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Name______________________ Chapter 15: The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia The Sui Dynasty (589-618 CE) Regional kingdoms succeed collapse of ______________ dynasty ________________________ consolidates control of all of China, initiates Sui Dynasty Massive ___________________ projects Military labor Conscripted labor The Grand ____________________ Intended to promote trade between north and south _____________________ Most Chinese rivers flow west-east Linked network of __________________ canals 2000k (1240 miles) Roads on either bank Succeeded only by railroad traffic in 20th century The Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE) Wide discontent over conscripted _________________ in Sui dynasty Military failures in _______________ prompt rebellion Emperor assassinated in 618 Tang Dynasty initiated Tang Taizong __________________________ emperor of Tang dynasty (r. 627-649 CE) Murdered two brothers, thrust father aside to take throne Strong ruler Built capital at ______________________________ Law and order Taxes, _______________ low More effective implementation of earlier _______________ policies Major achievements of Tang Dynasty Transportation and communications Extensive ____________________, courier services ___________________________ System 20% of land hereditary ownership 80% redistributed according to formula Family size, land fertility Worked well until 8th century Corruption, loss of land to ______________________________ monasteries Bureaucracy of Merit Imperial civil service __________________________ ___________________________ educational curriculum Some bribery, nepotism But most ______________________ through merit Built loyalty to the dynasty System remains strong until early 20th century Tang Military Expansion and Foreign Relations Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam, Tibet One of the largest ______________________________ of China in its history Established tributary relationships Gifts China as “_________________________________________” The ________________________________ ritual . Tang Decline Governmental neglect: Emperor obsessed with music, favorite ____________________ 775 __________________________ under An Lushan, former military commander Captures Chang’an, but rebellion crushed by 763 Nomadic Uighur mercenaries invited to suppress rebellion, sacked Chang’an and Luoyang Tang decline continues, rebellions in 9th century, last emperor _________________ 907 Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE) Emphasis on _______________________________, industry, education, the arts Military not emphasized Direction of first emperor, _________________________ (r. 960-976 CE) Former _______________________ leader Made emperor by ____________________ Instituted policy of imperial favor for civil servants, expanded _____________________________________ The Song dynasty, 960-1279 C.E. Song Weaknesses Size of bureaucracy heavy _________________ on economy Two peasant __________________________ in 12th c. Internal inertia prevents reform of ___________________________ _____________________ service leadership of military Lacked __________________________ training Unable to contain _________________________ attacks ________________________________ conquer, force Song dynasty to Hangzhou, southern China (Southern Song) Agricultural Economies of the Tang and Song Dynasties Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice, _________ crops per year Technology: ___________________________________________, use of draft animals Soil ____________________________________, improved irrigation Water wheels, canals __________________________________ farming Population Growth Result of increased agricultural ________________________________ Effective _________________________ distribution system Transportation networks built under _____________ and ____________ dynasties Urbanization Chang’an world’s most populous city: _____________________________________________ Southern Song capital _________________________________: over 1 million Patriarchal Social Structures Increased emphasis on _______________________________ worship Elaborate _____________________ rituals Extended family gatherings in honor of __________________________ ancestors _________________________________________ gains popularity Increased control by __________________________ family members Technology and Industry __________________________________________ (“Chinaware”) Increase of iron production due to use of _______________, not coal, in furnaces Agricultural tools, weaponry ____________________________________ invented Earlier ________________________ techniques refined Moveable _____________________ by mid-11th century Yet complex Chinese ideographs make _______________________ technique easier __________________________ technology Emergence of a Market ____________________________ Letters of ________________ developed to deal with copper coin shortages Promissory notes, ________________________ also used Development of independently produced ______________________ money Not as stable, ______________________ when not honored Government claims ________________________ on money production in 11th century China and the Hemispheric Economy Increasingly _______________________________________ nature of Chinese cities Chinese _______________________ opens up trade routes, but increases local demands for _______________________________ luxury goods Cultural Change in Tang and Song China Declining confidence in _____________________________ after collapse of Han dynasty Increasing popularity of ______________________________ Christianity, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam also appear Clientele primarily foreign merchant class Dunhuang ___________________________________________ Buddhism especially popular in western China (Gansu province), 600-1000 CE Buddhist temples, libraries Economic success as converts donate land holdings Increase popularity through donations of agricultural produce to the poor Conflicts with Chinese Culture Buddhism: Text-based (Buddhist teachings) Emphasis on __________________________________________ ______________________________ ideal Celibacy _____________________________________ Confucianism: Text-based (Confucian teachings) Daoism not text-based Emphasis on ethics, politics _____________________________________________________________ Procreation __________________________________________________ Chan (_____________________) Buddhism Buddhists adapt ideology to Chinese climate Dharma translated as _______________________ Nirvana translated as ___________________ Accommodated _________________________ lifestyle “one son in monastery for ten generations of __________________________” Limited emphasis on _____________________________ study, meditation instead Persecution of Buddhists Daoist/Confucian persecution supported in late _______________ dynasty 840s begins systematic closure of _________________________ temples, expulsions Zoroastrians, Christians, Manicheans as well Economic motive: seizure of large monastic ____________________________________ Neo-Confucianism __________________________ dynasty refrains from persecuting Buddhists, but favors ___________________________________________ Neo-Confucians influenced by _____________________________________ thought China and Korea ______________________ Dynasty: Tang armies withdraw, Korea recognizes _____________________________ as emperor Technically a ____________________________ statue, but highly independent Chinese influence on Korean culture pervasive China and Vietnam Vietnamese ___________________________________________ to Chinese culture, technology But ongoing resentment at _____________________________ domination Assert __________________________________ when Tang dynasty falls in 10th century China and Early Japan Chinese armies _________________________ invade Japan Yet Chinese ___________________________ pervasive Imitation of ____________________ administration Establishment of new capital at _________, hence “Nara Japan” (710794 CE) Adoption of ______________________________________, _________________________ teachings Yet retention of _____________________________ religion Heian Japan (794-1185 CE) Japanese emperor moves court to Heian (________________________) Yet emperor figurehead, real power in hands of ______________________________ clan Pattern in Japanese history: _______________ emperor, power behind the throne Helps explain longevity of the institution Japanese Literature Influence of Chinese _______________________ characters Classic curriculum dominated by _________________________ Institution of the Shogun Civil war between Taira and Minamoto clans in 12th century ________________________________ leader named shogun, 1185 CE Ruled from _____________________________, allowed imperial throne to continue in Kyoto Medieval Japan Kamakura (1185-1333 CE) and Muromachi (1336-1573 CE) periods Decentralized power in hands of ___________________________________________ Military authority in hands of ________________________________ Professional warriors