Download Term 2 Concepts

Biology Term 2 Concepts
I.
Organic (Carbon) Molecules
A. Carbohydrates
a. short-term energy storage
b. C(H2O)n
c. monosaccharides  dissacharides and polysaccharides
d. polysaccharides: starch vs. glycogen vs. cellulose
B. Lipids
a. long-term energy storage (and more concentrated energy)
b. hydrophobic
c. C, H, O
d. glycerol + 3 fatty acids  triglycerides
C. Proteins
a. animal structures and enzymes
b. C, H, O, N
c. amino acids  proteins
D. Enzymes
a. proteins that speed up chemical reactions in living things
b. role of enzyme, active site, substrate, products
c. effect of enzyme/substrate concentration, temperature, pH on enzyme activity
E. Digestion
a. path of food (mouth  anus)
b. mechanical (teeth, mixing, bile) vs. chemical breakdown (digestive enzymes)
c. absorption (nutrients and water)
II.
Cells
A. Cell theory
B. Prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes
C. Organelles (roles in production, transport, breakdown of proteins)
a. nucleus
b. ribosome
c. endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
d. golgi apparatus
e. mitochondrion
f. lysosome
g. vacuole
D. Plant Cells vs. animal cells
a. large central vacuole
b. chloroplasts
c. cell wall
III. Membranes and Transport
A. Membrane structure (semi-permeable barrier)
a. phospholipid bilayer
b. membrane proteins
B. Transport
a. diffusion
b. osmosis (hypotonic vs. isotonic vs. hypertonic) and effect on cell shape
c. facilitated diffusion vs. active transport
C. Cell size vs. diffusion
IV. Circulation
A. Blood as a transport system
1. composition of blood
2. blood vessels (artery vs. vein vs. capillary)
3. heart and blood circulation
V.
Excretion
A. Functions of the urinary system (excretion and water/solute homeostasis)
B. Nephrons and urine formation
1. filtration
2. reabsorption
C. Path of urine (kidneys  toilet)
VI. Nervous System
A. Brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem)
B. Neuron
C. Nervous responses: reflexes and reactions
1. role of sensory receptors, sensory neurons, spinal cord, sensory cortices, motor cortex, motor neurons, effector
D. Endocrine system as an extension of the nervous system using hormones through bloodstream to bind receptors on target cells
VII. Feedback Mechanisms
A. Negative vs. positive
B. Behavioral vs. physiological
C. How negative feedback loops help maintain homeostasis (stimulus, sensor, feedback response)
VIII. Respiratory System
A. Path of air (nose  alveoli)
B. How respiratory works with circulatory to exchange O2/CO2 with lungs and body cells
C. Effect of blood acidity (CO2) on breathing rate