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REVIEW SHEET Introduction General Terms: GLOBAL HISTORY I and II history Cultural diffusion Political culture economic technology geography interdependence Geography: location, climate, natural resources, physical features Effects of geography on people and cultural development (RB 364-365) Economic systems: traditional, manorial, command, mixed, market Working knowledge of… compare and contrast (RB 365) Political systems: (RB 365-366) Traditional- clan, tribe, feudal system Modern Democratic – parliamentary – republic Dictatorship – autocrat, totalitarian, oligarchy, absolute monarch, theocracy Other-limited monarchy, constitutional monarchy Working knowledge of… compare and contrast Paleolithic 2,000,000 - 10,000 years ago Economy – hunter and gatherers, nomadic Neolithic Revolution – 10,000 – 5,000 years ago Man changed from nomadic hunter/gatherer to Agriculture, permanent settlement UNIT I Early River Civilizations/Classic Civilization – 4000BC-500AD Golden Ages (RB 366) Characteristics of: Writing systems Complex political organization Monumental architecture Traditional economies Urbanized society Belief systems (animistic, polytheistic Complex social organization Geography – nearness to water Egypt: Nile River Mesopotamia: between the Tigris, Euphrates Rivers (Fertile Crescent) Hammurabi code Indus River Valley: Harappa, Mohenjo Daro Yellow River: Shang, Zhou dynasties, dynastic rule, mandate of heaven Effects of geography on cultural development South Asia Maurya Gupta Europe Greece: formed on a mountainous peninsula, independent city-states developed Athens: The world’s first democracy. Culture and education were important. Sparta: A military and totalitarian society 1 REVIEW SHEET GLOBAL HISTORY I and II Rome: A powerful central government The empire controlled the area around the Mediterranean Sea Pax Romana: Peace of Rome – a 200 year period of peace in which many achievements occurred Twelve Tables of Law: Many American laws are based on it Spread of Christianity Culture and education were important Fall of the Roman Empire: Western Europe plunged into a time period of instability and disorder. No government could provide peace and order East Asia Han dynasty: Confucian philosophy, golden age, expansion of empire, Silk Road *** Contributions and factors that led to rise and decline Belief Systems (RB 364) Traditional: Animism, polytheism Hinduism: polytheistic, caste system, karma, dharma, reincarnation, untouchables, Vedas Buddhism: (started in India and spread out) reincarnation, nirvana, Gautama Confucianism: 5 filial relationships code of conduct stresses values, respect, virtue, obey elders and leaders, family is more important than the individual, leaders are role models Taoism: Yin and Yang, harmony with nature Shintoism: animistic Judaism: monotheism, Moses, Torah, Ten Commandments, Old Testament Christianity: Jesus, Bible, “Brotherhood of man”, Judeo/Christian ethic Islam: (Muslim) monotheism, Mohammed, Koran, 5 Pilllars of Faith, Allah characteristics of each similarities and differences between UNIT II Empires: Zones of Exchange and Encounter (500-1200) India – Gupta: Golden Age, advances in learning Mughal Empire Akbar, blend of Islam and Indian culture China – Tang: expanded empire tributary states, art Song: strong economy, foreign trade, art Byzantine Empire: eastern part of the Roman Empire (after it fell) Location allowed them to control trade routes and build a strong economy Constantinople, blend of cultures, Contributions in art, education and law Justinian code of laws Islamic Empire: spread of Islam outside of the Arabian Peninsula to northern Africa, central Asia and India, golden age-advances in medicine, science, math, art, literature Medieval Europe Factors that led to European “dark age” Manorialism – self-sufficient, traditional economy Role of the Church 2 REVIEW SHEET GLOBAL HISTORY I and II Crusades – holy wars, causes and long term effects Increase in trade, cultural diffusion, and economic growth Black Plague –effects of Achievements in each period, law, art, religion Unit III Global Interactions (1200-1650) Asia Japan-feudalism, role of the shogun, samurai, farmers, artisans, merchants Bushido, difference between European feudalism and centralized Japanese Feudalism, Tokagawa Mongol- expansion and effects on Asia and Europe, silk road Military expertise, extent of empire, impact on trade between Europe and Asia, Yuan dynasty African Kingdoms Ghana Mali – Mansa Musa – adoption of Islam Songhai – influence of Islam Importance of the gold/salt trade Europe Renaissance – Where, why it began, where it did, Humanism, changes in art, Artists and their contributions Protestant Reformation – Where and why, Martin Luther, 95 Theses, Lutheranism, Calvinism Counter/Catholic Reformation – council of Trent, Inquisition Scientific revolution – individuals and their accomplishments, connection to the Renaissance Effects and impact of Black Plague Rise of Nation States UNIT IV Global Age (1450-1770) Great Exploration, Age of Discovery – navigational innovations European impact (economic, political and social) on Asia, Africa and Americas Imperialism – motivations for British, France, etal in Africa British in South Asia (India) Spain, Portugal, etal in Latin America British, France in Southeast Asia British, etal in East Asia Mercantilism Advantages of Europeans over native peoples Cultural diffusion Effect of colonization Slave trade – impact on Africa and New World Commercial revolution Capitalism, entrepreneurs, joint stock companies 3 REVIEW SHEET GLOBAL HISTORY I and II Latin America Aztec (Mexico City) writing system Inca (Peru) mountains, road system, no formal writing system Maya (Yucatan Peninsula) writing system, irrigation farming, temples All were highly advanced, structured and deeply religious societies All societies were conquered by the military superiority of the Europeans as well as European diseases. Ottoman Empire: Conquer the Byzantine territory, Suleiman Asia Ming dynasty Europe Absolutism “Age of kings” Monarchy, divine right England: Magna Carta, Bill of Rights, Petition of Rights – limited the power of the King, Elizabeth I France: Louis XIV-Sun king 10TH GRADE… UNIT V Age of Revolutions (1750-1914) Scientific Revolution Scientific method – based on universal laws of science (not religion) Enlightenment Philosophers – John Locke – natural rights, Rousseau, Voltaire, Montesquieu Scientific approach to governments and social issues Nationalism – desire for self-rule (autonomy, self determination) French revolution causes/effects Latin American Revolutions – Bolivar, causes/ effects Mexican revolution Congress of Vienna – reaction to nationalism and revolution Absolutism in Russia – reaction to revolutions Unification of Germany, Italy Nationalism (RB 366-367) Zionism, India , Turkey, Balkans Agrarian revolution-causes/effects Industrial revolution – causes/effects Social Darwinism, Marxism Meiji Restoration – causes/effects of Japanese modernization New Imperialism (RB 367) Causes/impact (difference between old and new) Gold, God and Glory – nationalistic, military, economic, missionary motives Scramble for Africa – Berlin Conference Attempts at nationalism 4 REVIEW SHEET GLOBAL HISTORY I and II British-India - Sepoy mutiny China – Opium wars, Taiping, Boxer rebellions UNIT VI 20th Century Crises and Achievements (1900-1945) WWI – Causes MAIN, Balkan conflict, decline of Ottoman Empire, new technology, total war, costly in human and natural resources Versailles Treaty, Wilson’s Fourteen Points, League of Nations, Totalitarianism: Hitler, Stalin, Mao Zedong, Mussolini, Militarism, fascism Russian revolution – causes/effects Bolshevik revolution - causes/effects – Lenin, totalitarianism, Command economy Nationalism – Kemal Ataturk – Westernization, modernization of Turkey Reza Khan, modernize and westernize Iran Mohandas Gandhi – Independence for India, civil disobedience Sun Yixian, Jiang Jieshi – China WWII Causes, impact, new technology, appeasement Axis (Totalitarianism) vs. Allies (Democracy) Holocaust Nationalism desire for self-rule (independence from the mother country) Africa – Most African nations became independent in the 1950’s and 1960’s. European nations were weakened from WWII and could no longer control their colonies. Rise of nationalism in African nations. Ghana – Kwame Nkrumah (peaceful) Kenya – Jomo Kenyatta, Kikuyu, Mau Mau (violent) Most African nations experienced severe economic hardship after independence and still do. Many had difficulty adjusting to European type governments South/Southeast Asia India – India’s fight for independence was led by Mohandas Gandhi, passive resistance (nonviolent resistance). Civil disobedience – purposely breaking an unjust law to protest it, Amritsar Massacre, Sepoy Rebellion, independence was gained in 1947 First Prime Minister was Jawaral Nehru Pakistan – Partition Plan 1947 religious conflict between Hindu’s and Moslems led to split of India into two nations – India – Hindus/ Pakistan –(Moslem feared Hindu domination) millions of Hindus and Moslems were killed in the forced relocation (migration), Gandhi was assassinated Vietnam – Ho Chi Mink leads Vietnam to independence from France, Guerilla Warfare, U.S involvement, domino principle Cambodia - (Kampuchea) – Poi Pot – Khmer Rouge – genocide Philippines – U.S. ally – Ferdinand Marco, Corazon Aquino China 1911 – 1949 nationalism and conflict grow in china Civil war between Communists (Mao Zedong) and Nationalist Jiang Jeishi (Chiang KaiShek). Communist win and Mao changes China into a Communist nation by: use of propaganda, control of business and industry, ownership of property, denies human rights, attacked traditional life Long March – 1934 retreat of communist forces (6,000 mile journey) showed strength of 5 REVIEW SHEET GLOBAL HISTORY I and II communist under Mao leadership Red Book – Written collection of Mao sayings. Officials were expected to memorize it. Great Leap Forward – 1950’s –named for the 2nd five year plan in China –rapid industrialization through central planning under Mao’s leadership Cultural Revolution – mid 1960’s – Failure of the Great Leap Forward Program sparked an internal power struggle in China. Mao used the Red Guard squashed the opposition. Middle East Imperialists interested in strategic waterways “crossroads of the world” later oil, Nationalist goals – kick out Europeans, self-rule Egypt – Nassar, Sadat, intifada Israel – Meir, Begin – Zionism Turkey – Ataturk Palestinian homeland – Arafat Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) WWI- British Mandate, Ballfour Declaration WWII – “Cold War” – US/USSR involvement in Middle East UNIT VII - World since 1945 (1945-present) Cold War – Democracy vs. Communism, West vs. East, U.S. vs. USSR,N.A.T.O. vs. Warsaw Pact Satellite nations/Eastern Europe – buffer zone for USSR, Iron Curtain, superpowers, partition of Germany, Marshall Plan Middle East Arab-Israel conflict Over religion (Islam, Judaism) land (Palestine, Israel) Conflict has roots in Ancient times Armed conflicts: Independence 1948, Suez Canal 1956, Six Day War 1967,Yom Kippur 1973 Camp David Accord (Peace Treaty)1977 – 1978 Both agree to peace, work to solve Middle East problems first peace treaty between Arab nation (Moslem) and Israel (Jewish) Arab nations did not support treaty – felt betrayed and hostile 1993 Peace Accords Rabin (Israel) Arafat (Palestinians) Grant self-rule to Recognize Israel Palestinians in Renounce terrorism Occupied territories 1994 – Jordan, Syria recognize Israel OPEC Organization controls the price and supply of oil – cartel Petroleum uses oil as a “weapon” Exporting punishes nations for supporting Israel – 1973 oil embargo Countries Terrorism – violence, fear as a weapon. Goal: attention – PLO/Libya Islamic Fundamentalism – return to “OLD” values. Anti-West, causes revolution in Iran (Khomeini), Saudi Arabia Traditional vs. Modern (Western) – oil, money, technology, religion, role of women 6 REVIEW SHEET GLOBAL HISTORY I and II Desertification Lack of technology No Arab Unity – lack of Pan Arabism Other conflicts - Iran-Iraq War, Persian Gulf War China – Four Modernization – 1970’s Revision of China’s economic policy by Deng Xiaoping, Four areas in which China should concentrate (Agriculture, Industry, National Defense and Science and technology) Denial of Human rights – Tiananen Square (1989) a student led protest for democracy was crushed by the military force. Attempt to reform the economy by giving incentives to people (Profit motivation) Population problem – largest population in the world (over a billion) have issued a “one couple – one child policy” The Collapse of Imperialism…Developing nations Africa Since independence Africa has been economically unstable Lack of trained people – after independence technical experts returned to Europe Lack of capital – dependency on outside nations for investment money Urbanization – unemployment, congestion, poverty, pollution, etc. Limited agriculture (traditional farming methods) Dependency on cash crops (risky business) “One crop economies” Deforestation (tropical rainforests) Desertification (soil erosion) due to overgrazing, over cultivation, deforestation Overpopulation Disease and hunger (aids, malaria) Illiteracy Debt Human rights abuses (South Africa, Somalia, Ethiopia) Latin America Latin America is a concern to the United States because of the geographic proximity to the United States Cuba – communist – seen as a threat to the U.S. – Fidel Castro is a totalitarian dictator Mexico – borders the U.S. to the south – illegal aliens Haiti – trade, economic refugees Costa Rica – stable government (democracy) Organization of American States (OAS) attempts to settle problems peacefully among its members Economic instability cash crops or one crop economies – are risky Underdevelopment and huge debts Political instability – threat of communism, revolution and poverty Overpopulation Urbanization India Overpopulation – most populated democracy Suffers from poverty, unemployment, unskilled workers, environmental problems 7 REVIEW SHEET GLOBAL HISTORY I and II Problems being a democracy – no tradition Use traditional farming methods. 75% illiterate Urbanization Oppression of women – bride burning, suttee, dowry, males are favored, female infanticide Mother Theresa – noble prize winner for her help with the destitute in Calcutta Nuclear capability Southeast Asia War and communist uprisings – instability of most Southeast Asian governments Europe European community – Pan Europeanism German reunification New nations/ethnic clashes/ religious clashes – Yugoslavia, Ireland Russia (Collapse of the former USSR) Political instability transition to democracy – Gorbachev, Yeltsin, Putin Perestroika, glasnost Economic hardship since the collapse of communism Ethnic conflict – Chechnya Nuclear capability UNIT VIII the World Today (1980-present) Developing nations – obstacles to overcome Economic interdependence Terrorism Ethnic and religious conflicts United Nations and its role in keeping peace Modernization – effects and problems Urbanization, overpopulation, changing role of women Green Revolution – limits of Literacy Computer revolution Medical technology Environment – pollution, desertification, deforestation, nuclear safety Thematic Essay Topics Change Turning Points Belief Systems Geography and Environment Economic Systems Political System Golden Ages Nationalism Diversity/Interdependence Justice and Human Rights Movement of People and Goods Science and Technology Conflict Modern Global Connections 8 REVIEW SHEET GLOBAL HISTORY I and II Imperialism 9