Download The Terms of Peace

The Russian Revolution
Russia in WWI
-economic weakness
-lacked enough food
-needed weapons + leadership
-adequate roads to supply troops
-enormous losses
-by spring 1917 people had no faith in the govt or the czar
-czar dissolved the Duma after call for reforms
-backed by the army the Duma refused
-March 1917 the czar abdicated
-he and family were imprisoned
Lenin + the Bolsheviks
-2 factions fought for control
-Mensheviks-moderates
-Bolsheviks- radicals
-V. Lenin
-Marxist…socialist- Communism
-“Peace, Bread + Land…”
-07 November 1917 Bolsheviks overthrew the provisional govt
-October Revolution
-1918 renamed themselves the Communist Party
Peace + Civil War
-March 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
-harsh terms
-Russia gave up a lot of land
-July 1918 executed the czar and his family
-Civil War lasted 3 years
-Red Army defeated the White Army
-1922 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Creating a “New” Europe
Treaty of Versailles
-Allied Powers made separate treaties with 5 defeated Central
Powers nations
-Germany
-Hungary
-Austria
-Bulgaria
-Ottoman Empire
-Treated Germany very harshly
-took away large portions of land
-had to admit war guilt
-pay reparations
-limited military
-League of Nations
-**Allies lacked the ability to enforce treaty
Fates of Former Territories
-Austria lost land to Italy
-Hungary lost land to make new independent states of
Czechoslovakia + Yugoslavia
-Serbia…Bosnia +
Herzegovina…Slovenia…Croatia…Montenegro
-also lost land to Russia…Poland…Romania
-Ethnic Population
-National Self-Determination
-new borders did not match natural ethnic divisions
-Germans in Czechoslovakia
-Hungarians in Romania
-Poles in Germany
-1.5 million Armenians exterminated in Turkey
-Bulgaria lost land to Greece
-Ottoman Empire lost all land except Turkey
-New countries formed
-Palestine
-Transjordan
-Syria
-Iraq
-administered by Britain + France
-Russia lost Estonia….Latvia…Lithuania…Finland…and Poland
League of Nations
-Covenant of the League written by Wilson and committee
-Organization
-promote international cooperation
-keep peace by settling disputes and reducing armaments
-Work closely with the World Court
-today located at The Hague in the Netherlands
-Each member would have 1 vote
-Council would consist of 5 victorius nations
-US…GB…France…Italy…Japan
-main peacekeeping force
-Mandates
-former colonies ruled by the govt of an “advanced” nation
-ruling nation “prepared” colony for independence
-German possessions in Africa and Pacific
-Ottoman possessions in Middle East
-GB…France…Australia…New Zealand…Belgium…S Africa
-US Senate refused to ratify Treaty
-42 members met in Geneva in November 1920
-Germany joined in 1926
-USSR in 1934
-59 nations by WWII