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Transcript
Ancient Greece: Athens vs. Sparta CH 5.1, 5.2 Bellringer What do you know about Ancient Greece? Share at least three things/ bullet points! Greek City State / Polis By 500 BCE, this map shows the spread of Greek Influence After 800 BCE, the ancient Greek City-states (or polis) arose. Before that, there were several different groups (like the Minoans and the Mycenaeans) that came and left Greece, but much about them is a mystery. So what is a city-state? There are no city-states left in Greece to use as an example. We have to look into the past to find some. The villages started to band together, in part for protection and in part for more organized trade. They wanted strong trading centers. Groups of villages that banded together were called city-states. There were hundreds of city-states in ancient Greece, some really small ones and some really big ones with large populations. Similar....but also Different Although each city-state had its own form of government and its own army, and even sometimes its own navy, and each city-state certainly its own way of doing things, the city-states of ancient Greece had many things in common. They all spoke the same language; they all believed in the same gods; they all worshiped in the same way; they all thought of themselves as Greeks. But they were loyal to their city-state. If you asked someone in ancient Greece where they were from, they would not say they were from Greece, because Greece at that time was not a country. It was a collection of city-states, each with its own personality and way of doing things. They would say they were from Athens, or Sparta, or Corinth, or Argos. The Greeks were very proud of their own city-state. The city-states banded together to fight outsiders. They also banded together to fight each other. And the two most influential? Athens, and Sparta. Athens Athenian Democracy Athens was one of the largest of the ancient Greek city-states and also one of the most democratic. We often remember Athens as the birthplace of democracy. This didn’t happen all at once, however. Athens had its own share of different governments. First it had a monarchy, followed by an aristocracy, then oligarchy, and finally democracy. Over time, more and more people earned the right to participate in government. By 500 B.C. a recognizable democratic system was in place. VID The Acropolis (in Athens) The Assembly The Assembly most likely met in a Greek Amphitheater much like this one below: At the center of Greek democracy was what was called the Assembly. The Assembly passed laws, levied taxes, and voted on issues such as war or peace. All Athenian citizens were allowed to participate. Before deciding on an issue, the Assembly members would debate about it, then would vote by a show of hands. Majority vote ruled the day. This amphitheater is located in what was Epidaurus (another city-state). Can you think of anything like this that we have today? In the United States, we have a similar form of doing things. Our Congress does the same thing as the ancient Athenian Assembly & Boule used to do in Athens. However, because the United States has so many more people, instead of allowing EVERYONE a say in all the things that are discussed, we elect representatives to speak on our behalf. We have two parts to our Congress, just like the Athenians did; the Senate (like the Boule) and the House of Representatives (i.e. Assembly). Photo of the U.S. Senate Chamber os·tra·cize [os-truh-sahyz] verb (used with object), os·tra·cized, os·tra·ciz·ing.1.to exclude, by general consent, from soci ety, friendship, conversation, privileges, etc.: ”His friends ostracized him after his father's arrest.” Another interesting power that the Assembly had was to ostracize, or banish citizens who posed a danger to the city-state. Just like everything else done in the Assembly, this was carried out by majority vote. Whenever an “ostracism vote” was carried out, each person was allowed to write the name of someone they’d like to see banished / ostracized on a piece of pottery called an ostrakon. If enough people wrote someone’s name, they’d be ostracized for a period of ten years, during which they had to leave and never come back. Afterwards however they were free to return and keep their lands, possessions, etc. Ostrakon which reads: “Socrates Anagorasios” The Legal System of Athens For the time, Athenian law was quite democratic and fair in comparison to other legal systems of the time. It was divided into two main parts: Public laws, and Private laws. For public law infractions, one would have to face the Assembly (much like our House of Representatives) and be judged by them, facing a fine or penalty. For private disagreements, those involved would go to a local law court where they would be judged by a jury of their peers. For instance, it is much easier to pay off the majority of a jury of 12 people (7-8 people) than paying off several hundred jurors. Because of how large these juries could be, most citizens got the opportunity to serve on a jury at least once, if not multiple times. Strategoi Another element of Athenian Democracy (after The Assembly /the Boule, and the Legal System) was the Strategoi, or a board of 10 generals elected each year by the assembly, who were in charge of the defending Athens. Carving of the Strategoi Limits of Athenian Democracy As we said earlier, all Athenian citizens were allowed to participate in the Assembly. However, many people who lived in the polis were not citizens. To qualify as a citizen, a person had to be: Male At least 18 years old Not a slave The son of two Athenian parents. Thus women, children, slaves, and foreigners living in Athens were NOT citizens and so they couldn’t vote in the Assembly nor serve on juries. Athenian Women While women played an important role in religious affairs, they had no political rights. They were always under the control of a man, whether that was a husband, or some other male relative, even a son. Whomever the male relative was, they had all power over her. If her husband had died, they could in turn remarry her without her consent. Girls might have gotten an education at home, but they were not sent to school like the young men. Women were raised to bear children and tend to their families; this was their most important role in Athenian society. Other Disenfranchised Groups Slaves Slaves made up as much as a 1/3 of Metics As a busy port city, Athens was home to many foreign traders and the total population. Some citizens merchants. had 10-50 slaves, while the richest They were known as metics, and they might have had hundreds of slaves. played an important role in Athenian Only the poorest citizens did not have society. Although some metics slaves. gained an honorary citizenship , Slaves did all the domestic chores for most never got that opportunity. their households, and some were even well educated, and would act as In reality, out of the some 300,000 people living in or around tutors for their masters’ children. Athens, only about 40,000 of Yet as a slave they had no political those were citizens. So while rights either, even if they managed to Athenian democracy had its limits, in somehow buy their freedom, they’d 500 B.C. you couldn’t find another never be allowed to buy place that had so many politically citizenship. active citizens. They were truly pioneers in their time. Athenian Education As the Athenians believed it was of vital importance that each citizen play a role in government, they went to great lengths to train and educate their young men, the future of the citystate. Part of this education included preparing these young men to debate persuasively, defend their arguments, and know how to effectively critique others’ ideas. These skills are known as rhetoric (i.e., the art of discourse). Athenian Education Continued…. Besides logic, the Athenians also taught their boys reading & writing, arithmetic (math), and music and drama. Boys often learned to play a stringed musical instrument called the lyre, and would also memorize important sections of epic poems written by Homer, The Illiad & The Odyssey. An Epic poem is a long poem that tells the adventures of one or more legendary heroes. Other Activities In addition to academic instruction, Athenian youths were given 2 years of military instruction, and many years of physical education. This physical education was carried out in the gymnasium, which was an outdoors park outside the city where they would work out. This they did naked (gymnasium comes from a Greek word meaning “to exercise naked”) Older Activities After getting older, Athenians engaged in other activities. They might attend symposiums, which were banquets and/or drinking parties. Citizens would gather to eat, drink, listen to music and enjoy one another’s company. Often these symposiums involved educational conversations (not just silly gossip), but deep profound debates about topics such as love, or happiness. They were profound and enlightening to all who participated. Overall the Athenian education was designed to produce cultured, wellrounded men who appreciated art, music, sports, and were good citizens, willing to serve on the battlefield and the Assembly whenever required. Sparta IN THE RIVAL CITY-STATE OF SPARTA, LESS THAN 100 MILES AWAY FROM ATHENS, THINGS WERE QUITE A BIT DIFFERENT. SPARTANS RAISED THEIR CHILDREN TO BE WARRIORS. THEY HAD NO INTEREST IN DEVELOPING “WELL-ROUNDED INDIVIDUALS.” VIDEO Different Focuses Spartans cared first and foremost about strength and physical prowess. This process started from their very birth. When a baby was born, a committee would inspect the child, and if it was deemed worthy and fit, it was allowed to live. Otherwise, if it was decided it was too weak, they left it “exposed” (to the elements) and it died. Military Training Spartan children were made to be tough. They were required to serve for 23 years in the military, and this training began from their infancy. For instance, if a Spartan child cried, it was not picked up or comforted. The Spartans thought that doing so would lead to the child growing up soft. They also objected to sandals, and so even in the dead of winter, Spartan boys were not allowed to wear shoes, which meant they had to have strong and tough feet. At the tender age of 7, the Spartan boys were sent away from their families to begin their military training. They lived in barracks with other boys of the same age and were taught absolute obedience. Any infraction would lead to a good whipping. Education Intro: In Sparta, little time was spent on reading, or poetry. Instead, physical fitness was seen as supreme. Spartans were taught to endure great pain and never accept defeat, no matter the odds. Once teenagers, the boys’ food rations were cut, so they had to learn to be clever and steal more food without getting caught. Young boys were allowed to marry as early as 20, but they had to live in the barracks (w/out their wife) until 30. If they were caught with their wife, they were punished (as military service was their first duty). Even after moving in with their family, they still had to eat with their army unit rather than their family. And military service was required till age 60. Spartan Women As the entire Spartan state was organized like one giant military unit, everyone had a role to play, including women. While Spartan women did not fight, they had more rights than Athenian women did. They could own land, competed in sporting events, and were expected to raise their sons as future warriors. As part of this, they had to be stoic when it came to letting their sons go off to war, and possibly die. One Spartan woman said, after learning her son had died: “I bore him so that he might die for Sparta, and that is what has happened, as I wished.” Why so militaristic? Historians have wondered why the Spartans were so extreme in their warrior beliefs…part of it was obviously to defend themselves against invaders who might kill and destroy them. However, one of the biggest reasons is because of their slavery system. The Spartans had many slaves, known as helots. The helots were treated as animals, and were forced to work all day, doing all the work that the Spartan warriors were too busy to do. They were regularly beaten, and could be killed for any reason. They were often forced to fight Sparta’s battles for them, with little to no armor, knowing full well they were mostly going to be slaughtered. Another cruelty against the helots was a rite of passage known as the krypteia. Armed with nothing more than a knife and his arms, the more promising Spartan boys of 18 years were sent out with only a knife to kill as many helots (state-owned slaves) as he could and return home without getting caught. Helots, Continued Interestingly, the helots made up about 90% of the population of Sparta (300,000), and the Spartans themselves only about 30,000. Seeing as how they mistreated the helots, their extreme cruelty and harshness seems to make more sense when you have to subjugate a huge portion of your population at all times thru fear and intimidation. At the same time, it should come as no surprise when the helots sometimes rose up in rebellion against their cruel masters. Fear of such rebellions also taught the Spartans to train from a young age to be cruel, merciless warriors. Spartan Government Generally their government was known as an oligarchy (ruled by a few powerful rulers). The Spartans had two kings, who were supposed to make sure one didn’t get more powerful than the other. They also had an aristocratic council of elders, and an Assembly (though much less democratic than the Athenian one). There were no debates allowed on issues or elections, only votes, either against or in favor of. And the way they did this was by shouting the loudest. Whichever person, or decision got the loudest cheers, that was chosen over the more quiet one (Athenians thought this was quite hilarious, by the way). Contrasting Lifestyles Spartans Athenians Athenians sought to be well-rounded individuals. Athenians liked to partake of the good things in life, such as good food, debate, and philosophical discussions (like in their symposiums). Athenians were groomed to be eloquent statesmen who could persuade others to see their way. Athenians loved the arts and culture, and was excited to have foreigners come and visit. They felt that such things lead to greater overall strength as a people. Being close to the ocean, Athens developed an especially strong navy, and a decent army. Spartans cared most about having good and clever soldiers who cared most about the state, not themselves. Spartans thought such frivolous things were dangerous distractions, avoided making life very enjoyable, and just keeping things simple. For instance, they made their food bland on purpose, and only danced because it might improve the soldiers’ footwork. Spartans were very concise, or laconic (a synonym for Spartan), or men of few words. When an enemy told a Spartan, “If we defeat you, we’ll destroy your city.” The Spartan simply replied “If.” Spartans thought the arts and such was a waste of time, and tried to remain as isolated as possible. Being landlocked, Sparta focused on a large standing army, and had a very small navy. Compare and Contrast Ancient Greece & Today For your assignment, you’ll be answering the considering the following: Journal Entry Questions: #1 of Term 2 “Democracy is when the indigent (i.e. the poor), and not the men of property, are the rulers." ― Aristotle Throughout history, there are examples of different types of governments. The Athenians are famous for their implementation of democratic government, while the Spartans were quite authoritarian. Considering the governments of the civilizations that we've studied this lesson, answer the following questions: Compare / contrast the rights and duties of different Ancient Greeks (the Athenians, Spartans, etc.) with those of Americans and / or others today. How are they similar? Different? Is one better than another? Why / why not? Review Aristotle's quote; Is he right, that Democracy is when the poor are in charge, not the wealthy? Does that accurately describe our society, or not? Explain. You should be able to complete this in roughly 3 paragraphs Assignments for Next Time There are two assignments you have to do: First: answer the journal entry question comparing and contrasting our day with the world of the Ancient Spartans / Athenians; this should be relatively quick and easy if you took good notes. Next: start creating a poster about one of the Greek Gods/Goddesses/Heroes that we will be covering next time. A rough draft must be finished for next class, for points, as we will be sharing these with each other next time. After our next class, you will have the chance to tweak and finalize your poster / cartoon, which is due this Friday