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CHAPTER 27: RUSSIA AND JAPAN –
INDUSTRIALIZATION OUTSIDE THE WEST
Pages 646 – 667
I.
SUMMARY
A. Russia’s Reforms and Industrial Advances
After half a century of conservatism, in which the official national ideology was
represented by the phrase “autocracy (tsar’s absolute authority), orthodoxy
(conservatism and Orthodox Christianity) and nationality (Great Russian
nationalism and a Pan Slavist foreign policy) and the humiliating loss in the
Crimean War, Russia moved into an active reform period in 1861. Social and
political changes beginning with the emancipation of the serfs set the basis for
industrialization by the 1890s. But social strain persisted as Russian leaders tried to
defend the tsarist autocracy.
B. Protest and Revolution in Russia
A rising tide of unrest and assassinations accompanied Russia’s period of
transformation. The autocratic government refused to make any changes, which
would have threatened the rule of the tsars and aristocrats. By the 1880s nationalist
agitation gave way to outright revolution. Russia remained a profoundly unstable
society in which any national catastrophe could endanger the entire system.
C. Japan: Transformation without Revolution
Like Russia, Japan faced new pressure from the West during the 1850s, although
this pressure took the form of a demand for more open trade rather than outright
military conflict. Japan’s response was more direct than Russia’s and more
immediately successful. Despite Japan’s long history of isolation, its society was
better adapted than Russia’s to the challenge of industrial change. Market forms
were more extensive, reaching into peasant agriculture, and literacy levels were
higher. Nevertheless, Japan had to rework many of its institutions during the final
decades of the 19th century, and the process produced significant strain.
D. Conclusion: Growing International Rivalries
The beginning of serious industrialization in Russia and Japan, and the
unprecedented entry of Japan into world affairs, contributed important new
ingredients to the world diplomatic picture by the early 20th century. These
developments, along with the rise of the United States, added to the growing sense
of competition between the established powers. Outright colonial acquisitions by
the new powers added directly to the competitive atmosphere, particularly in the
Far East.
II.
CHAPTER REVIEW
A. Describe Russian society between 1815 – 1860.
B. What constituted the “peasant problem” in Russia?
C. Why did the Russians emancipate their serfs and with what results?
D. What reforms did Alexander II attempt and with what results?
E. How did Russian industrialize and how did it have on society?
F. What radical groups arose in Russia and what did they advocate?
G. What caused the 1905 Russian Revolution and what results did it achieve?
H. What effects did Russian nationalism have on Eastern Europe?
I. Describe Japanese society during the late Tokugawa Shogunate.
J. How was Japan opened to foreign influences and with what results?
K. Why was Japan better able to modernize than China?
L. How did Japan change politically after the Meiji Restoration?
M. Describe the industrialization of Japan.
N. What social and cultural effects and conflicts did modernization cause in Japan?
O. How did Japan create an empire between 1895 and 1910?
III.
VOCABULARY
A. Russo-Japanese War
B. Holy Alliance
C. Decembrist Uprising
D. Crimean War
E. Emancipation of the Serfs
F. Zemstvo
G. Trans-Siberian Railroad
H. Intelligentsia
I. Anarchists
J. Lenin and the Bolsheviks
K. 1905 Russian Revolution
L. Duma
M. Kulaks
N. Dutch Studies
O. 1853 and Matthew Perry
P. Meiji Restoration
Q. Diet
R. Zaibatsu
S. Sino-Japanese War
T. Yellow Peril
IV.
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Two Faces of Western Influence (Page 662)
A. What values do the two images convey?
1. Of Commodore Perry?
2. Of Parliament?
B. Why would the artists want to depict each scene in the way that they did?
V.
PHOTO ESSAY: Russia in Turmoil (Pages 650, 652, and 653)
A. What aspects and problems about Russian society do these photos reflect?
B. If these photos are typical of 19th century Russian history, what could you
predict about future Russian history? (Consider the Document on page 654)
VI.
MAP EXERCISES
A. Map 27.1: Russian Expansion 1815 – 1914 (Page 651, map at the back of book)
1. What modern states did the Russians rule in 1914 but not 1999?
a. In Europe
b. In the Caucasus area
c. In Central Asia
2. Geo-Politics and Geo-Economics
a. How far is it from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok in East Asia?
b. How would the size and distances in Russia make government difficult?
c. What relationship is there between Russian ports and access to seas?
d. Why would ports on the Barents Sea and Arctic Ocean not be practical?
B. Map 27.2: Japanese Colonial Expansion (Page 665)
1. Geography and Japan
a. What lands block Japanese expansion?
b. If Japan were to expand abroad, what would she need?
c. Why would Japan covet Korea?
2. Geography and War (Use map on page 651, also)
a. If Japan expanded into Korea, what countries would contest the move?
b. What two wars did Japan fight?
c. What geographic problems plagued Russia but helped Japan?
VII.
DOCUMENT ANALYSIS: Russia’s Industrialization (Page 654)
A. Document Analysis
1. Who wrote the document? (Attribution includes biographical references)
2. What is the author’s point of view?
3. How reliable is the document? Why?
4. What were the intents or purposes behind the document?
5. Who was the intended audience?
6. What is the document’s tone?
B. Drawing Conclusions
1. Describe working conditions in the Russian factory?
2. Why would Russian workers be drawn to Bolshevism and radical ideas?
3. Why would a conservative Russian government support this critical report?
VIII. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. 19th century ruling elites in Russia embraced which philosophy and ideas?
A. Autocratic government, Orthodox religion, and extreme nationalism
B. Liberalism, including the emancipation of serfs and British style democracy
C. Socialism with land reform for the peasants and protections for workers
D. Bolshevism or a worker led revolution and abolition of private property
E. Constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament and limitations on the
ruler’s powers
2. In Russia, the supporters of westernization and radical ideas were often
A. nobles.
B. the Russian Orthodox clergy.
C. peasants.
D. intellectuals and university-educated students.
E. ethnic minorities especially the Jews, Catholics, and Muslims.
3. In the 19th century and into the early 20th century, Russia
A. developed a large middle class of businessmen and entrepreneurs.
B. industrialized and urbanized at a rapid pace.
C. remained a largely peasant society with an agrarian economy.
D. kept pace with much of West European developments.
E. developed no industries and relied largely on imports of manufactured
goods.
4. Russia’s 19th century underdevelopment was most dramatically revealed by
A. the French Revolution’s impact on Russia.
B. Napoleon’s invasion of Russia, which nearly succeeded.
C. the 1825 Decembrist Revolution.
D. the Crimean War.
E. the Russo-Japanese War.
5. Despite the emancipation of the serfs in Russia,
A. serfdom persisted in many parts of Russia.
B. russian aristocrats opposed the emancipation.
C. few new numbers of workers joined the factories or industrial workforce.
D. slavery persisted in Russia.
E. Russia was careful to preserve imperial and aristocratic power and influence.
6. Industrially and socially, Russia was most transformed by
A. the emancipation of the serfs, which furnished millions of workers.
B. the construction of railroads, which opened markets, jobs, and movement.
C. compulsory education for women and the peasants.
D. the state’s support of free enterprise, free trade, and entrepreneurship.
E. the government’s land reform policy giving the peasants land and money.
7. Russia was assisted in its modernization and industrialization by
A. the creation of an armaments industry to build up its armed forces.
B. giving aristocracy, church, and imperial lands to landless peasants.
C. huge influxes of foreign investments and capital, especially from France.
D. frequent wars against weaker neighbors.
E. a massive immigration of highly trained technicians to Russia.
8. All of these influences led to the 1905 Revolutions EXCEPT:
A. businessmen and professionals pressuring the government for political
rights.
B. students agitating amongst the peasants.
C. anarchist assassinations and agitations amongst peasants and workers.
D. Count Witte’s social and economic policies.
E. the spread of Marxism and socialism amongst workers and intellectuals.
9. Prior to the arrival of the American fleet and Commodore Perry, Japan
A. was dominated by a Buddhist and Shinto religious hierarchy.
B. had not developed a literate and educated population.
C. was in self-imposed isolation.
D. lacked a centralized, effective government.
E. knew little of western developments or western ideas.
10. Westernization and modernization in Japan was most opposed by the
A. Japanese intellectuals.
B. shogun’s bureaucrats.
C. samurai class.
D. merchants and commercial class.
E. landed aristocrats.
11. Which of these statements is a FACT about the policies of the Meiji restoration?
A. Political power was centralized and the Emperor’s authority was restored.
B. Feudalism was retained although it was limited.
C. The samurai retained some of its rights and privileges.
D. The samurai and educated Confucian elite staffed the state bureaucracy.
E. The Diet obtained rights and powers similar to British parliament.
12. Japan avoided the fates of Qing China and the Ottoman Empire by
A. closing its country to foreign influences.
B. accepting the United States as a protector to balance European influences.
C. defeating American, British, and other European expeditions to Japan.
D. reforming, modernization, westernization, and industrialization.
E. relying on its samurai, bushido, and Shinto traditions.
13. Industrialization in Japan
A. had begun before the arrival of the Americans and opening of Japan.
B. relied heavily on foreign investments in Japanese factories.
C. relied heavily on government-supported and financed plans.
D. was begun and led by Japanese combines called zaibatsu.
E. relied little on imports of raw materials.
14. All of these social and cultural changes were the results of the Japanese
Industrial Revolution EXCEPT:
A. the secularization of Japanese society.
B. massive population growth due to better nutrition and medical provisions.
C. a universal educational system.
D. the explosive growth of towns as rural populations migrated to cities.
E. an increased emphasis on technological and scientific education.
15. Japanese imperialism
A. was unpopular amongst the Japanese masses.
B. sought natural resources for industry and gave ex-samurai jobs in the
military.
C. was restricted to Korea.
D. avoided conflicts with China and Russia.
E. was discouraged by the Japanese emperors and his bureaucracy.
16. As a way to smooth over strains within Japanese society caused by the Industrial
Revolution
A. granted extensive rights and benefits to workers, women, and peasants.
B. the government established a social welfare and retirement system.
C. tolerated unions and radical groups if they worked with the government.
D. giving the Japanese Parliament (Diet) powers over ministers and
government.
E. the government supported Japanese nationalism and foreign expansion.
17. The nation which threatened Japanese colonial aspirations most in the late 19th
and early 20th century was
A. Great Britain.
B. Russia.
C. China.
D. Korea.
E. The United States.
IX.
ESSAY QUESTIONS
A. Compare and contrast Japanese and Russian paths to modernization.
B. Compare and contrast Japanese and Chinese responses to the western threat.
C. How did Japan change socially, politically, and economically from 1500 – 1900?
D. Compare and contrast Russia’s reaction to westernization or modernization
with the reaction of any one of these: Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Egypt, Ottoman
Empire, or China.
E. How did Russia change socially, politically, and economically from 1400 – 1900?
F. Compare and contrast Russian society and its changes with any one West
European nation.
G. Compare and contrast the emancipation of the Russian serfs, American slaves,
and end to slavery in the Americas.
H. Compare and contrast the Industrial Revolution in Russia with the British
Industrial Revolution.
I. Compare and contrast Russian imperialism with the expansion of Great Britain
in the 19th century.
J. Compare and contrast the demographic shift in Japan with similar changes in
one of these: China, Russia, Western Europe, or any Latin American nation.