Download PATHOPHYSIOLOGY INTRODUCTION PATHOLOGY : is the study

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY INTRODUCTION
PATHOLOGY : is the study of disease by scientific methods .
DISEASE: illness or ill heath = disturbed homeostasis .
It’s any abnormal variation in the structure or function of any part of the body .
PATHOGENESIS : is the mechanism or the development of disease .
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY : physiology of the disordered function .
AETIOLOGY (CAUSES) OF THE DISEASE :
A - CONGENITAL CAUSES :
1-genetic : development of abnormal genes .
2-non-genetic :environmental , accidental .
B - IDIOPATHIC .
C - ACQUIRED CAUSES :
1- Hypoxia .
2- Nutritional causes : obesity , malnutrition , inadequate diet (deficiency of
proteins & vitamins ) .
3- Physical causes: ( irradiation , heat or cold , electricity ) .
4- Mechanical causes : (mechanical injury , trauma ) .
5- Chemical causes :
 exposure to alkalis or acids >> local injury .
 exposure to drugs or alcohol >> organ injury .
 exposure to dangerous chemical agents as carbon monoxide & carbon
tetrachloride .
6- Biological causes : exposure to micro organisms :
 Bacteria : meningitis , pneumonia , typhoid .
 Viruses : hepatitis , common cold .
 Fungi : candidiasis .
 Parasites : (protozoa as malaria , leishmania , Amoeba ) ,(metazoan
parasites as hook worm infestations and schistosomiasis ) .
7- Immunological causes :
 Hypersensitivity reactions (asthma , dermatitis ) .
 Autoimmunity ( against self or normal tissues ) .
 Immune deficiency .
8- Endocrine disturbances : different diseases occur due to or In the level
of hormones . also diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder .
9- Psychogenic causes : e.g. stress which may lead to depression , addiction and
high blood pressure .
What is a lesion ?
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Any pathological or traumatic discontinuity .
Loss of function of a part .
How can you diagnose such disease ?
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Signs and symptoms .
Investigations .
Course + prognosis of the disease :
Prognosis mean a forecast of the disease outcome .
The course + prognosis of the disease may be :
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Cure .
Chronicity .
Progression .
Remission : diminution of symptoms .
Relapse : return of symptoms after a remission .
Exacerbation : Increase in the severity of disease or any of it’s symptoms .
Disease mortality : Death from disease .
Morbidity : Being ill .