the development, use and
status of water sources in Israel.
- XLV -

Returns of wastewater according to destination and industry were calculated using
algorithms defined on the data from the report on collection and treatment of wastewater
and use of effluents for agricultural irrigation, as well as on the basis of the defined
coefficients.

Leaks in the national distribution system are calculated as the difference between the
quantities of water abstracted or purchased and the quantities of water delivered.
Table 9 – Freshwater Balance, 2006
This table presents balances, and describes the water flows within the economic system and
between the economic system and the environment. The data in the table are obtained from
the tables of physical data such as data on abstraction, supply, and consumption. The table
presents data on the quantities of water consumed from the environment by the economic
system, as well as data on the quantities of wastewater discharged into the sea and land
environment.
Table 10 – Pollutant Loads in Wastewater Discharged to the Sewage System, 2006
This table describes the quantities of pollutants in effluents after different levels of treatment.
The data on quantities of pollutants in effluents were calculated from the report on the
collection and treatment of wastewater and use of effluents for agricultural irrigation.
Table 11 – Abstraction and Supply of Water, by SEEA, 2006
The table describes the quantities of water supplied and consumed in industries and
households. The level of specification of the data and the breakdown of consumers are the
same as in tables 5, 6, 7 and 8, which were developed using the NAMEA method.
Accordingly, the data in Table 11 are also based on the calculations performed for those
tables. Data on industries, households, and exports are presented in the columns. The data
on water use are the sum total of water abstracted from various sources and water delivered
to the user sector. The data on water consumption are calculated as the difference between
the quantities of water used and water supplied. The data on water consumption in this table
include de-salinated water, in contrast to table 9 which does not include consumption of desalinated water.
Table 12 – Supply and Use of Water, by Supplier and User, 2006
This table presents the supply of water by water-related establishments and water
consumption, by sector of users (rows), and types of water by source (freshwater and nonfreshwater - columns). In addition, the table presents data on water losses in the national
system and water losses in local authorities. The data in the table are obtained from the
calculations performed for the tables of the system.
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Table 13 – Average Water Supply Cost and Price per m3, 2006
The table presents the cost of water supply and average price per cubic meter, calculated on
the basis of data from the water industry survey. The cost of supplying water for water
suppliers and water abstractors was calculated by dividing the amount of the expenditures of
the water establishments by the quantities of water supplied (including water losses). The
average price was calculated by dividing the amounts of the revenue by the quantities of
water supplied (excluding water losses in the national system). As in Table 12, the water
establishments are listed in the rows, and the types of water are presented in the columns by
source (fresh and non-freshwater).
Table 14 – Water and Wastewater in Local Authorities, 2006
The table presents data on the local authorities in which water-related activities are carried
out by the local authority, by municipal status (rows). The columns show various parameters
for calculating indicators such as per capita water consumption, rate of reclamation and
water loss, water supply cost and average price per cubic meter. The table also contains
data on local authorities in which water-related activities are carried out by water
corporations.
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