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CHAPTER 19
AN AGE OF EXPLORATIONS &
ISOLATION
SECTION 1
EUROPEANS EXPLORE THE EAST
God Glory and Gold
• Stories of early explorers, like Marco Polo
getting to China in 1275, told of great riches…
• Since Europe was at war for most of the
1300’s, exploration was not an interest
• 1400s- interested again and now have
technology to make this very profitable
So why would these Europeans leave?
• SPICES SUCH AS CINNAMON, NUTMEG, GINGER,
PEPPER, ETC WERE WORTH THEIR WEIGHT IN GOLD
• AFTER BRINGING THESE SPICES BACK, MERCHANTS
WERE ABLE TO SELL SPICES AT HIGH PRICES
• DESIRE TO BE RICH, SPREAD CHRISTIANITY, &
ADVANCES IN SAILING ALLOWED THEM TO LEAVE
• MUSLIMS AND ITALIANS CONTROLLED TRADE FROM
EAST TO WEST
• MUSLIMS SOLD ASIAN GOODS TO ITALIANS, WHO
SOLD THEM ACROSS MEDITERRANEAN
PORTUGAL LEADS THE WAY…
• One of the reasons why Portugal
leads the way was Prince Henry the
Navigator
• Included in his achievements were:
– Founding a Navigation school,
– Supporting Exploration through
funding
– The belief in getting himself and the
country richer
– Spreading Christianity
– Setting up a trading network for even
more riches
• WHY SPREAD
CHRISTIANITY?
• EUROPEANS BELIEVED
SACRED DUTY WAS TO
CONVERT NONCHRISTIANS.
• WHO WAS THEIR OLD
OPPOSITION?
• WHO WAS THEIR NEW
OPPOSITION?
Bartolomeu Dias
• Early Portuguese Explorer
• While he is known for
reaching the Horn of
Africa he said his motive
was:
– “To Serve God and His
majesty to give light to
those who were in
darkness and to grow rich
as all men desire to do”
• NOW HOW WAS THIS
POSSIBLE?
• “New” TECHNOLOGY
• These New Technologies
included:
• SHIPS SUCH AS THE
CARAVEL.
• IMPROVED SAILING
TECHNIQUES.
• STURDIER, TRIANGULAR
SAILS TO SAIL INTO THE
WIND
• NAVIGATIONTOOLS AND
TECHNIQUES
(ASTROLABE, COMPASS,
CHIP LOG, ETC).
• VASCO DA GAMA
• 1497, EXPLORED EAST
COAST OF AFRICA AND
THEN PORT OF CALICUT
(SW SHORE OF INDIA),
RETURNED HOME WITH
CARGO 60 TIMES COST
OF VOYAGE.
SPAIN ALSO MAKES CLAIMS
• CHRISTOPHER
COLUMBUS
• 1492- REACHED A
CARIBBEAN ISLAND
• MISTAKENLY THOUGHT
IT WAS EAST INDIES.
OPENED THE WAY FOR
COLONIZATION IN
AMERICA.
TENSION BETWEEN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL
• WHEN COLUMBUS IS BELIEVED TO HAVE
REACHED ASIA, PORTUGAL & SPAIN HAD
MAJOR TENSION AS THEY BATTLE FOR LAND
• THE PORTUGUESE ARGUE COLUMBUS IS
CLAIMING LAND THAT WAS ALREADY THEIRS
• THE TWO COUNTRIES COME TO THE VERGE
OF WAR, BUT POPE ALEXANDER VI
INTERVENES.
TREATY OF TORDESILLAS
• THE POPE SUGGESTS A “LINE
OF DEMARCATION”
– A MADE UP BORDERLINE
• - WEST OF LINE WOULD BE
SPAIN’S, EAST OF LINE
WOULD BE PORTUGAL’S
• 1494-BOTH COUNTRIES
AGREE TO HONOR THE LINE
TRADING EMPIRES IN THE INDIAN
OCEAN
• PORTUGAL
• THE PORTUGUESE TAKE
TRADING CITIES IN
CHINA (MACAU), INDIA
(GOA), AND MALAYSIA
(MALACCA STRAIT)
• DOMINATED TRADE IN
INDIAN OCEAN,
PERSIAN GULF,
ARABIAN SEA, INDIA &
ASIA
• WHY ARE THEY
DETERMINED TO
PREVENT MUSLIMS
FROM CONTINUING
THEIR SPICE TRADE?
Portuguese Success!
• The Portuguese break the Italian-Muslim
monopoly
• They brought goods back to Europe which
now cost Europeans 1/5th of the previous cost
• As a result of the cheaper cost, demand goes
up even more for these Eastern goods.
• Portugal’s Asian success brought competitors
and new explorers through Asia.
Ferdinand Magellan
• Born in modern day
Portugal, he served the
King of Spain
• Very simply put, he was
the man who put
together the first
expedition that would
circumnavigate the
world
And Now… Competitors…
• THE DUTCH (A.K.A.
NETHERLANDS)
CHALLENGE
• BY 1620, THE DUTCH EAST
INDIA COMPANY HAVE
LARGEST FLEET IN WORLD.
• THE DUTCH FORM THE
DUTCH EAST INDIA
COMPANY, WHICH IS
FINANCED BY
WORLDWIDE
INVESTORS
• EVEN THOUGH THEY WERE A
COMPANY, THEY WERE:
– WEALTHY
– MADE TREATIES,
– RAISED ARMIES. DROVE OUT
THE ENGLISH & ESTABLISHED
THEIR DOMINANCE IN REGION
• THEY DRIVE THE PORTUGUESE
OUT OF INDONESIA
• DUTCH TRADE OUTPOSTS
• SEIZED CONTROL OF
MANY PORTUGUESE
AREAS INCLUDING
CONTROL OF INDIAN
OCEAN.
• BY 1700 THEY RULED
INDONESIA & HAD MANY
TRADING POSTS IN ASIA.
• ALSO CONTROLLED CAPE
OF GOOD HOPE ON
SOUTHERN TIP OF AFRICA
WHICH WAS A MAJOR
RESUPPLY STOP
British and French Outposts
• By the 1700’s Great
Britain started the
English East India
Company
• The French East India
Company faced too
many attacks from the
Dutch and was never
that successful
SECTION 2
CHINA LIMITS EUROPEAN CONTACTS
CHINA UNDER THE POWERFUL MING
DYNASTY
• MING DYNASTY
• HONGWU
• DOMINATED POWER IN
ASIA (1368-1644).
• COUNTRIES PAID TRIBUTE
TO THE MING, &
EXPECTED EUROPEANS
TO DO THE SAME.
• 1ST MING EMPEROR,
CREATED MANY
REFORMS TO PROMOTE
POWER & PROSPERITY,
SEEN AS A TYRANT
• YONGLO
• ZHENG HE
• SON OF HONGWU TOOK
OVER IN 1398.
• MOVED CAPITAL TO
BEIJING, FORBIDDEN CITY
BUILT
• 1405, LAUNCHED 7
VOYAGES OF
EXPLORATION
• LED ALL VOYAGES,
EVERYTHING ABOUT
THEM WAS LARGE,
DISTRIBUTED GIFTS OF
SILK & SILVER
• 16 COUNTRIES
EVENTUALLY PAY TRIBUTE
TO CHINA
• FOREIGN RELATIONS
OF CHINA
• CHINA REMAINED
ISOLATED EVEN
THOUGH DEMAND OF
SILK & CERAMIC SKY
ROCKETED.
• OPPOSED EUROPEAN &
CHRISTIAN PRESENCE
MANCHUS FOUND THE QING DYNASTY
• MANCHUS
• PEOPLE OF MANCHURIA
INVADED CHINA & MING
DYNASTY FALLS
• TOOK CHINESE NAME
FOR THEIR DYNASTYQING
• LASTED 260 YEARS
• EXPANDED BORDER TO
INCLUDE TAIWAN,
CHINESE CENTRAL ASIA,
MONGOLIA, & TIBET
• CHINA UNDER THE
QING
• KANGXI
• FIRST RESISTED
• WHY?
• SLOWLY EARNED
RESPECT BY
UPHOLDING
CONFUCIAN BELIEFS &
STRUCTURE
• EMPEROR IN 1661
RULED FOR 60 YEARS,
REDUCED GOV.
EXPENSES & LOWERED
TAXES
• QIAN-LONG
• GRANDSON OF KANGXI,
RULED FROM 17361795, REACHED
GREATEST PROSPERITY,
WORKED ON EMPIRE’S
PROBLEMS
• CHINA’S RESTRICTIONS
• IF COUNTRIES WANTED
TO TRADE WITH CHINA
THEY WOULD HAVE TO
FOLLOW RULES & PAY A
TRIBUTE.
• KOREA
• PAID CHINESE TRIBUTE
& ADOPTED MANY
WAYS OF CHINA’S
BELIEFS
• GAINED STRONG SENSE
OF NATIONALISM AND
AWAY FROM CHINA
ESPECIALLY SEEN IN
THEIR ART.
LIFE IN MING & QING CHINA
• FAMILY LIFE
• FAMILIES FARMED NEW
FOOD, NUTRITION
IMPROVED & FAMILIES
EXPANDED
• SONS FAVORED, ONLY
ALLOWED TO PERFORM
VITAL RELIGIOUS RITUALS
• RAISE OWN FAMILY
UNDER PARENTS ROOF
• WHY?
• FEMALES NOT VALUED
• WIVES
RESPONSIBILITIES
INCLUDED
– WORKING IN THE
FIELDS,
– SUPERVISED CHILDREN’S
EDUCATION
– MANAGED FAMILY
FINANCES
SECTION 3
JAPAN RETURNS TO ISOLATION
A NEW FEUDALISM UNDER STRONG
LEADERS
• JAPAN
• DAIMYO
• VIOLENT ERA 14671568 KNOWN AS
SENGOKU OR WARRING
STATES
• WARRIOR CHIEFTAINS
OFFERED SECURITY FOR
LOYALTY
• ODA NOBUNAGA
• BRUTAL & AMBITIOUS
DAIMYO SEIZED
CAPITAL OF KYOTO
(1568).
• COULDN’T UNIFY JAPAN
& COMMITTED SUICIDE
• TOYOTOMI HIDEYOSHI
• NOBUNAGA’S BEST
GENERAL CONTINUED
THE MISSION.
• CONTROLLED MOST OF
COUNTRY UNTIL HE
DIED IN 1598
• TOKUGAWA IEYASU
• UNIFIED JAPAN,
BECAME SOLE RULER,
MOVED CAPITAL TO
EDO (TOKYO).
• FORCED LOCAL
DAIMYO’S TO SPEND
EVERY OTHER YEAR IN
THE CAPITAL, THIS
TAMED THEM
• RULE OF LAW
OVERCAME THE RULE
OF THE SWORD
• MEANING?
• TOKUGAWA
SHOGUNATE
• DYNASTY OF SOLE
RULERS UNIFIED
• WANTED TO TAKE CARE
OF THE PEOPLE.
• STRIVED TO BE
VIRTUOUS.
• AND VOWED TO
PROTECT THE COUNTRY.
LIFE IN TOKUGAWA JAPAN
• THE IDEAL SOCIETY
DEPENDED ON
AGRICULTURE NOT
COMMERCE IN
TOKUGOWA JAPAN
• WHY?
• SOCIETY SHIFT IN JAPAN
• MID 1700’S FROM
RURAL TO URBAN.
• EDO BECAME LARGEST
CITY IN WORLD WITH
MORE THAN 1 MILLION
PEOPLE.
• COMMERCIAL CENTERS
INCREASED
• HAIKU
• 5-7-5 SYLLABLE, 3-LINE
VERSE POETRY;
PRESENTED IMAGES
RATHER THAN IDEAS
• KABUKI
• THEATRE WHERE
ACTORS WERE IN
ELABORATE COSTUMES,
• USING MUSIC, DANCE,
& MIME
• PERFORMED SKITS
ABOUT MODERN LIFE.
CONTACT BETWEEN EUROPE & JAPAN
• PORTUGUESE
MERCHANTS
• CASTLES BUILT
• FIRST GROUP IN JAPAN.
FIREARMS WAS THEIR
BIGGEST ITEM OF
TRADE.
• BUILT FORTIFIED
CASTLES TO
WITHSTAND
CANNONBALLS.
• WHY DID BUILDING OF
CASTLES ATTRACT
PEOPLE?
• CHRISTIAN
MISSIONARIES
• JAPAN ACCEPTS IT AT
FIRST. WHY?
• BRILLIANT CHRISTIAN
MISSIONARIES LIKE
FRANCIS XAVIER COME
TO JAPAN
• EVENTUALLY BANNED
BECAUSE WENT
AGAINST TRADITIONAL
JAPANESE BELIEFS
THE CLOSED COUNTRY POLICY
• JAPAN CLOSES BORDERS • STRENGTHENED
TOKUGAWA SHOGUNS
BY ELIMINATING
EUROPEAN IDEAS THAT
UNDERMINED
TOKUGAWA AUTHORITY
• LIMITING TRADE
PRODUCED MONOPOLY
• HIGH PROFITS FOR THE
SHOGUNS
• LONG TERM EFFECT OF
CLOSED COUNTRY
POLICY OF JAPAN
• MISSED
TECHNOLOGICAL
ADVANCES
– ELECTRICITY
– SCIENCE
– MILITARY
• STAGNATION OF IDEAS
– EMPERORS UNTIL 1945
– NOT A FREE MARKET
UNTIL 1945