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The Paideia School
Class: American History and Government
Teacher: Carl Rosenbaum
Unit Seven
Chapter 19 – The First World War
European History Background
France
1. French Revolution
2. Napoleon Bonaparte – Overruns Europe for awhile
3. Napoleon III – Crimean War to protect French
interests in the Middle East-In response to Russian
invasion of Ottoman Empire - 1854
4. Humiliating loss in Franco-Prussian War with
Napoleon taken prisoner-paid 5 million francs – lost
Alsace & Lorraine, & Prussian victory march in
Paris.
Prussia
Bismarck
1. Napoleon creates Confederation of the Rhine
2. Used by William I, King of Prussia as Prime
Minister to increase army despite rejection of new
taxes by Prussian legislature.
3. Realpolitik – wars & repudiation of treaties in order
to pursue a nation’s advantage. Denmark, Seven
Weeks War & Franco-Prussian War. Blood & Iron.
Germany
1. Creates United Germany – William I – the Kaiser –
Bismarck Chancellor.
2. Integrate Church, industrial growth, prevented the
development of parliamentary democracy.
3. William II was free to pursue his own policies that
allowed Germany to become one of the world’s
major industrial and military powers.
Russia
The Romanovs
1. Ivan the Terrible– establishes secret police that
terrorizes the population, increased trade with
Western Europe – waged unsuccessful wars
intended to gain a warm water port on the Baltic
Sea.
2. Peter the Great – sought to bring Russia into the
mainstream of European civilization, built
St.Petersburg- obtained warm water port on Baltic
by defeating Sweden
3. Catherine the Great – did not relax oppression on
serfs, instead released nobles from required
government service – defeated Ottoman Turks and
won a warm-water port on the Black Sea and
territory from Poland.
4. Russo-Japanese War of 1904 – leaves Russia
humiliated – (Teddy)
Austria
Emperor Francis Josef
1. Re-established monarchy and conservative order
after Revolutions of 1848
2. Played one nationalist faction against each other as
he struggled to maintain a unified empire. He lost
Lombardy and German states.
3. Negotiated Ausgleich with Hungarian leader
Francis Desk which established a dual monarchyIndependent on domestic issues – with foreign
affairs controlled by Austria
Austria-Hungarian Empire
1. Magyars were OK- other nationalities- 3/5 of the
population were discontented – became a threat to
the Empire’s unity
2. In a weakened and diminished state
Ottoman Empire
1. Completion of Suez Canal in 1869 contributes to
the restoration of the Near East as the crossroads of
world trade.
2. Ottoman state was collapsing - Russia defeated
them in 1877
3. Bismarck led conference avoided a total war in
1878 – parts of the multi-ethnic Ottoman Empire
were given to Austria-Hungary, Russia, Italy,
French, and the British.
4. Abdul Hamid – reactionary
5. Young Turks – revolutionary upset that peace came
by the further dismemberment of their territory
6. Balkan nationalists and Russian pan-Slavs not
satisfied with the peace.
7. Berlin to Baghdad railway partially completed.
The International Anarchy
After 1870 Europe lived in a repressed fear of itself. The
great questions of the mid-century had been settled by
force. The German Empire was only the strongest and
most obvious of the new structures which armed power had
reared. Never had the European states maintained such
huge armies in peacetime as at the beginning of the
twentieth century. One, two, or even three years of
compulsory military service for all young men became the
rule. In 1914 each of the Continental Great Powers had not
only a huge standing army but also millions of trained
reserves among the civilian population. Few people
wanted war: all but a few sensational writers preferred
peace in Europe, but many took it for granted that war
would come some day. In the last years before 1914 the
idea that war was bound to break out sooner or later
probably made some statesmen, in some countries, more
willing to unleash it.
A History of the Modern World – Palmer and Colton –
Alfred A. Knopf – New York 1995 – Eighth Edition.
Chapter 19 – The First World War
Section One – World War I Begins
Four Causes of World War One
Nationalism
Imperialism
Militarism – Can you prepare for war and peace at the
same time?
Alliance System
Assassination of Austrian heir Archduke Ferdinand
ignites the “powder keg of Europe”
Know why Serbia could not agree to AH demands
Know role of Germany – Kaiser and leadership
promised a quick war Germany attacks – The Schlieffen Plan
Maginot Line
Germany stronger than anyone else in Europe at the
moment – Poor Belgium and the Netherlands – (The
Low Countries).
Know the battles – Historical significance – 581
Tannenberg
Marne
Ypres
Gallipoli
Verdun
Somme
Stalemate in the trenches – page 582
Divided loyalties impact American neutrality
- British blockade
- German U-Boat response
-Lusitania
- Sussex
Wilson re-elected in 1916 – close – isolationism major
theme
American enters the war for three reasons
- Zimmerman note
- Revolution in Russia – no more monarchy on Allied
side
- Unrestricted submarine warfare – (Germany in a
desperate situation in Europe) – not a quick war and
the stalemate promised little hope of a decisive
victory.
Section 2 – American Power Tips the Balance
- “Bloody Red Baron” Manfred von Richthofen
- Eddie Rickenbacker
- Extra Credit – Snoopy and the Bloody Red Baron by
The Royal Guardsman -
- Mobilization (Get ready to fight)
Selective Service Act – Harlem Hell Fighters –
fought for the French - role of women
Mass production
America turns the tide
Convoy system – page 589
Pershing again
New technology + old tactics = more death
“shell shock”
trench foot
Alvin York – “Our hero”
Germany quits – (That was quick) – Kaiser abdicatesGerman people are betrayed by their Kaiser . Military
blames others which sets up Hitler for WW II. No foreign
troops on German soil – Armistice (cessation of fighting)
declared and details to be worked out later. (Not a good
idea.)
Section Three – The War at Home
Congress gave Executive Branch direct control over most
of the economy – Now we can do consumer production and
war production at the same time.
War Industries Board
Bernard Baruch
Large corporations made money
Food – Herbert Hoover and David Pichulik
Financing the War
1/3 through taxes
rest through public borrowing – “Liberty Loan” and
“Victory loan” bonds – heavy marketing
Committee on Public Information
Propaganda
George Creel- campaign highly effective
Conformity – anti-immigrant hysteria
Espionage and Sedition Acts
Eugene Debs
Emma Goldman- deported
“Big Bill” Haywood – left for Russia
African-American views on the War
- DuBois supports the war would lead to racial justice
- William Monroe Trotter- protested DuBois
accomdationist position.
- Difference of opinion in African-American
community again.
The Great Migration
- escape Southern persecution
-boll weevil and floods ruined cotton fields
- Northern factory jobs
- Race Riots do take place in the North
Jacob Lawrence – page 599
Role of women
WWI casualties
Flu Epidemic of 1918 – 500,000 died in America – 30
million worldwide – Massive impact.
Section Four – Wilson Fights for Peace – Visualize
Whirled Peas
Wilson and Colonel Edward House
- Wilson and “secret” deal with Germany
- Victorious Europe disagrees with Wilson
- Big Four
- Fourteen Points
- Wilson – who does he think he is?
- Treaty of Versailles – (Very important)
- Nine new nations
- Carved five areas out of the Ottoman Empire
and gave them to France and Great Britain- until
ready for self-rule - ? (When is that?)-Mandate
- Debate in US over ratification of the Treaty
Henry Cabot Lodge
Point – Counterpoint on p 607
- New map of Europe
- Wilson a broken man
- Legacy of war – page 609
Chapter 20 – Politics of the Roaring Twenties – 1920 1929
Section One – Americans Struggle with Postwar Issues
Postwar Trends
- debate over League of Nations exhausted America
- “wrenching” changes due to Progressive Era
- de-mobilization- minorities and women lost jobs to
returning servicemen
- cost of living doubled - inflation
- farmers and factory workers suffered
- nativism – still going on- new immigration – p 622
- isolationism
Fear of Communism
- Russia going Communist – “Support wars of national
liberation” strikes fear in America
- Red Scare – Communist Party forms in America
Fear of class warfare
- The Palmer Raids – Attorney General A.Mitchell
Palmer and J. Edgar Hoover “trampled” people’s
civil rights, etc. – eventually fizzled
- Sacco and Vanzetti – executed – significant
questions.
Limiting Immigration
- need for unskilled workers declined after WW I
- Ku Klux Klan revived
- Leo Frank case in Marietta, GA – St. Mountain
-Emergency Quota Act of 1921 – quota system
Labor Unrest
- makes sense after all the previous information
- Boston Police Strike – Calvin Coolidge
- Steel Mill Strike – some relief for workers
- John L.Lewis emerges as a powerful labor leader
with United Mine Workers
- Labor Loses Appeal – 4 reason including exclusion
of African-American workers.
Section 2 – The Harding Presidency
- Washington Naval Conference – limit naval power
Charles Evans Hughes
- Fordney-McCumber Tariff – forces France and
Britain to collect reparations for inflation racked
Germany in order to repay WWI debts to America.
- Dawes Plan resolved the situation
- France, Britain, Germany, & US unhappy with each
other
- Scandal and incompetence is the legacy of the
Harding Administration
- Ohio Gang
- Veterans Bureau & Alien Property
- Teapot Dome & Albert Fall – private
companies make money off of public land in
Wyoming and California
- Calvin Coolidge takes over after Harding
suffers a stroke
Section Three – The Business of America
Calvin Coolidge – “the chief business of the American
people is business . . . The man who builds a factory a
temple- the man who works there worships there.”
Wages were improving for American workers.
The Automobile
- The Woodbridge Cloverleaf
- The Emory Roundabout
- Get your kicks on Route 66
- Urban sprawl – now suburban sprawl
Infant Airline industry begins.
American’s Standard of Living Soars
- Beginning of modern American lifestyle
- Electrical conveniences, modern advertising
Superficial Prosperity
- Income gap between workers and managers
- Iron and railroad industries not very profitable
- Agriculture prices declining due to overproduction
- New installment plan buying contributed to worrying
about now and not saving for the future.
Film- The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow – Program Three –
Don’t Shout Too Soon – 1917 -1940
- Mary Turner-terrorism
- 369th – More action of the front line than any other
unit – World War I
- thousands served
- hoped service would help with equality – however,
brutally accosted in the South
- Chicago – segregated beaches
- NAACP
- Walter White – investigated lynching able to “pass”
- Arkansas – black sharecroppers tired of being ripped
off – race riot ensued- like others- where 200 blacks
killed – 12 African-Americans sentenced to death.
- Tulsa – Greenwood district – Black Wall Street
- “Elevator” incident set off angry white response –
Greenwood lay in ashes – 35 city blocks
- domestic terrorism – might behind Jim Crow – fear,
intimidation, racial subordination
- 1919 – 90 lynched – one every four days
- increase in lynching after WW I
- dilemma facing protestors of lynching
- 1922 – NAACP begins fight against lynching
- State government vs. National Government to
protect the civil rights of Americans
- Americans complacent
- Controversy @ Fisk – Dubois and white President
- limits of “talented tenth” theory
- Price of cotton collapsed – “run the books on you”
- upper class whites tried to keep white and black
sharecroppers separate
- Communist Party
- saga of Ned Cobb – successful black farmer trying to
help others.
Chapter 21 – The Roaring Life of the 1920s
Culture Clash begins in America on a variety of issues.
Compare to US of the 90s & the Millenium
Rural vs. Urban
- rapid growth of cities
- bucolic to gritty
- social dislocation
Prohibition
- small town vs , big city
- Al Capone – symbol
- Know chart on page 643
Science and Religion
- fundamentalism rejects Darwin and the theory of
evolution – still with us today – especially in Georgia
– Cobb
- Scopes Trial – Bryan and Darrow – Inherit the
Wind- current production on Broadway – movie –
Darrow “breaks” Bryan. National phenomenon.
Section 2 – The Twenties Woman
Generation gap = “Girls Just Want to Have Fun”
Flapper
The Double Standard – is this really in the history book?
World of work – See chart on page 648
- office and clerical work
- College – nurses, teachers, and librarians( ?) media
specialists – few go to managerial positions – current
situation
Modern family lifestyles
- Margaret Sanger and birth-control
- middle-class freed from normal responsibilities
- marriage based on romantic love
- more severe juggling of roles for working class
women
- Rebellious adolescents – “ I want to rock n Roll all
night and party everyday.”
Section Three – Education and Popular Culture
- High School enrollment explodes –range of courses
- News & radio
- Variety of sports heroes – Negro baseball league
- Charles Lindbergh
- Art
- George Gershwin - musicals
- Georgia O’Keeffe - artist
- Sinclair Lewis – writer –conformity
- F.Scott Fitzgerald – The Great Gatsby
- Edna St. Vincent Millay
- Ernest Hemingway
- Gertrude Stein and Alice B. Toklas – Paris
rejection of American culture – The Lost
Generation
Section Four – The Harlem Renaissance
“Black is beautiful”
Black Migration – ( During WWI)
- 5.2 out of 12 million African-Americans in urban
areas
- Urban race riots in 25 cities – Wow!
Political Efforts
- James Weldon Johnson – Ex Director of NAACP
- Three antilynching laws proposed –none passed
Thought:
- “Lift Every Voice and Sing”
- God’s Trombones & Black Manhattan
-Marcus Garvey
- Black pride – many give him credit as #1
- Back to Africa
- rights
- eventually imprisoned for mail fraud and jailed
- Thought
Harlem Renaissance – “a literary and artistic movement
celebrating African-American culture”.
Alaine Locke and DuBois – “Talented Tenth” in action
Writers – Read some of these people
- Claude McKay- militant – urged African Americans
to resist prejudice and discrimination
- Langston Hughes-poems- working –class difficulties
- Zora Neale Hurston- unschooled Southern AfricanAmericans – Their Eyes Were Watching God – 1937
Performers
- Former Rutgers star – Paul Robeson – Emperor
Jones & Othello went Communist – antagonized
mainstream America
Jazz – Considered only true American music form
- Urban sound and experience
- Real music with instruments
- Louis Armstrong
- Duke Ellington – Take the A Train, Sophisticated
Lady
- Cab Calloway – Hidee – ho! – Blues Brothers
scat
- Cotton Club and Savoy Ballroom – white audiences
had to go to Harlem to hear the great ones – becomes
fashionable- The Apollo
-Bessie Smith – Empress of the Blues – Aretha –
Queen of Soul
- Harlem replicated in urban areas throughout America
Auburn Avenue in Atlanta – The Royal Peacock